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57-690: In 2006, approximately 150,000 accounting for less than 1.5% of the Niger's population , the Diffa Arabs are said to be the westernmost dispersion of Arabic -speaking Sudanese nomads, primarily drawn from the Mahamid subclan of the Rizeigat of Sudan and Chad . The Nigerien Arab populations include groups drawn from the Shoa or Baggara Arabs , the first clans of whom are believed to have arrived in what

114-542: A TFR of 2.0 over a long time would decrease, unless it had a large enough immigration. It may take several generations for a change in the total fertility rate to be reflected in birth rate , because the age distribution must reach equilibrium. For example, a population that has recently dropped below replacement-level fertility will continue to grow, because the recent high fertility produced large numbers of young couples, who would now be in their childbearing years. This phenomenon carries forward for several generations and

171-501: A given year. When the NRR is exactly 1, each generation of females is precisely replacing itself. The NRR is not as commonly used as the TFR, but it is particularly relevant in cases where the number of male babies born is very high due to gender imbalance and sex selection . This is a significant consideration in world population dynamics, especially given the high level of gender imbalance in

228-438: A low level of gender inequality, and infertility. The effect of all these factors can be summarized with a plot of total fertility rate against Human Development Index (HDI) for a sample of countries. The chart shows that the two factors are inversely correlated , that is, in general, the lower a country's HDI the higher its fertility. Another common way of summarizing the relationship between economic development and fertility

285-450: A lower fertility rate than poor countries, those with low per capita GDP. This may seem counter-intuitive. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a demographic-economic paradox because evolutionary biology suggests that greater means should enable the production of more offspring, not fewer. Many of these factors may differ by region and social class. For instance, Scandinavian countries and France are among

342-541: A massive compulsory sterilization drive was carried out in India, but it is considered to be a failure and is criticized for being an abuse of power. Some governments have sought to regulate which groups of society could reproduce through eugenic policies, including forced sterilizations of population groups they considered undesirable. Such policies were carried out against ethnic minorities in Europe and North America in

399-905: A population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life. As of 2023, the total fertility rate varied widely across the world, from 0.7 in South Korea , to 6.1 in Niger . Fertility tends to be inversely correlated with levels of economic development. Historically, developed countries have significantly lower fertility rates, generally correlated with greater wealth, education, urbanization , and other factors. Conversely, in least developed countries , fertility rates tend to be higher. Families desire children for their labor and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to

456-411: A reduction of 84%, and the TFR declined to 3.2. By 2018, child mortality had declined further to 0.6% and the TFR declined to 1.9, below replacement level. The chart shows that the decline in the TFR since the 1960s has occurred in every region of the world. The global TFR is projected to continue declining for the remainder of the century, and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100. In 2022,

513-401: Is a measure of the fertility of an imaginary woman who experiences the age-specific fertility rates for ages 15–49 that were recorded for a specific population in a given year. It represents the average number of children a woman would potentially have if she were to go through all her childbearing years in a single year, subject to the age-specific fertility rates for that year. In simpler terms,

570-535: Is a plot of TFR against per capita GDP , a proxy for standard of living. This chart shows that per capita GDP is also inversely correlated with fertility. The impact of human development on TFR can best be summarized by a quote from Karan Singh , a former minister of population in India. At a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, he said "Development is the best contraceptive ." Wealthy countries, those with high per capita GDP, usually have

627-420: Is a poorer estimate of actual completed family size than the total cohort fertility rate, which is obtained by summing the age-specific fertility rates that actually applied to each cohort as they aged through time. In particular, the TFR does not necessarily predict how many children young women now will eventually have, as their fertility rates in years to come may change from those of older women now. However,

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684-583: Is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received an oral polio vaccine. The CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete

741-577: Is called population momentum , population inertia, or population-lag effect . This time-lag effect is of great importance to the growth rates of human populations. TFR (net) and long-term population growth rate, g, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state and with zero migration, g = log ⁡ ( TFR / 2 ) X m {\textstyle g={\tfrac {\log({\text{TFR}}/2)}{{\text{X}}_{m}}}} , where X m {\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}}

798-437: Is comparable to levels recorded in neighboring countries. However, the child mortality rate (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is exceptionally high (274 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. Niger's very high total fertility rate (6.89 children born per woman, which is the highest in the world ), nonetheless, means that nearly half (49%) of

855-477: Is for the Xiangyang district of Jiamusi city ( Heilongjiang , China) which had a TFR of 0.41 in 2000. In 2023, South Korea's TFR was 0.72 the world's lowest for that year. Outside Asia, the lowest TFR ever recorded was 0.80 for Eastern Germany in 1994. The low Eastern German value was influenced by a change to higher maternal age at birth, with the consequence that neither older cohorts (e.g. women born until

912-431: Is mean age for childbearing women and thus P ( t ) = P ( 0 ) ( g t ) {\textstyle P(t)=P(0)^{(gt)}} . At the left side is shown the empirical relation between the two variables in a cross-section of countries with the most recent y-y growth rate. The parameter 1 b {\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{b}}} should be an estimate of

969-414: Is not based on the actual fertility of a specific group of women, as that would require waiting until they have completed childbearing . It also does not involve counting the total number of children born over their lifetime. Instead, the TFR is based on the age-specific fertility rates of women in their "child-bearing years," typically considered to be ages 15–44 in international statistical usage. The TFR

1026-663: Is now Niger sometime in the 19th century. Small groups of the Ouled Slimane tribe , overrunning the Kanem Empire , filtered into the area between the late 19th century and 1923, joining with those Shoa pastoralists who were already centered in the Tintouma area. In the 1950s, a small number of Kanem – Chadian Arabs moved into the area, but the population remained small. Later in the mid 1970s, there were only around 4000 nomadic Arabs in eastern Niger. But following

1083-786: Is seen not to be the case. Fertility factors are determinants of the number of children that an individual is likely to have. Fertility factors are mostly positive or negative correlations without certain causations . Factors generally associated with increased fertility include the intention to have children, very high level of gender inequality, inter-generational transmission of values, marriage and cohabitation , maternal and social support, rural residence, pro family government programs, low IQ and increased food production. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include rising income , value and attitude changes, education, female labor participation , population control , age, contraception , partner reluctance to having children,

1140-464: Is the mean age for childbearing women. The TPFR (total period fertility rate) is affected by a tempo effect —if age of childbearing increases, and life cycle fertility is unchanged, then while the age of childbearing is increasing, TPFR will be lower, because the births are occurring later, and then the age of childbearing stops increasing, the TPFR will increase, due to the deferred births occurring in

1197-400: Is the total fertility rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels, assuming that mortality rates remain constant and net migration is zero. If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself. In 2003, the replacement fertility rate was 2.1 births per female for most developed countries (2.1 in

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1254-413: The X m {\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}} ; here equal to 1 0.02 = 50 {\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{0.02}}=50} years, way off the mark because of population momentum. E.g. for log ( TFR 2 ) = 0 {\textstyle {\log }({\tfrac {\text{TFR}}{2}})=0} , g should be exactly zero, which

1311-721: The 1974 Sahelian Drought a much larger population of Arab clans began to move into Niger, followed by others fleeing the civil war and the Chadian-Libyan conflict in the 1980s, settling near Diffa . The first President of Niger who is an ethnic Diffa Arab is Mohamed Bazoum in Office since 2021. Many in the Diffa Arab community fought against the 1990s Tuareg rebellion , and in recent years, have come into increased conflict with Hausa , Kanuri , and some Tuareg communities. News reports quote Nigerien officials during

1368-469: The 1990s, when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets, overcrowding in homes and schools, and over 9,000 women who died due to illegal abortions . Conversely, in China the government sought to lower the fertility rate, and, as such, enacted the one-child policy (1978–2015), which included abuses such as forced abortions . In India, during the national emergency of 1975 ,

1425-505: The 2001 census reporting that Arab communities were in constant conflict with their neighbors over resources, were armed, and that "A relative unanimity prevails among the population who want them to leave the area". In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad. This population numbered about 150,000. While the government

1482-426: The 2010s and early 2020s. The average fertility rate in countries such as Thailand or Chile approached the mark of one child per woman, which triggered concerns about the rapid aging of populations worldwide. The table shows that after 1965, the demographic transition spread around the world, and the global TFR began a long decline that continues in the 21st century. The United Nations Population Division divides

1539-572: The 20th century include those in communist Romania and communist Albania , under Nicolae Ceaușescu and Enver Hoxha respectively. The natalist policy in Romania between 1967 and 1989 was very aggressive, including outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness , and legal discrimination against childless people. It resulted in large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, street children in

1596-633: The Industrial Revolution began in some places, particularly Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, and they underwent the beginnings of what is now called the demographic transition. Stage two of this process fueled a steady reduction in mortality rates due to improvements in public sanitation , personal hygiene and the food supply , which reduced the number of famines. These reductions in mortality rates, particularly reductions in child mortality, that increased

1653-568: The Nigerien population is under age 15. School attendance is low (34%), including 38% of males and 27% of females. Additional education occurs through Koranic schools. (persons) Source: Institut National de la Statistique - Niger According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 25,252,722 in 2021, compared to only 2 462 000 in 1950. The proportion of children and teenagers below

1710-516: The TFR in the United States was 7.0. Fertility rates in East Asia during this period were similar to those in Europe. Fertility rates in Roman Egypt were 7.4. Despite these high fertility rates, the number of surviving children per woman was always around two because of high mortality rates. As a result, global population growth was still very slow, about 0.04% per year . After 1800,

1767-413: The TFR is a reasonable summary of current fertility levels. TFR and long term population growth rate, g , are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state, growth rate equals log ⁡ ( T F R / 2 ) / X m {\displaystyle \log(\mathrm {TFR} /2)/X_{m}} , where X m {\displaystyle X_{m}}

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1824-427: The TFR is the number of children a woman would have if she were to experience the prevailing fertility rates at all ages from a single given year and survived throughout her childbearing years. An alternative measure of fertility is the net reproduction rate (NRR), which calculates the number of daughters a female would have in her lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in

1881-630: The UK, for example), but could be as high as 3.5 in undeveloped countries because of higher mortality rates , especially child mortality . The global average for the replacement total fertility rate, eventually leading to a stable global population, for 2010–2015, was 2.3 children per female. The term lowest-low fertility is defined as a TFR at or below 1.3. Lowest-low fertility is found almost exclusively within East Asian countries and Southern European countries. The East Asian American community in

1938-452: The US was 33%, meaning that one third of all children born would die before their fifth birthday. The TFR in 1800 was 7.0, meaning that the average female would bear seven children during their lifetime. In 1900, child mortality in the US had declined to 23%, a reduction of almost one third, and the TFR had declined to 3.9, a reduction of 44%. By 1950, child mortality had declined dramatically to 4%,

1995-458: The United States also exhibits lowest-low fertility. At one point in the late 20th century and early 21st century this was also observed in Eastern and Southern Europe. Since then, the fertility rate has risen in most countries of Europe. However in 2023, Spain's TFR fell to 1.19, and Italy's TFR fell to 1.2 children per woman. The lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history,

2052-768: The World Population Review in 2022. The following demographic data are from the CIA World Factbook unless otherwise indicated. The following infectious diseases are prevalent in Niger: On 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Niger is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV). Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV)

2109-771: The age of 15 in 2010 was 49%, 48.8% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while only 2.2% was 65 years or older. Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2017): Registration of vital events in Niger is incomplete. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations . Total fertility rate (TFR; Wanted Fertility Rate) and crude birth rate (CBR): Fertility data as of 2012 (DHS Program): Demographic statistics according to

2166-531: The arable, southern tier. The Kanouri (including Beri Beri , Manga ) make up the majority of sedentary population in the far southeast of the nation. The remainder of the Nigerien people are nomadic or seminomadic livestock-raising peoples— Tuareg , Fulani , Toubou and Diffa Arabs . With rapidly growing populations and the consequent competition for meager natural resources, lifestyles of these two types of peoples have come increasingly into conflict in Niger in recent years. Niger's high infant mortality rate

2223-636: The first half of the 20th century, and more recently in Latin America against the Indigenous population in the 1990s; in Peru , former President Alberto Fujimori has been accused of genocide and crimes against humanity as a result of a sterilization program put in place by his administration targeting indigenous people (mainly the Quechua and Aymara people). Within these historical contexts,

2280-438: The fraction of children surviving, plus other major societal changes such as urbanization , and the increased social status of women, led to stage three of the demographic transition. There was a reduction in fertility rates, because there was simply no longer a need to birth so many children. The example from the US of the correlation between child mortality and the fertility rate is illustrative. In 1800, child mortality in

2337-456: The global TFR was 2.3. Because the global fertility replacement rate for 2010–2015 was estimated to be 2.3, humanity has achieved or is approaching a significant milestone where the global fertility rate is equal to the global replacement rate. The global fertility rate may have fallen below the global replacement level of 2.2 children per woman as early as 2023. Numerous developing countries have experienced an accelerated fertility decline in

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2394-402: The global average TFR was still 5.   Since then, global average TFR has dropped steadily to less than half that number, 2.3 births per woman in 2023. The United Nations predicts that global fertility will continue to decline for the remainder of this century and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100, and that world population will peak in 2084. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

2451-414: The heavily populated nations of China and India. The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the same as the NRR, except that, like the TFR, it disregards life expectancy . The TFR, sometimes called TPFR—total period fertility rate, is a better index of fertility than the crude birth rate (annual number of births per thousand population) because it is independent of the age structure of the population, but it

2508-444: The highest TFR. In 2023, the most populous country in Africa, Nigeria , had an estimated TFR of 4.57. In 2023, the second most populous African country, Ethiopia , had an estimated TFR of 3.92. The poverty of Africa, and the high maternal mortality and infant mortality had led to calls from WHO for family planning , and the encouragement of smaller families. Hong Kong , Macau , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan have

2565-407: The lack of access to contraceptives , generally lower levels of female education , and lower rates of female employment. It does not significantly correlate with any particular religion. From antiquity to the beginning of the industrial revolution, around the year 1800, total fertility rates of 4.5 to 7.5 were common around the world. After this TFR declined only slightly and up until the 1960’s

2622-515: The late 1960s), who often already had children, nor younger cohorts, who were postponing childbirth, had many children during that time. The total cohort fertility rate of each age cohort of women in East Germany did not drop as significantly. A population that maintained a TFR of 3.8 over an extended period, without a correspondingly high death or emigration rate, would increase rapidly, doubling period ~ 32 years. A population that maintained

2679-509: The later period, even though the life cycle fertility has been unchanged. In other words, the TPFR is a misleading measure of life cycle fertility when childbearing age is changing, due to this statistical artifact. This is a significant factor in some countries, such as the Czech Republic and Spain in the 1990s. Some measures seek to adjust for this timing effect to gain a better measure of life-cycle fertility. Replacement fertility

2736-479: The least religious in the EU, but have the highest TFR, while the opposite is true about Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Poland and Spain. Governments have often set population targets, to either increase or decrease the total fertility rate, or to have certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups have a lower or higher fertility rate. Often such policies have been interventionist, and abusive. The most notorious natalist policies of

2793-459: The lowest-low fertility, defined as TFR at or below 1.3, and are among the lowest in the world. In 2004, Macau had a TFR below 1.0. In 2018, North Korea had the highest TFR in East Asia, at 1.95. In 2022, China's TFR was 1.09. China implemented the one-child policy in January 1979 as a drastic population planning measure to control the ever-growing population at the time. In January 2016,

2850-541: The notion of reproductive rights has developed. Such rights are based on the concept that each person freely decides if, when, and how many children to have - not the state or religion. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , reproductive rights "rest on the recognition of the basic rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly

2907-507: The number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes the right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents". From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , fertility rates around

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2964-551: The people of Niger consist of population density , ethnicity , education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. The largest ethnic groups in Niger are the Hausa , who also constitute the major ethnic group in northern Nigeria , and the Zarma - Songhai (also spelled Djerma-Songhai), who also are found in parts of Mali . Both groups are sedentary farmers who live in

3021-471: The routine polio vaccine series. Before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine A person from Niger is known as a Nigerien (IPA: /niːˈʒɛəɹi.ən/ or /ˈnaɪ.dʒer.i.ən/). The word Nigerien is also the adjective used to describe a person or thing from Niger. Total fertility rate The total fertility rate ( TFR ) of

3078-512: The world into six geographical regions. The table below shows the estimated TFR for each region. (2015-2020) In 2013, the TFR of Europe , Latin America and the Caribbean , and Northern America were below the global replacement-level fertility rate of 2.1 children per female. Africa has a TFR of 4.1, the highest in the world. Angola , Benin , DR Congo , Mali , and the Niger have

3135-416: The world were high by 21st-century standards, ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 children per woman. . The onset of the Industrial Revolution around the year 1800 brought about what has come to be called the demographic transition . This eventually led to a long-term decline in TFR in every region of the world that has continued in the 21st century. During this period fertility rates of 4.5 to 7.5 were common around

3192-591: The world. Child mortality could reach 50% and that plus the need to produce workers, male heirs, and old-age caregivers required a high fertility rate by 21st-century standards. To produce two adult children in this high mortality environment required at least four or more births. For example, fertility rates in Western Europe before 1800 ranged from 4.5 in Scandinavia to 6.2 in Belgium. In 1800,

3249-515: Was rounding up Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government eventually suspended the controversial decision to deport Arabs. Arab Nigeriens protested that they were legal citizens of Niger, with no other home to return to, and that the military of Niger had seized their livestock, their only means of livelihood. Demographics of Niger The demographic features of Nigeriens,

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