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40-474: The small farming village of Diedenshausen was first mentioned in documents in 1194. The political philosopher Johannes Althusius was born and raised there. The accepted faith of the people was the Reformed doctrine of Calvinism . Native son Daniel Womelsdorf was the first from the village known to emigrate to America in 1724. Native son Jacob Weller von Molsdorf die Schwanfelder and his family were some of

80-642: A federal political system out of political associations that were grounded in the free initiative of citizens. Althusius relied on the neo-Platonian idea of a universal brotherhood, thus he combined the Greco-Roman ideal of an association that was governed by reciprocal relationships with the Catholic Christian principled of subsidiarity . Althusius' teachings presented an alternative to the theories of his contemporary Jean Bodin on sovereignty . According to Althusus, natural law gave citizens

120-677: A timely theory on procedural federalism. In 1871 most German states unified to form the German Empire under Bismarck's imperial constitution . Gierke's book on Althusian federalism went on to become a source of inspiration for pluralism in Britain, with John Neville Figgis and Harold Laski adapting Gierke. In 1932 the German–American professor Carl Joachim Friedrich published a new, slightly abridged edition of Althusius' Politica . After World War II Friedrich helped to draft

160-423: A union of guilds , a province was a union of towns, a state was a union of provinces, and an empire was a union of states . Althusius' understanding of society as a community of communities informed his views on the nature of politics and federalism ( consociatio symbiotica ). For Althusius the purpose of politics was the "science of those matters which pertain to the living together" and federations perfectly put

200-402: A wider readership. In 1968 Althusisus was credited as "the real father of modern federalism" by Daniel J. Elazar . Johannes Althusius saw confederations as feasible and successful cooperative constitutional orders. In his view, a confederation could be built on successive levels of political community where each community pursues common interests. A village was a union of families, a town was

240-456: Is "the will of God for men." Althusius contended that terms such as "common law" and "moral law" were other names for natural law. To know the true dictates of natural law, he argued, we must carefully study Scripture and tradition, as well as revelation and reason. Johannes Althusius died on August 12, 1638, in Emden. After his death Althusius remained a controversial thinker. His Politica

280-594: Is Switzerland's oldest university and among the world's oldest surviving universities . The university is traditionally counted among the leading institutions of higher learning in the country. The associated Basel University Library is the largest and among the most important libraries in Switzerland. The university hosts the faculties of theology, law, medicine, humanities and social sciences , science, psychology , and business and economics , as well as numerous cross-disciplinary subjects and institutes, such as

320-470: Is a foreign affairs association (Foraus), a Model United Nations team, and various choirs and orchestras. There are also various religious groups. A number of other student groups exist out of formal venues. The most recognizable are the "Studentenverbindungen," traditional student associations dating from the 19th century that organize social events, share common uniforms, and often focus on particular hobbies, such as sword fighting. Such associations include

360-616: Is associated with ten Nobel laureates and two Presidents of the Swiss Confederation . The University of Basel was founded in connection with the Council of Basel . It was during the years the catholic clergy resided in Basel, a temporary university was established between the years 1432 und 1448. In May 1432 it was authorized for Simon de Valla from Venice to lecture on canon law , in 1434 Jacques d'Attigny from France and

400-628: The Biozentrum for biomedical research and the Institute for European Global Studies. In 2020, the university had 13,139 students and 378 professors. International students accounted for 27 percent of the student body. In its over 500-year history, the university has been home to Erasmus of Rotterdam , Paracelsus , Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Jacob Burckhardt , Friedrich Nietzsche , Tadeusz Reichstein , Karl Jaspers , Carl Gustav Jung , Karl Barth , and Jeanne Hersch . The institution

440-651: The Latin language using fashionable Ramist logic. As time passed, his political canon was read less and the barriers to interpreting Althusian politics increased. In the second half of the 19th century Althusius was rediscovered when Otto von Gierke published research on Politica . In Germany, an academic society was founded to research Althusius and his times. At a time when Otto von Bismarck worked towards unifying Germany Gierke promoted Althusius' preoccupation with political order based on majority decisions , traditional European relationships, and negotiated agreements as

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480-903: The University of Basel . While studying at Basel, Althusius lived with Johannes Grynaeus for a period of time, with whom he studied theology. After completing his studies in 1586, Althusius became the first professor of law at the Protestant-Calvinist Herborn Academy of Nassau County. From 1592 to 1596, he taught at the Calvinist Academy in Burgsteinfurt/Westphalia. He was married in 1596 in Siegen to Margarethe Neurath (born 1574), with whom he had at least six children. In 1599 he

520-526: The Akademische Turnerschaft Alemannia zu Basel, AKW Raurica, Helvetia Basel, Jurassia Basiliensis, Schwizerhüsli, A.V. Froburger, and Zofingia. Membership in many is restricted to men, though A.V. Froburger also accepts women. University Sports provides a gym, fitness classes, and sport and dance camps to students and employees of the university. The Studentische Körperschaft der Universität Basel (skuba) speaks on behalf of

560-525: The Communications and Marketing Office, and two respective Vice-Presidents for Research and Education. The University of Basel currently houses seven faculties: The University is counted among the country's leading institutions of higher learning and thus boasts a large number of politicians, scientists and thinkers as professors and alumni from all around the world alike: The university hosts several formal institutions that are intended to serve

600-667: The German Holy Roman Empire as a commonwealth were the majority could decide matters for all. In reference to Aristotle , Althusius examined the confederate institutions of the Holy Roman Empire and established a theory of federalism where power is shared among autonomous smaller and larger political communities. Althusius was Calvinist and did not hold Thomas Aquinas 's theory on the commonwealth in high regard. In 1603 Althusius published Politica Methodice Digesta , setting out his theory on building

640-726: The German constitution, known as Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , while working as adviser in Allied-occupied Germany . Friedrich praised Althusius for having written the first "full-bodied concept of federalism" and so generated renewed interest in Althusius on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1964 Frederick Smith Carney published an abridged English translation of Politica , exposing Althusius to

680-665: The Philosopher Karl Jaspers from Heidelberg University (1948), as well as the surgeon Rudolf Nissen (1952). On 1 January 1996, the University of Basel became independent from the cantonal government and thus earned its right to self-government. In 2007, the Canton of Basel-Landschaft voted in favor to share the sponsorship of the university in parity with the Canton Basel-Stadt. Since 1460,

720-662: The Reformation, the Kantonstrennung (separation of the Canton of Basel City from Basel Land), and both World Wars. These factors affected student attendance, funding, university-government relations. In 1833 the Canton of Basel split in two with the Federal Diet requiring that the canton's assets, including the books at the university library, be divided—two-thirds going to the new half canton of Basel-Landschaft . The city, Basel-Stadt , had to buy back this share and

760-539: The Senate (Regenz) and the President's Board. The 80-member Senate consists of the senior members of the President's Board, faculty deans, professors, lecturers and research assistants, assistants, students, and administrative and technical employees. The President's Office is tasked with leading the overall university business. It consists of the President and her staff, a General Secretariat, an Administrative Directorate,

800-479: The city, Basel became an early centre of book printing and humanism. Around the same time as the university itself, the Basel University Library was founded. Today it has over three million books and writings and is the largest library in Switzerland. Located in what was once a politically volatile area, the university's fate often ebbed and flowed with regional political developments, including

840-709: The council elected a counterpope in the figure of the Duke of Savoy Amadeus VIII who would become known as Felix V . Felix V then established a formal "University of the Clergy" (German: Kurienuniversität) which was inaugurated in November 1440 with a mass in the Barfüsser Church  [ de ] . In 1448, the German King Frederick III came to an agreement with Pope Nicholas V ,

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880-1168: The earliest recorded members of this family to emigrate to America, landing in Philadelphia in 1710. Today, the village has a large number of restored half-timbered houses for which reason it was designated by the German government, in 1998, as one of the "Federal Golden Villages ". In 2008 Diedenshausen celebrated its millennium (1000th anniversary) as a dedicated village/area which drew many American descendants to celebrate as well. 51°4′27″N 8°30′11″E  /  51.07417°N 8.50306°E  / 51.07417; 8.50306 Alertshausen Arfeld Aue Beddelhausen Berghausen Christianseck Diedenshausen Dotzlar Elsoff Girkhausen Hemschlar Raumland Richstein Rinthe Sassenhausen Schüllar Schwarzenau Stünzel Weidenhausen Wemlighausen Wingeshausen Johannes Althusius Johannes Althusius (1563 – August 12, 1638)

920-737: The entity that formally receives the Performance Mandate (Leistungsauftrag) for the University from both supporting cantons, the University Council (Universitätsrat) is the supreme decision-making body of the university. The Council consists of eleven voting members and three non-voting members, including the President, the Executive Director, and the Secretary of the Council. Beneath the University Council are

960-488: The foundation for the other three academic subjects. In the eighteenth century as Basel became more commercial, the university, one of the centres of learning in the Renaissance, slipped into insignificance. Enrollment which had been over a thousand around 1600, dropped to sixty in 1785 with eighteen professors. The professors themselves were mostly sons of the elite. Over the course of centuries as many scholars came to

1000-565: The humanities and sciences. Liberal Arts became a faculty in 1818, from which the Philosophy and History and Natural History faculties were derived in 1937. The university subsequently established the Faculty of Science (1937), the Faculty of Business and Economics (1996), and the Faculty of Psychology (2003). During the 20th century, the university grew rapidly, from one thousand students in 1918 to eight thousand in 1994. The first woman who

1040-496: The needs of its students. The Student Advice Center provides advice on academic degree programs and career opportunities. The Student Services provides information on applications, grants, mobility, exchanges, and disability services. There are also a variety of organizations that cater to international students, such as local chapters of Toastmasters and AIESEC, and associations that perform community services (Beraber, for instance, provides remedial lessons to immigrant youth). There

1080-543: The purpose of politics into practice. Althusius's federalism did not involve the surrendering of power , instead it rested on responsibly sharing power. Althusius became one of the principal European thinkers on federalism at the start of the 17th century while the European continent was ravaged by religious wars . Against the backdrop of the Reformation and the rise of absolutist monarchies , Althusius identified

1120-469: The right to resist tyrannical government and sovereignty rested with the community, not the ruler. Therefore Althusius maintained that legitimate political authority was founded on smaller communities. University of Basel The University of Basel ( Latin : Universitas Basiliensis , German: Universität Basel ) is a public research university in Basel , Switzerland. Founded on 4 April 1460, it

1160-464: The seal of the University showed a Virgin surrounded with sun rays standing a crescent moon as mentioned in the Revelation of John . Below the moon is the coat of arms of Basel . In her right hand, she holds a scepter, and on her left arm sits Jesus the child. The religious motive is described to denote the religious bond the university counted with at the beginning of its existence. The seal

1200-517: The successor of Eugen IV and ordered the city to remove the security of the councilors. The university was then formally closed in July 1448 and the clergy moved on to Lausanne . After they left, the former lecturers urged for a regular university to be established. The deed of foundation given in the form of a Papal bull by Pope Pius II on 12 November 1459 in Mantua and the official opening ceremony

1240-408: The university became so impoverished that it drastically reduced its course offerings. Students were expected to continue their education after two years or so at a German university. Student enrollment surged after the university shed its medieval curriculum (including the elimination of Latin as the official language of the course catalog in 1822) and began to add more faculties, especially those in

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1280-407: Was a German–French jurist and Calvinist political philosopher . He is best known for his 1603 work "Politica Methodice Digesta, Atque Exemplis Sacris et Profanis Illustrata" which revised editions were published in 1610 and 1614. The ideas expressed therein relate to the early development of federalism in the 16th and 17th centuries and the construction of subsidiarity . Johannes Althusius

1320-758: Was admitted to the university, Emilie Frey  [ de ] , began her medical studies in 1890. After the seizure of power in the year 1933 by the Nazis in Germany, numerous renowned German professors decided to emigrate to Basel and started to work at the University of Basel. Several Swiss scholars also returned, inter alia the Law Professor Arthur Baumgarten (1933), the Theologians Karl Barth (1935) and Fritz Lieb  [ de ] (1937) and after World War II

1360-436: Was also permitted to lecture on canon law in Basel. d'Attigny had before been lecturing canon law at the University of Rome . In 1437 Demetrius was called to lecture Greek language . Also the function of a bedel is mentioned, but there was no mention of a dean or a University order. The same year Pope Eugen IV attempted to move the council to Ferrara , but many involved in Basel stayed and kept negotiating and in 1439

1400-425: Was also used after the reformation and used continuously until 1992. Well-respected rankings attest to the University of Basel's international academic performance: Since 1 January 1996, the University of Basel has been independent. The University Law of 1995 stipulates that, "The University of Basel is an institution established under public law. It has its own legal personality and right to self-government." As

1440-573: Was appointed president of the Nassau College in its temporary location in Siegen , returning with it to Herborn in 1602. At the same time he began his political career by serving as a member of the Nassau (Germany) county council. For the next several years Althusius was involved in several colleges in the area, variously serving as their president and lecturing on law and philosophy. In 1603 he

1480-403: Was attacked by Henning Arnisaeus and Hugo Grotius during the 17th century for its defense of local autonomies against the rise of territorial absolutism and proponents of the modern united nation state . Interest in Althusius' theories continued into the second half of the 17th century, but Althusius was forgotten once the European wars of religion had ended. Althusius had published in

1520-849: Was born in 1563 to a family of modest means in Diedenshausen , County Sayn-Wittgenstein ( Siegen-Wittgenstein ), a Calvinist County in what is now the state of North Rhine Westphalia (but was then the seat of an independent Grafschaft or County). Under the patronage of a local count, he attended the Gymnasium Philippinum in Marburg from 1577 and began his studies in 1581, concentrating in law and philosophy. He first studied Aristotle in Cologne , then studied law around 1585/86 under Denis Godefroy at Basel . In 1586, Althusius received his doctorate in civil and canon law from

1560-465: Was elected as a municipal trustee of the city of Emden , in East Frisia , where he ultimately made his fame. He became a city Syndic in 1604, which placed him at the helm of Emden's governance until his death. In 1617 Althusius published his principal judicial work, Dicaeologicae . In this work, he categorized laws into two main types: natural laws and positive laws, and argued that natural law

1600-624: Was held on 4 April 1460, the day of Saint Ambrose in the Minster of Basel . Originally the University of Basel was decreed to have four faculties—arts, medicine, theology, and jurisprudence. From 1497, the Grand Council of Basel discussed whether the University was to be closed and only in 1501, the year Basel joined the Swiss Confederation , it was decided not to close the university. The faculty of arts served until 1818 as

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