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69-743: The strait was named by Joseph Banks for Captain George Dixon , a Royal Navy officer, maritime fur trader , and explorer, who surveyed the area in 1787. The Dixon Entrance lies between Clarence Strait in the Alexander Archipelago in Alaska to the north, and Hecate Strait and the islands known as Haida Gwaii (the Queen Charlotte Islands) in British Columbia , to the south. Prince of Wales Island

138-485: A garden in which rare plants can be viewed and purchased. At the 2011 Chelsea Flower Show , an exhibition garden celebrated the historic link between Banks and the botanical discoveries of flora and fauna on his journey through South America, Tahiti, New Zealand, and eventually Australia on Captain Cook's ship Endeavour . The competition garden was the entry of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens with an Australian theme. It

207-583: A non-signatory, however, there is nothing preventing the U.S. from claiming areas beyond the scope of the Law of the Sea Treaty. The fact remains that, for about half of each day, above-water territory that Canada regards as Canadian is surrounded by sea territory that the U.S. has declared to be American. Territorial fishing disputes between the countries remain today, as the United States has never shown

276-449: Is a low-tide elevation (LTE) ("bare at half-tide") that lies south of the "A–B" Line, surrounded by the sea territory claimed by the U.S. The United States has not ratified the Law of the Sea Treaty , although it adheres to most of its principles as customary international law. Under the treaty, LTEs may be used as basepoints for a territorial sea, and the U.S. uses Nunez Rocks as a basepoint. As

345-540: Is a major character in Martin Davies' 2005 novel The Conjuror's Bird . Banks's life and influence were explored in a documentary five-part television series The Lost World of Joseph Banks in 2016. Banks's account of the Endeavour's approach to Botany Bay might have been the basis for the invisible ships myth. Herbarium specimens collected by Banks and Solander are cared for in herbaria, including at

414-742: Is now hanging in the Council Chamber of the Guildhall Museum . The Sir Joseph Banks Centre is located in Horncastle, Lincolnshire , housed in a Grade II listed building , which was recently restored by the Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire to celebrate Banks's life. Horncastle is located a few miles from Banks's Revesby estate and the naturalist was the town's lord of the manor. The centre is located on Bridge Street. It boasts research facilities, historic links to Australia, and

483-637: Is the largest of the Alaskan islands on the north side of the entrance; the Kaigani Haida occupy this island. Members of the Haida nation maintain free access across the strait. Major inlets that empty into Dixon Entrance include Portland Inlet , Prince Rupert Harbour , and Masset Inlet . The "A–B" line (approximately 54°40′ N ), which marks the northern boundary of the Dixon Entrance,

552-679: The 1766 natural-history expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador . He took part in Captain James Cook 's first great voyage (1768–1771), visiting Brazil, Tahiti, and after 6 months in New Zealand, Australia, returning to immediate fame. He held the position of president of the Royal Society for over 41 years. He advised King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , and by sending botanists around

621-769: The Isle of Wight , the Hebrides, Iceland , and the Orkney Islands , aboard Sir Lawrence . In Iceland, they ascended Mt. Hekla and visited the Great Geyser , and were the first scientific visitors to Staffa in the Inner Hebrides. They returned to London in November, with many botanical specimens, via Edinburgh, where Banks and Solander were interviewed by James Boswell . In 1773, he toured south Wales in

690-518: The Lewis and Clark Expedition were described and named by Frederick Traugott Pursh . While accounts of plant collection occur in antiquity, a scientific basis occurred during the Renaissance and was associated with the establishment of botanical gardens and the teaching of botany as a discipline. The practice of botanical expeditions reached a peak in the late 18th and during the 19th century with

759-644: The Linnean Society . Banks appears in the historical novel Mutiny on the Bounty , by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall . He appears briefly as a contact with British naval intelligence in the historical novel Post Captain , from the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian . He is also featured in Elizabeth Gilbert 's 2013 best-selling novel, The Signature of All Things , and

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828-1127: The Napoleonic Wars , and in introducing the British people to the wonders of the wider world. He was honoured with many place names in the South Pacific: Banks Peninsula on the South Island , New Zealand; the Banks Islands in modern-day Vanuatu ; the Banks Strait between Tasmania and the Furneaux Islands ; Banks Island in the Northwest Territories , Canada; and the Sir Joseph Banks Group in South Australia. The Canberra suburb of Banks ,

897-538: The National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Following Banks's death in 1820 a "treasure-trove of letters and papers" was passed to Sir Edward Knatchbull, his wife's nephew. In 1828 the latter passed bound volumes of foreign correspondence to the British Library but retained the rest of the papers in the expectation that an official biography would be written. After

966-817: The State Library of New South Wales 's Brabourne Collection. The "large quantities of papers" which remained were then auctioned off at Sotheby's in London in March and April 1886. One of the successful bidders was E. A. Petherick . Many of those are now in the Petherick Collection at the National Library of Australia . During the twentieth century the National Library continued to purchase Banks's letters and papers when they came on

1035-711: The Wardian case in 1829. The plant collector’s job is to uncover the hidden beauties of the world, so that others may share his joy. Frank Kingdon-Ward , From China to Hkamti Long , 1924. The systematic collection of plants dates from the Renaissance although accounts of organised collection date back as far as the Pharaohs of 2000 BCE who illustrated plants and trees they found on their military campaigns abroad, while Queen Hatsheput (c. 1507–1458 BCE) dispatched an expedition to bring back frankincense from Punt (probably modern day Somalia). Later, Alexander

1104-409: The flora of a particular region, either as a specific design or part of a larger expedition. A naturalist or botanist would be responsible for identification, description and collection of specimens. In some cases the plants might be collected by the person in the field, but described and named by a government sponsored scientist at a botanical garden or university. For example, species collected on

1173-532: The flora of a particular region. In some cases such an expedition could be specifically designed for exploring the flora, or be part of studying the overall natural history or geography of the region. A naturalist or botanist with the expedition would be responsible for identifying, describing and drawing or photographing the plants, collecting specimens using equipment such as a plant press or Wardian case , and identifying those of potential economic importantance. On botanical expeditions funded by governments,

1242-507: The horticultural trade, such as the Veitch enterprise in the late 19th century. Collection in the field and transportation provided considerable challenges. Initially, dried specimens together with descriptions and drawings were the main way of adding to the knowledge of the flora. Examples include the drawings by local artists described by Wallich at the botanical gardens in Calcutta in

1311-486: The transit of Venus was observed, the overt purpose of the mission), then to New Zealand. From there, it proceeded to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay. The ship then landed at Round Hill (23-25 May 1770), which is now known as Seventeen Seventy and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown ) in Queensland , where they spent almost seven weeks ashore while

1380-444: The "A–B" line as an official boundary on its government maps. 54°22′N 132°20′W  /  54.367°N 132.333°W  / 54.367; -132.333 Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet , GCB , FRS (24 February [ O.S. 13 February] 1743 – 19 June 1820 ) was an English naturalist , botanist, and patron of the natural sciences . Banks made his name on

1449-462: The 17th century Tradescants . Many of the most important expeditions took part in the late 18th and 19th centuries with the systematic organisation of plants into taxonomic classifications . There were many dangers involved in plant collecting expeditions, and some ended tragically. Plant hunting has been the subject of criticism, for its Eurocentric and colonialist past and also attracted description as piracy and theft. This in turn has led to

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1518-541: The 19th century and he suffered from gout every winter. After 1805, he practically lost the use of his legs and had to be wheeled to his meetings in a chair, but his mind remained as vigorous as ever. He had been a member of the Society of Antiquaries nearly all his life, and he developed an interest in archaeology in his later years. In 1807, William Kerr named the Lady Banks climbing rose after Banks's wife. Banks

1587-673: The British government on all Australian matters. He is credited with introducing the eucalyptus , acacia , and the genus named after him, Banksia , to the Western world . Around 80 species of plants bear his name. He was the leading founder of the African Association and a member of the Society of Dilettanti , which helped to establish the Royal Academy . Banks was born in Argyll Street , Soho , London ,

1656-701: The Great (356–323 BCE) would bring back plants from his expeditions, increasing the level of botanical knowledge of his time, and establishing the Silk Roads between the Far East and Europe. Following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the emphasis shifted to maritime routes of exploration. The Renaissance brought a new understanding of plants from study of ancient texts, in particular those of Aristotle and Theophrastus , leading to not only collection, but also

1725-529: The Russians with books and charts for their expedition. He died on 19 June 1820 in Spring Grove House, Isleworth, London, and was buried at St Leonard's Church, Heston . Lady Banks survived him, but they had no children. Banks was a major supporter of the internationalist nature of science, being actively involved both in keeping open the lines of communication with continental scientists during

1794-670: The South Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour , 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks funded eight others to join him: the Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander , the Finnish naturalist Herman Spöring (who also served as Banks's personal secretary and as a draughtsman), artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan , and four servants from his estate: James Roberts, Peter Briscoe, Thomas Richmond, and George Dorlton. In 1771, he

1863-605: The South Seas. The surrounding district became known as Spring Grove . The house was substantially extended and rebuilt by later owners and is now part of West Thames College . Banks was made a baronet in 1781, three years after being elected president of the Royal Society. During much of this time, he was an informal adviser to King George III on the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a position that

1932-497: The U.S. defined a maritime boundary as an equidistant line between land masses. The two differing boundary lines intersect to create four separate water areas with different claim status. The two areas south of the "A–B" line (about 2789 km and 51.5 km in size) are claimed by both countries. The other two water areas are north of the "A–B" line and are not claimed by either country. The two unclaimed areas are about 72 km and 1.4 km in size. In addition, Nunez Rocks

2001-645: The boys with whom he attended the school included his future shipmate Constantine Phipps . As a boy, Banks enjoyed exploring the Lincolnshire countryside and developed a keen interest in nature, history, and botany. When he was 17, he was inoculated with smallpox , but he became ill and did not return to school. In late 1760, he was enrolled as a gentleman-commoner at the University of Oxford . At Oxford, he matriculated at Christ Church , where his studies were largely focussed on natural history rather than

2070-571: The classical curriculum. Determined to receive botanical instruction, he paid the Cambridge botanist Israel Lyons to deliver a series of lectures at Oxford in 1764. Banks left Oxford for Chelsea in December 1763. He continued to attend the university until 1764, but left that year without taking a degree. His father had died in 1761, so when Banks reached the age of 21, he inherited the large estate of Revesby Abbey , in Lincolnshire, becoming

2139-573: The colony, Arthur Phillip , John Hunter , and Philip Gidley King , were in continual correspondence with him. Banks produced a significant body of papers, including one of the earliest Aboriginal Australian words lists compiled by a European. Bligh was also appointed governor of New South Wales on Banks's recommendation. Banks followed the explorations of Matthew Flinders , George Bass , and Lieutenant James Grant , and among his paid helpers were George Caley , Robert Brown, and Allan Cunningham. However, Banks backed William Bligh to be installed as

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2208-549: The company of artist Paul Sandby . When he settled in London, he began work on his Florilegium . He kept in touch with most of the scientists of his time, was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1773, and added a fresh interest when he was elected to the Dilettante Society in 1774. He was afterwards secretary of this society from 1778 to 1797. On 30 November 1778, he

2277-407: The cow pastures, which was later granted by Lord Camden. The next governor, Lachlan Macquarie , was asked to arrest Macarthur and Johnston, only to realise that they had left Sydney for London to defend themselves. He was humiliated that Macarthur and Johnston were acquitted from all charges in London and both later returned to Sydney. Banks met the young Alexander von Humboldt in 1790, when Banks

2346-713: The creation of the Convention on Biologiocal Diversity and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to ensure that those countries from which the plants originated also benefit. also the wealth that created the opportunities for European nations to mount major expeditions came partly from slavery , while a number of early plant collectors were missionaries , such as Matteo Ricci , an Italian Jesuit priest who arrived in China in 1582. Other collectors were diplomats and merchants who supplied

2415-550: The death of Knatchbull and his wife, the letters and papers were passed on to their son Edward Knatchbull Hugesson, 1st Baron Brabourne, who offered to sell them to the British Museum . However, in 1884 it declined to purchase them. Following that "notorious" decision the Agent General of New South Wales, Sir Saul Samuel , issued instructions for the purchase of a large portion of the papers, which now form part of

2484-486: The early 19th century. These initial descriptions then became the “type”, or reference, for subsequent descriptions of the taxon. Transportation of live specimens was initially fraught with hazard, as described by John Lindley of the London Horticultural Society in 1824, with one estimate of survival in 1819, being one in a thousand. This problem was considerably improved by the development of

2553-702: The electoral Division of Banks , and the Sydney suburbs of Bankstown , Banksia , and Banksmeadow are all named after him, as is the northern headland of Botany Bay , Cape Banks. A number of schools and colleges are also named after him, including the Sir Joseph Banks High School in the Sydney suburb of Revesby , and the Joseph Banks Secondary College opened in Perth , Western Australia in 2015. An image of Banks

2622-468: The establishment of botanical gardens (such as those of Pisa and Padua in the 1540s and Bologna in 1568), the publication of herbals that described the plants and the teaching of botany in the universities. In addition to the collection and growing of live plants in the gardens, came the establishment of the hortus siccus (dry garden) for dried specimens and the physic garden for medicinal plants . The first professional hunters were probably

2691-571: The government on all Australian matters for twenty years. He arranged that a large number of useful trees and plants should be sent out in the supply ship HMS  Guardian , which was unfortunately wrecked, as well as other ships; many of these were supplied by Hugh Ronalds from his nursery in Brentford . Every vessel that came from New South Wales brought to Banks plants or animals or geological and other specimens and, on at least one occasion, human remains. Governor Philip Gidley King sent Banks

2760-479: The great European gardens. Plant hunting was not necessarily entirely exploitative, as many used the opportunities to also explore, understand and learn from local cultures, such as Maria Sibylla (1647 – 1717), a German naturalist who worked in the Dutch colonies of South America, and David Douglas (1799 – 1834), perhaps best known for following up on Lewis and Clark's discoveries and for

2829-660: The great German scientist. Both men believed in the internationalism of science. Banks was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1787 and a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788. Among other activities, Banks found time to serve as a trustee of the British Museum for 42 years. He was high sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1794. He worked with Sir George Staunton in producing

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2898-417: The house with Banks and his wife. He had as librarian and curator of his collections Solander, Jonas Carlsson Dryander , and Robert Brown in succession. Also in 1779, Banks took a lease on an estate called Spring Grove, the former residence of Elisha Biscoe (1705–1776), which he eventually bought outright from Biscoe's son, also Elisha , in 1808. The picture shows the house in 1815. Its 34 acres ran along

2967-800: The local squire and magistrate , and dividing his time between Lincolnshire and London. From his mother's house in Chelsea, he kept up his interest in science by attending the Chelsea Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries and the British Museum , where he met the Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander . He began to make friends among the scientific men of his day and to correspond with Carl Linnaeus , whom he came to know through Solander. As Banks's influence increased, he became an adviser to King George III and urged

3036-522: The market. In his Endeavour journal, Banks recorded 30 years of his life. Letters, invoices, maps, regalia, and watercolour drawings have now been digitised on the State Library of NSW website. This rich research and educational tool provides access to 8800 high-quality digital images. Novels based on a mix of historical fact and conjecture about Banks's early life include: Botanical expedition Botanical expeditions (sometimes called "Plant hunting") are scientific voyages designed to explore

3105-432: The monarch to support voyages of discovery to new lands, hoping to indulge his own interest in botany. He became a Freemason sometime before 1769. In 1766, Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year, at 23, he went with Phipps aboard the frigate HMS  Niger to Newfoundland and Labrador with a view to studying their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of

3174-561: The new governor of New South Wales and to crack down on the New South Wales Corps (or Rum Corps), which made a fortune on the trading of rum. This brought him in direct confrontation with post-Rum Rebellion de facto leaders such as John Macarthur and George Johnston . This backing led to the Rum Rebellion in Sydney, whereby the governor was overthrown by the two men. This became an embarrassment for Sir Joseph Banks, also, because years earlier, he campaigned that John Macarthur not be granted 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) of land near Sydney in

3243-423: The north and northwest coasts of Australia to collect specimens. Banks's own time in Australia, however, led to his interest in the British colonisation of that continent. He was to be the greatest proponent of settlement in New South Wales. A genus of the Proteaceae was named in his honour as Banksia . In 1779, Banks, giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, had stated that in his opinion

3312-441: The northeastern Pacific ( Pacific Northwest ), and William Bligh 's voyages (one entailing the infamous mutiny on the Bounty ) to transplant breadfruit from the South Pacific to the Caribbean islands. Banks was also a major financial supporter of William Smith in his decade-long efforts to create a geological map of England, the first geological map of an entire country. He also chose Allan Cunningham for voyages to Brazil and

3381-407: The northern side of the London Road, Isleworth , and contained a natural spring, which was an important attraction to him. Banks spent much time and effort on this secondary home. He steadily created a renowned botanical masterpiece on the estate, achieved primarily with many of the great variety of foreign plants he had collected on his extensive travels around the world, particularly to Australia and

3450-422: The official account of the British mission to the Chinese Imperial court . This diplomatic and trade mission was headed by George, Earl Macartney . Although the Macartney Embassy returned to London without obtaining any concession from China, the mission could have been termed a success because it brought back detailed observations. This multivolume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from

3519-483: The papers of Sir Erasmus Gower , who was commander of the expedition. Banks was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record. Banks was invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath (KB) on 1 July 1795, which became Knight Grand Cross (GCB) when the order was restructured in 1815. Banks was a large landowner and activist encloser, drainer and ‘improver’ in Fens at Revesby . Banks's health began to fail early in

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3588-412: The place most eligible for the reception of convicts "was Botany Bay, on the coast of New Holland ", on the general grounds that, "it was not to be doubted that a Tract of Land such as New Holland, which was larger than the whole of Europe, would furnish Matter of advantageous Return". Although Banks remained uninvolved in these colonies in a hands on manner, he was, nonetheless, the general adviser to

3657-430: The plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador. Banks also documented 34 species of birds, including the great auk , which became extinct in 1844. On 7 May, he noted a large number of "penguins" swimming around the ship on the Grand Banks , and a specimen he collected in Chateau Bay, Labrador , was later identified as the great auk. Banks was appointed to a joint Royal Navy /Royal Society scientific expedition to

3726-437: The plants were often collected by the person in the field, but described and named by government sponsored scientists at botanical gardens and universities. For example, many of the species collected on the Lewis and Clark Expedition were described and named by Frederick Traugott Pursh . Botanical expeditions have been driven by a number of motives, such as scientific discovery, economic incentives in terms of resources or for

3795-406: The severed head of an Aboriginal man named Pemulwuy that Banks had seemingly listed as among his "desiderata." He was continually called on for help in developing the agriculture and trade of the colony, and his influence was used in connection with the sending out of early free settlers, one of whom, a young gardener George Suttor , later wrote a memoir of Banks. The three earliest governors of

3864-441: The ship was repaired after becoming holed on the Great Barrier Reef . While they were in Australia, Banks, Daniel Solander, and Finnish botanist Dr Herman Spöring Jr. made the first major collection of Australian flora, describing many species new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium , finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990. Notable also

3933-402: The son of William Banks , a wealthy Lincolnshire country squire and member of the House of Commons , and his wife Sarah, daughter of William Bate. He was baptised at St James's Church, Piccadilly , on 20 February 1743, Old Style . He had a younger sister, Sarah Sophia Banks , born in 1744. Banks was educated at Harrow School from the age of nine and then at Eton College from 1756;

4002-411: The systematic organisation of plants into taxonomic classifications . Plant collection has attracted a number of criticisms of exploitation and colonialism leading to the establishment of international regulations and safeguards. Botanical expeditions have often been referred to as "plant hunting" (or less commonly "botanomania"). They are mainly scientific journeys or voyages designed to explore

4071-402: The world to collect plants , he made Kew the world's leading botanical garden. He is credited for bringing 30,000 plant specimens home with him; amongst them, he was the first European to document 1,400. Banks advocated British settlement in New South Wales and the colonisation of Australia, as well as the establishment of Botany Bay as a place for the reception of convicts , and advised

4140-497: The world, including Australia. The conservatory was moved to Woodside Wildlife Park in 2016 and has been named 'Endeavour'. A plaque was installed in Lincoln Cathedral in his honour. In Boston, Lincolnshire , Banks was recorder for the town. His portrait, painted in 1814 by Thomas Phillips , was commissioned by the Corporation of Boston, as a tribute to one whose 'judicious and active exertions improved and enriched this borough and neighbourhood'. It cost them 100 guineas. The portrait

4209-562: Was already the president of the Royal Society. Before Humboldt and his scientific travel companion and collaborator Aimé Bonpland left for what became a five-year journal of exploration and discovery, Humboldt requested a British passport for Bonpland, should the two encounter British warships. On their travels, Humboldt arranged for specimens be sent to Banks, should they be seized by the British. Banks and Humboldt remained in touch until Banks's death, aiding Humboldt by mobilising his wide network of scientific contacts to forward information to

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4278-425: Was based on the metaphorical journey of water through the continent, related to the award-winning Australian Garden at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne . The design won a gold medal. In 1911, London County Council marked Banks's house at 32 Soho Square with a blue plaque . This was replaced in 1938 with a rectangular stone plaque commemorating Banks and botanists David Don and Robert Brown and meetings of

4347-487: Was delineated by a court of arbitration set up by the 1903 Alaska Boundary Treaty . The meaning of the line remains in dispute between Canada and the United States. Canada claims the line is the international maritime boundary, while the United States holds that its purpose was only to designate the land masses belonging to each country. Hence, the U.S. does not recognize the "A–B" line as an official boundary (to govern, for example, seafloor resources or fishing rights). In 1977

4416-470: Was elected president of the Royal Society , a position he was to hold with great distinction for over 41 years. In March 1779, Banks married Dorothea Hugessen , daughter of W. W. Hugessen, and settled in a large house at 32 Soho Square . It continued to be his London residence for the remainder of his life. There, he welcomed the scientists, students, and authors of his period, and many distinguished foreign visitors. His sister Sarah Sophia Banks lived in

4485-451: Was featured on the paper $ 5 Australian banknote from its introduction in 1967 before it was replaced by the later polymer currency. In 1986, Banks was honoured by his portrait being depicted on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post . In Lincoln , England, the Sir Joseph Banks Conservatory was constructed in 1989 at The Lawn, Lincoln ; its tropical hot house had numerous plants related to Banks's voyages, with samples from across

4554-416: Was formalised in 1797. Banks dispatched explorers and botanists to many parts of the world, and through these efforts, Kew Gardens became arguably the pre-eminent botanical gardens in the world, with many species being introduced to Europe through them and through Chelsea Physic Garden and their head gardener John Fairbairn. He directly fostered several famous voyages, including that of George Vancouver to

4623-588: Was made an honorary founding member of the Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh in 1808. In 1809, he became associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In 1809, his friend Alexander Henry dedicated his travel book to him. In May 1820, he forwarded his resignation as president of the Royal Society, but withdrew it at the request of the council. In 1819, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen , on his First Russian Antarctic Expedition , briefly stopped in England and met Joseph Banks. Banks had sailed with James Cook 50 years earlier and supplied

4692-651: Was that during the period when the Endeavour was being repaired, Banks observed a kangaroo , first recorded as "kanguru" on 12 July 1770 in an entry in his diary. Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous. He intended to go with Cook on his second voyage , which began on 13 May 1772, but difficulties arose about Banks's scientific requirements on board Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution . The Admiralty regarded Banks's demands as unacceptable and without prior warning, withdrew his permission to sail. Banks immediately arranged an alternative expedition, and in July 1772, Daniel Solander and he visited

4761-508: Was travelling with James Cook and docked in Simon's Town in what is now South Africa. There, he met the trader Christoffel Brand and a friendship started. He was the godfather of Brand's grandson Christoffel Brand . The voyage went to Brazil , where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville ), and to other parts of South America. The voyage then progressed to Tahiti (where

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