54-521: [REDACTED] First Portuguese Republic Portuguese Armed Forces The 28 May 1926 coup d'état , sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the corporatist Estado Novo (English: New State ), the National Revolution ( Portuguese : Revolução Nacional ), was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of corporatist and nationalist rule within Portugal. The regime that immediately resulted from
108-575: A Presidential election on 25 March 1928, in which he was the only candidate. He was duly "elected" for a five-year term as president. On 18 April he appointed José Vicente de Freitas as the new Prime Minister . Antonio de Oliveira Salazar was appointed Minister of Finance for the second time on 26 April. The new government came to an agreement with the Catholic Church, known as the Acordo Missionário (Missionary Agreement), giving
162-715: A cabinet meeting and started shooting. The Carmona government regained control of the government and imposed stronger military discipline. However, the attackers were not severely punished and were sent to posts in Portuguese Angola . In February 1928, the Commission for the Propaganda of the Dictatorship ( Portuguese : Comissão de Propaganda da Ditadura ) was created. The Police of Information of Porto and Lisbon were merged on 17 March. Carmona organized
216-440: A complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal , between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état . The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar . The sixteen years of
270-468: A conflict with Salazar, Ferraz was replaced by General Domingos Oliveira , who allowed Salazar to play an ever increasing role in the nation's finances and politics. The Acto Colonial (Colonial Act) was published, defining the status of Portuguese colonies ( Portuguese Angola , Cabinda , Portuguese Cape Verde , Portuguese Guinea , Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe , Portuguese Mozambique , Portuguese India , Portuguese Timor and Portuguese Macau ), and
324-653: A coup attempt started in Lisbon, led by Mendes dos Reis, Agatão Lança, Câmara Lente, and Filipe Mendes, with navy, GNR , and civil forces, as well as the decaying NRP Carvalho Araújo and Canhoeira Ibo . The government forces in Lisbon greatly outnumbered the rebel forces, and were supported by some units that had already reached the capital after putting down the coup attempt in Porto and this second coup attempt ended at 7:30 p.m. on 9 February 1926. About 90 people died, 400 people were wounded and 700 buildings were damaged. Over
378-532: A formal position of President, but he declined and was imprisoned on the following day. Two days later he was deported to the Azores . General Óscar Carmona was appointed head of government and the Ditadura Nacional began. First Portuguese Republic The First Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : Primeira República Portuguesa ; officially: República Portuguesa , Portuguese Republic ) spans
432-445: A law legalizing divorce was passed as well as laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the schools and prohibit the wearing of the cassock . In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in
486-464: A military court. Óscar Carmona , acting as military prosecutor of the 18 April plot, asked that the plotters be absolved. During the trial, Óscar Carmona famously asked: "Why do these men sit in the defendant bench? Because their homeland is sick and orders its best sons to be judged and tried." The leaders of the 18 April plot were sent to the Nossa Senhora da Graça Fort , where they recruited
540-588: A thousand people were exiled after these two revolts and from then on, the Republican rebels mostly organised in exile, through an association known as the Liga de Paris . On 20 July 1928, a coup attempt was planned by the Liga de Paris , Major Sarmento Beires, and military leaders of the Portuguese mainland interior, which were supported by various syndicalists (namely railroad syndicalist workers). But
594-646: The Estado Novo , forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic (1926–1974). The military easily seized power in a 28 May coup. Soon afterward, the new regime dissolved parliament, banned all political parties and instituted censorship. This process was plagued by instability as hardline military officers purged liberals and democrats from the institutions of the Republic. During this time no one clear leader emerged, as
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#1732772539407648-713: The Holy See that had been restored by Sidónio Pais , were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve the government crisis of May 1921, appointing the Liberal Party (the result of the postwar merger between the Evolutionists and the Unionists) to prepare for the next election. The Portuguese Republican Party won again by an absolute majority, but discontent with this situation did not disappear. There were many accusations of political corruption, and
702-502: The Portuguese Revolution of 1926 took place, a coup d'état by the armed forces supported by almost all the political parties that had given up on their plans to establish a stable government and conferred that mission on the army. As had happened with the coup d'état of Sidónio Pais in 1917, the population of Lisbon did not try to protect the Republic, and the left parties themselves and their unions refused to resist
756-572: The President-King . Sidonism , also called Dezembrism (Spanish Diciembrism ), contained certain elements of modernization, but said regime preached some of the political solutions that would be used by the dictatorships totalitarians and fascists of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais tried to rescue traditional values, especially the Pátria and tried to govern in a charismatic way. Attempts were made to abolish traditional parties and alter
810-589: The Spanish Constitution of 1931 . On 24 May 1911, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Iamdudum which condemned the anticlericalism of the new republic for its deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in Portugal for the oppression of the Church." The Republic repelled a royalist attack on Chaves in 1912. In the mid-1920s
864-430: The 1920s. José Miguel Sardica in 2011 summarized the consensus of historians: "… within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security." For many who had helped, supported or simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that
918-585: The First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries , and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance. After the republican uprising of 5 October 1910 that overthrew King Manuel II , a republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with little power in the hands of
972-553: The Third Portuguese Republic would be established and democracy established in the country. The First Portuguese Republic was an unstable period in the History of Portugal. In a period of 16 years (1910–1926) Portugal had 8 Presidents of the Republic , 1 Provisional Government, 45 Prime Ministers and 1 Constitutional Junta : Most historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by
1026-481: The church special status in Portugal's colonies. The government also closed the main offices of the Portuguese Communist Party , which was reorganised the following year under Bento Gonçalves , with the creation of a net of clandestine cells to avoid the wave of detentions, reflecting the party's new illegal status. Later that year there was another failed Republican revolutionary attempt against
1080-480: The coup, allowing authority to pass into the hands of the army. With this began a military dictatorship that would maintain the formal structure of the Republic, but whose authoritarianism would slowly lead to the autocratic regime known as Estado Novo in the year 1932. The Estado Novo would remain in power without interruptions until 1974, when it would be overthrown by the Carnation Revolution and
1134-451: The coup, leading the provincial military forces. Initially believing he failed, Gomes da Costa announced his surrender. On 30 May, President Bernardino Machado appointed José Mendes Cabeçadas as head of government and minister of every ministry and on the following day transferred his powers, as president, to Cabeçadas. On 6 June, General Gomes da Costa marched on Lisbon 's Avenida da Liberdade along with 15,000 men, being acclaimed by
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#17327725394071188-465: The coup, the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo (New State), which in turn would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974. The chronic political instability and government's neglect of the army created opportunities for military plots. Historians have considered that the coup had wide support, including all political parties at
1242-464: The dictatorship was led by a coalition of lower-rank military officers, some of whom were Integralists . After the republican Prime Minister and President resigned on 30 May, naval officer José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior assumed both posts, but after conflicts with other coup leaders, he was forced to resign on 17 June. He was replaced by General Gomes da Costa , the leader of the 28 May coup, who became Prime Minister as well as President. Gomes da Costa
1296-494: The existing model of national representation in parliament (which was said to exacerbate divisions within the Homeland), through the creation of a corporatist senate and a single party, the "National Republican Party", as well as the attribution of functions to its leader. The state carried out an economic policy interventionist persecuting unions and labor movements. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order, turning
1350-784: The fort's commander, Passos e Sousa, to the rebel forces. The officers decided on General Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa to lead the movement, who agreed to join the plotters on 25 May. On 27 May, General Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa arrived at Braga to launch a coup d'état . The First Portuguese Republic and Prime Minister António Maria da Silva , aware of the planned coup, tried to organize resistance. The revolution started in Braga , commanded by General Manuel Gomes da Costa, followed immediately in Porto , Lisbon , Évora , Coimbra and Santarém . Generals Sinel de Cordes , Filomeno da Câmara, Passos e Sousa, and Raul Esteves also took part in
1404-494: The fundamental principles of the new regime were presented by Salazar on the 4th anniversary of the May 28 Revolution . By 1930 the military dictatorship had stabilized Portugal and the national leadership and state functionaries began to think about the future. The overarching question was "In what form was the dictatorship to continue?". The answer was provided by Salazar, who became Prime Minister on 5 July 1932 and in 1933 reorganized
1458-569: The government. The conflicts between the military officers and the National Catholic wing represented by Salazar increased to a point where the entire Freitas government resigned on 8 July 1929, with only Salazar keeping his ministerial post in the new cabinet of Artur Ivens Ferraz . Salazar's influence began to grow at the expense of military officers who gradually lost their political power, with Roman Catholic religious institutes again permitted in Portugal. On 21 January 1930, after
1512-521: The immobility that had characterized the House of Braganza . The Democratic Party (officially Portuguese Republican Party ) saw in the beginning of the First World War a unique opportunity to achieve its objectives: an end to the threat of an invasion by Spain and foreign occupation of the colonies, and within the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around
1566-420: The lasting effects of the republican experiment: "Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag,
1620-540: The latest. About 1100 military members and 200 civilians were imprisoned, many of which were later exiled. Between 4 April and 2 May 1931, there was an uprising which started in Madeira , and spread to the Azores and Guinea . It was badly prepared and received little support from mainland Portugal, so it failed. On 26 August 1931, the Ditadura Nacional would see its last coup attempt, this time with
1674-408: The military themselves warned that they were not ready to fight, they were approaching the conservative forces, considering the reactionary military as "the last bastion" of order against the chaos that was developing throughout the country. There were links between conservative politicians and military officials, who added their political and corporate demands to the situation. Finally, on 28 May 1926
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1728-480: The national and international political scene was favorable to the emergence of an authoritarian solution, through which a strengthened government could impose public order and restore the political situation. The armed forces, whose political interest had increased due to the First World War and whose leaders had not forgotten that the Portuguese Republican Party had sent them to fight when
1782-412: The national anthem and the naming of streets) still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic’s prime legacy was indeed that of memory." 38°42′N 9°11′W / 38.700°N 9.183°W / 38.700; -9.183 Ditadura Nacional The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ditɐˈðuɾɐ nɐsiuˈnal] , National Dictatorship )
1836-461: The negotiations were hard and the government's forces learned about the plot and preemptively bombed São Jorge Castle , where the rebels were located. This caused the rebel forces within Castelo de São Jorge to start the plot, hours before the provincial rebel forces arrived in Lisbon. The rebel forces in Lisbon surrendered on the morning of 21 July 1928 and the forces outside the capital at 22 July
1890-434: The new political situation would repair the monarchy’s flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king … The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds." Sardica, however, also points up
1944-518: The opposition's attacks increased. At the same time, all political parties suffered from infighting, especially the ruling party. The party system was discredited because the government of the Portuguese Republican Party that had emerged from the polls was not really stable. The presidents' opposition to single-party governments that disagreed with the Portuguese Republican Party and everyone's desire to monopolize power caused
1998-426: The party. These domestic objectives were not achieved, since participation in the conflict decreed in 1917 was not subject to national consensus and it was not possible to mobilize the population, even more so there was hostility towards entering the war when Portugal had to send a contingent of almost 12,000 soldiers to France and colonial troops from Germany invaded the Portuguese colony of Mozambique . What happened
2052-477: The people of the city. Five days later, on 11 June, Cabeçadas' units in Santarém demobilized. On 17 June, Gomes da Costa mobilized his units and demanded Cabeçadas' resignation. Cabeçadas resigned and transferred his powers to Gomes da Costa. Gomes da Costa then tried to get the ministers associated with Sinel de Cordes to resign. Yet, on 8 June a group of generals and colonels tried to get Gomes da Costa to accept
2106-497: The position that Catholicism was the number one enemy of individualist middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal." Under the leadership of Afonso Costa , the Minister of Justice, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church; the provisional government began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 8 October
2160-671: The president and a bicameral system. The republic caused important fractures in Portuguese society, especially between the monarchical rural population, the unions and the Catholic Church. Even the Republican Party was divided. The most conservative sector separated to form the Evolutionist Party and the Republican Union Party . Despite those secessions, the Portuguese Republican Party (commonly known as Democratic Party after this split, unlike
2214-400: The previous Portuguese Republican Party to the proclamation of the Republic ), led by Afonso Costa remained the main political force of the Republic. The opposition forces began to use violence as a method to get closer to power, as there was no truly democratic political and parliamentary tradition, while almost all political factions were fighting for radical transformations that would end
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2268-608: The regime as the Estado Novo . A new Constitution was approved in a referendum, defining Portugal as a single-party corporative republic and multi-continental country (in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania ). The single party was the National Union (União Nacional) and a new labour code, the Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional (Code of National Labour), prohibited all free trade unions. Salazar's new regime institutionalized
2322-509: The religious orders in Portugal were expelled, and their property was confiscated. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods were confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November,
2376-472: The repression of the uprisings using military personnel loyal to the regime and armed civilians. After a series of confrontations with the monarchists, they were definitively defeated in Oporto on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the Portuguese Republican Party return to government and emerge triumphant in the elections that took place during that year, winning them by an absolute majority. It
2430-506: The republic into a more acceptable model for the monarchists and Catholics who still remained a political force. The power vacuum created after the assassination of Sidónio Pais on 14 December 1918 led the country into a brief civil war. In northern Portugal the restoration of the monarchy was proclaimed on 9 January 1919 and four days later a monarchical insurrection took place in Lisbon . A republican coalition, led by José Relvas coordinated
2484-505: The running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by Afonso Costa culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911. The republicans were anticlerical and had a "hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation , like that of the French Revolution , and the future Mexican Constitution of 1917 and
2538-582: The support of the Spanish Republic . It was led by Hélder Ribeiro, Utra Machado, Jaime Batista, Dias Antunes, Sarmento Beires. Yet, again due to bad planning, the hostilities would begin at 26 August at 6:45 a.m., while a significant amount of rebel forces was still unprepared, - forces in the North, Tomar , Abrantes , Santarém , and Castelo Branco are still being armed by the Spanish forces when
2592-598: The system of censorship, and also created a political police force , the PVDE ( Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado ; State Defense and Vigilance Police). After 28 May 1926, there were four coup attempts against the Ditadura Nacional by Republican forces. On 3 February 1927, there was a large coup attempt that started in Porto , involving military and civil forces from the North , Coimbra , Évora , Algarve , and would end four days later on 7 February. On that same day,
2646-767: The time except for the Democratic Party , Portuguese Communist Party , the Portuguese Socialist Party , the Seara Nova group, General Confederation of Labour , and the Democratic Leftwing Republican Party . In 1925 there were three failed coup attempts: on 5 March (led by Filomeno da Câmara); 18 April (inspired by Sinel de Cordes and led by Raul Esteves and Filomeno da Câmara); and 19 July (led by Mendes Cabeçadas ). The plotters were mostly acquitted by
2700-461: The virtual absence of stability in the nation's government. Several different formulas were tried, including single-party governments, coalitions and presidential executives but none of them had any effect, causing the use of force to be considered "the only way" for the opposition to prevail if it wanted to enjoy the fruits of the can. The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical . Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took
2754-401: Was during this republican restoration that a reform was attempted to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1918 a conservative President was elected – António José de Almeida (whose Evolutionist Party had joined during the war with the Portuguese Republican Party , to form the "Sacred Union") – and his government was given the power to dissolve parliament. The relations with
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#17327725394072808-580: Was not devoted to the establishment of a permanent military dictatorship, and as a result he was forced out on 9 July in a coup led by the unshakably authoritarian General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona who assumed both of the highest offices of the state and seized dictatorial powers. Carmona continued as Prime Minister until 18 April 1928 but retained the post of President of the Republic until his death on 18 April 1951. In 1927 there were several failed coup attempts from both left- and right-wing movements. On 12 August 1927 junior officers forced their way into
2862-554: Was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1926, after the accession of General Óscar Carmona to the posts of Prime Minister and President, until 1933. The period of military dictatorship that started after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état is known as Ditadura Militar [ pt ] (Military Dictatorship) in Portuguese . After adopting a new constitution in 1933, the regime changed its name to Estado Novo (New State). The Ditadura Nacional , together with
2916-489: Was the opposite: Portugal's financial difficulties prevented it from forming an adequate contingent for the war, and the armed forces were not prepared for a fight on a European scale, which is why internal criticism of Portugal's entry into the war caused ideological differences to widen. The lack of consensus on Portugal's participation in the war made possible the emergence of two dictatorships, led by Pimenta de Castro (January – May 1915) and Sidónio Pais (1917–1918), called
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