55-467: Dialogue is a conversational exchange. Dialogue ( s ) or dialog ( s ) may also refer to: Dialogue Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English ) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange. As a philosophical or didactic device, it is chiefly associated in
110-539: A body of theory and techniques for using egalitarian dialogue as a pedagogical tool. Martin Buber assigns dialogue a pivotal position in his theology . His most influential work is titled I and Thou . Buber cherishes and promotes dialogue not as some purposive attempt to reach conclusions or express mere points of view, but as the very prerequisite of authentic relationship between man and man, and between man and God . Buber's thought centres on "true dialogue", which
165-466: A book which made a considerable stir in theological and philosophical circles. It consisted of two essays, the first of which was designed to prove that oracles were not given by the supernatural agency of demons, and the second that they did not cease with the birth of Jesus. It excited the suspicion of the Church, and a Jesuit , by name Jean-François Baltus , published a ponderous refutation of it; but
220-471: A communication tool for married couples. Both groups teach a dialogue method that helps couples learn more about each other in non-threatening postures, which helps to foster growth in the married relationship. The German philosopher and classicist Karl-Martin Dietz emphasises the original meaning of dialogue (from Greek dia-logos , i.e. 'two words'), which goes back to Heraclitus: "The logos [...] answers to
275-489: A host of others. In the 19th century, the French returned to the original application of dialogue. The inventions of " Gyp ", of Henri Lavedan , and of others, which tell a mundane anecdote wittily and maliciously in conversation, would probably present a close analogy to the lost mimes of the early Sicilian poets. English writers including Anstey Guthrie also adopted the form, but these dialogues seem to have found less of
330-404: A link between two very widely different periods of French literature, that of Corneille , Racine and Boileau on the one hand, and that of Voltaire, D'Alembert and Diderot on the other. It is not in virtue of his great age alone that this can be said of him; he actually had much in common with the beaux esprits of the 17th century, as well as with the philosophes of the 18th. But it is to
385-777: A papyrus in 1891, give some idea of their character. Plato further simplified the form and reduced it to pure argumentative conversation, while leaving intact the amusing element of character-drawing. By about 400 BC he had perfected the Socratic dialogue . All his extant writings, except the Apology and Epistles , use this form. Following Plato, the dialogue became a major literary genre in antiquity, and several important works both in Latin and in Greek were written. Soon after Plato, Xenophon wrote his own Symposium ; also, Aristotle
440-428: A philosophical exchange on a train between four people with radically different epistemological views. In the 20th century, philosophical treatments of dialogue emerged from thinkers including Mikhail Bakhtin , Paulo Freire , Martin Buber , and David Bohm . Although diverging in many details, these thinkers have proposed a holistic concept of dialogue. Educators such as Freire and Ramón Flecha have also developed
495-649: A popular following among the English than their counterparts written by French authors. The Platonic dialogue , as a distinct genre which features Socrates as a speaker and one or more interlocutors discussing some philosophical question, experienced something of a rebirth in the 20th century. Authors who have recently employed it include George Santayana , in his eminent Dialogues in Limbo (1926, 2nd ed. 1948; this work also includes such historical figures as Alcibiades , Aristippus , Avicenna , Democritus , and Dionysius
550-643: A primary contributor to the field. He was a commentator and explicator and occasionally a passionate, though generally good-humoured, controversialist. He was educated at the college of the Jesuits , the Lycée Pierre Corneille (although it did not adopt the name of his uncle (Pierre Corneille) until 1873, about 200 years later). At the Lycée he showed a preference for literature and distinguished himself. According to Bernard de Fontenelle, Blondel
605-423: A problem area. A disciplined form of dialogue, where participants agree to follow a dialogue framework or a facilitator , enables groups to address complex shared problems. Aleco Christakis (who created structured dialogue design ) and John N. Warfield (who created science of generic design ) were two of the leading developers of this school of dialogue. The rationale for engaging structured dialogue follows
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#1732780872801660-441: A related form of dialogue where a group of people talk together in order to explore their assumptions of thinking, meaning, communication, and social effects. This group consists of ten to thirty people who meet for a few hours regularly or a few continuous days. In a Bohm dialogue , dialoguers agree to leave behind debate tactics that attempt to convince and, instead, talk from their own experience on subjects that are improvised on
715-423: A then unknown Jean-Jacques Rousseau met him in 1742, when Fontenelle was 85, he passed on the advice he gave all young writers that came to him: "You must courageously offer your brow to laurel wreaths and your nose to blows." A noted gourmand , he attributed his longevity to eating strawberries . At ninety-two, one observer wrote that he was as lively as a man of twenty-two. When, in his late nineties, he met
770-409: A type of pedagogy. Freire held that dialogued communication allowed students and teachers to learn from one another in an environment characterised by respect and equality. A great advocate for oppressed peoples, Freire was concerned with praxis—action that is informed and linked to people's values. Dialogued pedagogy was not only about deepening understanding; it was also about making positive changes in
825-436: A whole book devoted to dialogues between an ancient and a modern. To Montaigne asking him if some centuries had more wise men than other, Socrates answers sadly, "The general order of natures seems very constant". In one of the books Roxelane and Anne Boleyn discuss about politics and the way for a woman to decide a man to marry her. The dialogue between Montezuma and Cortez allows the former to dismiss some myths about
880-474: Is (according to a European Union definition) "a means of mutual communication between governments and administrations including EU institutions and young people. The aim is to get young people's contribution towards the formulation of policies relevant to young peoples lives." The application of structured dialogue requires one to differentiate the meanings of discussion and deliberation. Groups such as Worldwide Marriage Encounter and Retrouvaille use dialogue as
935-399: Is characterised by openness, honesty, and mutual commitment. The Second Vatican Council placed a major emphasis on dialogue within the church and with the world . Most of the council's documents refer to some kind of dialogue: dialogue "between the laity and their spiritual leaders" ( Lumen gentium ), dialogue with other religions ( Nostra aetate : "dialogue and collaboration with
990-591: Is closely associated with the art of dialectic . Latin took over the word as dialogus . Dialogue as a genre in the Middle East and Asia dates back to ancient works, such as Sumerian disputations preserved in copies from the late third millennium BC, Rigvedic dialogue hymns , and the Mahabharata . In the West, Plato ( c. 427 BC – c. 348 BC) has commonly been credited with
1045-412: Is no word and no language , there can be no dialogic relations; they cannot exist among objects or logical quantities (concepts, judgments, and so forth). Dialogic relations presuppose a language, but they do not reside within the system of language. They are impossible among elements of a language. The Brazilian educationalist Paulo Freire , known for developing popular education, advanced dialogue as
1100-714: Is said to have written several philosophical dialogues in Plato's style (of which only fragments survive). In the 2nd century CE, Christian apologist Justin Martyr wrote the Dialogue with Trypho , which was a discourse between Justin representing Christianity and Trypho representing Judaism. Another Christian apologetic dialogue from the time was the Octavius , between the Christian Octavius and pagan Caecilius. In
1155-415: Is sometimes considered, it also appealed to the literate society of the day to become more involved in "natural philosophy," thus enriching the work of early-Enlightenment scientists. In spite of the inarguable value and quality of his writings, he had no serious pretensions to original scientific or mathematical work, but did not let that stop him from outspoken support for Descartes' proposed conceptions of
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#17327808728011210-548: Is that of his uncle Pierre Corneille . This was first printed in the Nouvelles de la republique des lettres (January 1685) and, as Vie de Corneille , was included in all the editions of Fontenelle's Œuvres. The other important works of Fontenelle are his Éléments de la géometrie de l'infini (1727) and his Théorie des tourbillons (1752). In the latter he supported the views of René Descartes concerning gravitation, material that by that time had effectively been superseded by
1265-601: The abbé de Saint-Pierre , the abbé Vertot and the mathematician Pierre Varignon . He witnessed, in 1680, the total failure of his tragedy Aspar . Fontenelle afterwards acknowledged the public verdict by burning his unfortunate drama. His libretto for Pascal Collasse's Thétis et Pélée (" Thetis and Peleus "), which premiered at the Opéra de Paris in January, 1689, was received with great acclaim. His Lettres galantes du chevalier d'Her ... , published anonymously in 1685,
1320-531: The Academy of Sciences, an office he held for forty-two years. It was in this official capacity that he wrote the Histoire du renouvellement de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris, 3 vols., 1708, 1717, 1722) containing extracts and analyses of the proceedings, and also the éloges of the members, written with great simplicity and delicacy. Perhaps the best known of his éloges , of which there are sixty-nine in all,
1375-634: The Correct Teaching for the Peace of the Land" (Ibid., pp. 6–30; dated 1260), while in other writings he used a question and answer format, without the narrative scenario, such as in "Questions and Answers about Embracing the Lotus Sutra" (Ibid., pp. 55–67, possibly from 1263). The sage or person answering the questions was understood as the author. Two French writers of eminence borrowed
1430-475: The East, in 13th century Japan, dialogue was used in important philosophical works. In the 1200s, Nichiren Daishonin wrote some of his important writings in dialogue form, describing a meeting between two characters in order to present his argument and theory, such as in "Conversation between a Sage and an Unenlightened Man" (The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin 1: pp. 99–140, dated around 1256), and "On Establishing
1485-712: The Scottish philosopher David Hume wrote Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. A prominent 19th-century example of literary dialogue was Landor 's Imaginary Conversations (1821–1828). In Germany, Wieland adopted this form for several important satirical works published between 1780 and 1799. In Spanish literature, the Dialogues of Valdés (1528) and those on Painting (1633) by Vincenzo Carducci are celebrated. Italian writers of collections of dialogues, following Plato's example, include Torquato Tasso (1586), Galileo (1632), Galiani (1770), Leopardi (1825), and
1540-462: The West with the Socratic dialogue as developed by Plato , but antecedents are also found in other traditions including Indian literature . The term dialogue stems from the Greek διάλογος ( dialogos , ' conversation ' ); its roots are διά ( dia , ' through ' ) and λόγος ( logos , ' speech, reason ' ). The first extant author who uses the term is Plato, in whose works it
1595-479: The Younger as speakers). Also Edith Stein and Iris Murdoch used the dialogue form. Stein imagined a dialogue between Edmund Husserl (phenomenologist) and Thomas Aquinas (metaphysical realist). Murdoch included not only Socrates and Alcibiades as interlocutors in her work Acastos: Two Platonic Dialogues (1986), but featured a young Plato himself as well. More recently Timothy Williamson wrote Tetralogue ,
1650-416: The abbé Trublet, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de M. de Fontenelle (1759); A Laborde-Milaà, Fontenelle (1905), in the " Grands écrivains français " series; and L. Maigron, Fontenelle, l'homme, l'œuvre, l'influence (Paris, 1906). His Dialogues of the dead show both his erudition and wit by presenting invented but plausible dialogues between dead ancients, dead moderns and
1705-590: The concept of dialogical leadership, starting with a chapter in the 2003 book The Organization as Story . Moral dialogues are social processes which allow societies or communities to form new shared moral understandings. Moral dialogues have the capacity to modify the moral positions of a sufficient number of people to generate widespread approval for actions and policies that previously had little support or were considered morally inappropriate by many. Communitarian philosopher Amitai Etzioni has developed an analytical framework which—modelling historical examples—outlines
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1760-575: The first being printed in 3 vols. at the Hague in 1728–1729. The best is that of Paris, in 8 vols., 1790. Some of his separate works have been frequently reprinted and also translated. The Pluralité des mondes was translated into modern Greek in 1794. Sainte-Beuve has an interesting essay on Fontenelle, with several useful references, in the Causeries du lundi , vol. iii. See also Villemain , Tableau de la littérature française au XVIIIe siècle ;
1815-468: The followers of other religions"), dialogue with other Christians ( Unitatis redintegratio : "fraternal dialogue on points of doctrine and the more pressing pastoral problems of our time"), dialogue with modern society ( Gaudium et spes : "the rightful betterment of this world ... cannot be realized, ... apart from sincere and prudent dialogue"), and dialogue with political authorities ( Dignitatis humanae : "[in] dialogue ... men explain to one another
1870-669: The foundational texts of the Western canon . Institutions that continue to follow a version of this model include the Great Books Foundation , Shimer College in Chicago, and St. John's College in Annapolis and Santa Fe. Egalitarian dialogue is a concept in dialogic learning . It may be defined as a dialogue in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning, instead of according to
1925-429: The issue at hand; and, closure through the establishment of a new shared moral understanding. Moral dialogues allow people of a given community to determine what is morally acceptable to a majority of people within the community. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle ( French: [fɔ̃tənɛl] ; 11 February 1657 – 9 January 1757), also called Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle ,
1980-483: The latter rather than to the former period that he properly belongs. According to Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve , he deserves a place dans la classe des esprits infiniment distingués but is distinguished by being ought to be added by intelligence rather than by intellect and less by the power of saying much than by the power of saying a little well. There have been several collected editions of Fontenelle's works,
2035-586: The observation that a rigorous bottom-up democratic form of dialogue must be structured to ensure that a sufficient variety of stakeholders represents the problem system of concern, and that their voices and contributions are equally balanced in the dialogic process. Structured dialogue is employed for complex problems including peacemaking (e.g., Civil Society Dialogue project in Cyprus ) and indigenous community development., as well as government and social policy formulation. In one deployment, structured dialogue
2090-419: The peace-loving disposition of its author impelled him to leave his opponent unanswered. To the following year (1688) belongs his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes , in which he took the modern side in the controversy then raging; his Doutes sur le système physique des causes occasionnelles (against Nicolas Malebranche ) appeared shortly afterwards. He remained influential in his older years and when
2145-419: The question of the world as a whole and how everything in it is connected. Logos is the one principle at work, that gives order to the manifold in the world." For Dietz, dialogue means "a kind of thinking, acting and speaking, which the logos "passes through"" Therefore, talking to each other is merely one part of "dialogue". Acting dialogically means directing someone's attention to another one and to reality at
2200-452: The reoccurring components of moral dialogues. Elements of moral dialogues include: establishing a moral baseline; sociological dialogue starters which initiate the process of developing new shared moral understandings; the linking of multiple groups' discussions in the form of "megalogues"; distinguishing the distinct attributes of the moral dialogue (apart from rational deliberations or culture wars); dramatisation to call widespread attention to
2255-429: The roles of vortices in physics. Fontenelle was a popular figure in the educated French society of his period, byholding a position of esteem comparable only to that of Voltaire . Unlike Voltaire, however, Fontenelle avoided making important enemies. He balanced his penchant for universal critical thought with liberal doses of flattery and praise to the appropriate individuals in aristocratic society. Fontenelle forms
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2310-507: The same time. Against this background and together with Thomas Kracht, Karl-Martin Dietz developed what he termed " dialogical leadership " as a form of organisational management. In several German enterprises and organisations it replaced the traditional human resource management, e.g. in the German drugstore chain dm-drogerie markt . Separately, and earlier to Thomas Kracht and Karl-Martin Dietz, Rens van Loon published multiple works on
2365-446: The spot. In his influential works, Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin provided an extralinguistic methodology for analysing the nature and meaning of dialogue: Dialogic relations have a specific nature: they can be reduced neither to the purely logical (even if dialectical) nor to the purely linguistic ( compositional - syntactic ) They are possible only between complete utterances of various speaking subjects... Where there
2420-421: The status or position of power of those who make them. Structured dialogue represents a class of dialogue practices developed as a means of orienting the dialogic discourse toward problem understanding and consensual action. Whereas most traditional dialogue practices are unstructured or semi-structured, such conversational modes have been observed as insufficient for the coordination of multiple perspectives in
2475-546: The systematic use of dialogue as an independent literary form. Ancient sources indicate, however, that the Platonic dialogue had its foundations in the mime , which the Sicilian poets Sophron and Epicharmus had cultivated half a century earlier. These works, admired and imitated by Plato, have not survived and we have only the vaguest idea of how they may have been performed. The Mimes of Herodas , which were found in
2530-573: The then-beautiful Madame Helvétius , he reportedly told her, "Ah Madame, if only I were eighty again!" In 1691 he was received into the French Academy in spite of the determined efforts of the partisans of the "ancients", especially Racine and Boileau , who on four previous occasions had ensured his rejection. He was thus a member both of the Academy of Inscriptions and of the Academy of Sciences . In 1697 he became perpetual secretary to
2585-595: The title of Lucian's most famous collection; both Fontenelle (1683) and Fénelon (1712) prepared Dialogues des morts ("Dialogues of the Dead"). Contemporaneously, in 1688, the French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche published his Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion , thus contributing to the genre's revival in philosophic circles. In English non-dramatic literature the dialogue did not see extensive use until Berkeley employed it, in 1713, for his treatise, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous . His contemporary,
2640-444: The truth they have discovered, or think they have discovered, in order thus to assist one another in the quest for truth"). However, in the English translations of these texts, "dialogue" was used to translate two Latin words with distinct meanings, colloquium ("discussion") and dialogus ("dialogue"). The choice of terminology appears to have been strongly influenced by Buber's thought. The physicist David Bohm originated
2695-400: The work of Isaac Newton . He is noted for the accessibility of his work – particularly its novelistic style. This allowed non-scientists to appreciate scientific development in a time where this was unusual, and scientists to benefit from the thoughts of the greater society. If his writing is often seen as trying to popularize the astronomical theories of Descartes, whose greatest exponent he
2750-543: The world: to make it better. Dialogue is used as a practice in a variety of settings, from education to business . Influential theorists of dialogal education include Paulo Freire and Ramon Flecha . In the United States, an early form of dialogic learning emerged in the Great Books movement of the early to mid-20th century, which emphasised egalitarian dialogues in small classes as a way of understanding
2805-661: Was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France , noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment . Fontenelle was born in Rouen , France (then the capital of Normandy ) and died in Paris at age 99. His mother was the sister of great French dramatists Pierre and Thomas Corneille . His father, François le Bovier de Fontenelle,
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#17327808728012860-485: Was a collection of letters portraying worldly society of the time. It immediately made its mark. In 1686 his famous allegory of Rome and Geneva , slightly disguised as the rival princesses Mreo and Eenegu, in the Relation de l'île de Bornéo , gave proof of his daring in religious matters. But it was by his Nouveaux Dialogues des morts (1683) that Fontenelle established a genuine claim to high literary rank. That claim
2915-673: Was a disciple of Father Marin Mersenne at the Academia Parisiensis in the French capital, until 1649. There he met "Messieurs Gassendi , Descartes , Hobbes , Roberval , and the two Pascals, father and son ". He began as a poet, writing a poem in Latin at the age of 13 and more than once competed for prizes of the Académie française , but he never won anything. He visited Paris from time to time and became friendly with
2970-470: Was a lawyer who worked in the provincial court of Rouen and came from a family of lawyers from Alençon. He trained in the law but gave up after one case, devoting his life to writing about philosophers and scientists, especially defending the Cartesian tradition. In spite of the undoubted merit and value of his writings, both to the laity and the scientific community, there is no question of his being
3025-509: Was enhanced three years later by what has been summarised as the most influential work on the plurality of worlds in the period, Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (1686). He wrote extensively on the nature of the universe : Behold a universe so immense that I am lost in it. I no longer know where I am. I am just nothing at all. Our world is terrifying in its insignificance. Fontenelle had made his home in Rouen . In 1687 he moved to Paris. In 1687 he published his Histoire des oracles ,
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