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19-653: The islands were sighted on 12 February 1619 by the Spanish Garcia de Nodal expedition , and named after the cosmographer of the expedition, Diego Ramírez de Arellano . They were cited as the southernmost land mass plotted as of that time, and retained the distinction for 156 years, until the discovery of the South Sandwich Islands in 1775. In 1892, the Chilean government rented the islands to Pedro Pablo Benavides for fishing and on condition that

38-449: A polar climate ( EF ) with abundant precipitation. Temperatures remain chilly to cool throughout the entire year. The islands have been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International for their significant seabird breeding populations. These include colonies of macaroni and southern rockhopper penguins , grey-headed and black-browed albatrosses , and blue petrels . In 2022, Ricardo Rozzi et al. identified

57-428: A lighthouse, a port, and a school would be built. Later the rent was transferred to Koenigswerther and Pasinowich. The Chilean Navy established a meteorological station above Caleta Condell, a small cove on the northeastern side of Isla Gonzalo (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupplies it several times each year. This is the southernmost inhabited outpost outside Antarctica . The next most southerly inhabited outpost

76-561: A major trend in the European Renaissance to explore (and perhaps comprehend) the known world. In astrophysics , the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale matter distribution and kinematics of the observable universe , dependent on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric but independent of the temporal dependence of the scale factor on

95-481: A passage 3 km (1.9 mi) wide. The two largest islands, Isla Bartolomé and Isla Gonzalo , both lie in the southern group. Águila Islet ( Islote Águila ), the southernmost land of the group, is at latitude and longitude coordinates 56°32'9"S. They lie about 350 km north of Sars Bank , a seamount that once may have been an island. Area data are from the USGS unless otherwise specified. The islands have

114-861: A route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific , an alternative to the Strait of Magellan , dramatically changed the Spanish approach to the management of the southernmost regions of America, which were already disturbed by Drake ’s unexpected emergence in the Pacific through the Strait in 1578. The expedition was led by the brothers Bartolomé and Gonzalo García de Nodal , with the cosmographer Diego Ramírez de Arellano Chamás serving as pilot (chief navigator). Two vessels of similar construction were used in

133-489: Is considered to be an early work of cosmography. Traditional Hindu , Buddhist and Jain cosmography schematize a universe centered on Mount Meru surrounded by rivers, continents and seas. These cosmographies posit a universe being repeatedly created and destroyed over time cycles of immense lengths. In 1551, Martín Cortés de Albacar , from Zaragoza , Spain, published Breve compendio de la esfera y del arte de navegar . Translated into English and reprinted several times,

152-405: Is the lighthouse of Cape Horn . Cruise ships occasionally pass by on their way to and from Antarctica. The islands lie about 105 km (65 mi) west-southwest of Cape Horn and 93 km (58 mi) south-southeast of Ildefonso Islands , stretching 8 km (5 mi) north-south. They are divided into a smaller northern group with six islets, and a larger southern group, separated by

171-579: The Atlantic and Pacific oceans, rounding Cape Horn , south of Tierra del Fuego , just discovered by the Dutch merchants Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten . It was a successful expedition, as all goals were reached. In addition, neither lives nor ships were lost and the whole was done in a small amount of time. The García de Nodal expedition was crucial to the Spanish Empire . The discovery of

190-544: The cosmos , heaven and Earth ; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the observable universe . Premodern views of cosmography can be traditionally divided into those following the tradition of ancient near eastern cosmology , dominant in the Ancient Near East and in early Greece . The 14th-century work 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat by Persian physician Zakariya al-Qazwini

209-490: The subantarctic rayadito ( Aphrastura subantarctica ) as a new bird species endemic to the Diego Ramírez Islands. Subantarctic rayadito individuals had been formerly identified as belonging to the species Aphrastura spinicauda ( thorn-tailed rayadito ). Garcia de Nodal expedition The García de Nodal expedition was chartered in 1619 by King Philip III of Spain to reconnoiter the passage between

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228-552: The Atlantic on March 13, and they returned to Spain on July 7, 1619. As a result of their expedition they provided the Spanish Casa de Contratación with invaluable data and maps that were kept secret for centuries. In the annals of Cape Horn exploration, this must rank as one of the most professional expeditions, particularly when seen against the standards of the age in which it took place, and it would be nice to report

247-552: The Diego Ramirez group, where the two main islands are called after the brothers, the northern one is Bartolomé and the southern, Gonzalo . The mile-wide channel between is known as Canal Nodales [or Paso Nodal ]. The Nodals proved that Schouten's account was correct and there was indeed a serious threat to the Spanish South American colonies. They had also found an alternative route for their ships but

266-587: The Spanish government took no action on the Nodals' report then or later. Nodal was among those killed when the Nuestra Señora de Atocha was sunk by a hurricane off the coast of Florida in 1622. The achievements of the Garcia de Nodal expedition include: Cosmographer The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of

285-568: The expedition to prevent one ship of having to wait for the other when sailing, a common hindrance in others expeditions of the time. The expedition sailed from Lisbon , Portugal (which was by then united to Spain in the crown of Philip II) on September 27, 1618, and in January 1619, they entered the strait between Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados which they called Estrecho de San Vicente (now known as Strait of Le Maire ). The following weeks were spent meticulously exploring and naming

304-473: The geography, politics, and cultures of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, with an addendum on Terra Incognita , including Australia, and extending to Utopia , Fairyland , and the "Land of Chivalrie ". In 1659, Thomas Porter published a smaller, but extensive Compendious Description of the Whole World , which also included a chronology of world events from Creation forward. These were all part of

323-620: The southern shores of Tierra del Fuego and its southern islands including Cape Horn, which they named Cabo San Ildefonso . Next the expedition sailed south to 58º30'S, discovering the Diego Ramirez Islands and going farther south into the Drake Passage . They then turned north into the Pacific Ocean and skillfully entered the Strait of Magellan, on February 25, from the west in their first attempt. They passed into

342-479: The two brothers had many years to enjoy their justly deserved fame. Sadly both perished on 5th September 1622 when a hurricane struck a fleet returning from Havana to Spain, and their respective commands were lost. However, their signature rightly remains on Cape Horn through the names of many points, rocks and the most prominent peak on the Brunswick Peninsula . Appropriately they are also remembered in

361-553: The work was of great influence in Britain for many years. He proposed spherical charts and mentioned magnetic deviation and the existence of magnetic poles. Peter Heylin 's 1652 book Cosmographie (enlarged from his Microcosmos of 1621) was one of the earliest attempts to describe the entire world in English, and is the first known description of Australia , and among the first of California . The book has four sections, examining

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