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54-526: The Wanli Emperor was the thirteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty and ruled from 1572 to 1620. His mausoleum, the Dingling, was built between 1584 and 1590 and occupies a surface area of 180,000 square meters (1,937,503.9 sq ft).The mausoleum consists of five halls with some walls, and is located 27 meters (89 ft) below ground. The name Dingling was used for Chinese imperial tombs both before and after

108-693: A county-level city was formed. In 1985, Leshan became a prefecture-level city , with Emeishan and other county level cities under the administration of Leshan. In 1996, the Mount Emei Scenic Area, including the Leshan Giant Buddha , the largest stone-carved buddha in the world, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Next to the Leshan Giant Buddha is the Oriental Buddha Park ,

162-475: A monsoon -influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) and is largely mild and humid. Winter is short, mild and dry, with a January average of 7.4 °C (45.3 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with highs often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), yet extended heat waves are rare. The daily average in July and August is around 26 °C (79 °F). Rainfall

216-555: A Shanghai actress. After the war, Sato went to reunite with him but was disappointed to know that he had already formed a new family. In early February 1942, Guō Mòruò created a five-act historical drama 虎符, Hǔfú ("Tiger Talisman") in a single nine-day period. Along with holding important government offices in the People's Republic of China , Guo was a prolific writer, not just of poetry but also fiction, plays, autobiographies, translations, and historical and philosophical treatises. He

270-637: A few times, and finally expelled permanently in October 1909. Guo was glad to be expelled, as he now had a reason to go to the provincial capital Chengdu to continue his education there. In October 1911, Guo was surprised by his mother announcing that a marriage was arranged for him. He went along with his family's wishes, marrying his appointed bride, Zhang Jinghua, sight-unseen in Shawan in March 1912. Immediately, he regretted this marriage, and five days after

324-625: A large collection of antique furniture and curios in his home. In 1978, following Mao's death and the fall of the Gang of Four , the 85 year old Guo, as he lay dying in a Beijing hospital, penned a poem denouncing the Gang. The White-Boned Demon was a character in the Ming-era novel Journey to the West , an evil shapeshifting being, and was a popular derogatory nickname for Jiang Qing. In March of

378-441: A private tutor, Shen Huanzhang, to provide education for their children, in the hope of them later passing civil service examinations. A precocious child, Guo started studying at this "family school" in the spring of 1897, at the early age of four and a half. Initially, his studies were based on Chinese classics, but with the government education reforms of 1901, mathematics and other modern subjects started to be introduced. When in

432-478: A privately run cultural theme park, featuring thousands of reproductions of Buddha statues and Buddhist themed carvings. Mount Emei is located within the county-level city of Emeishan , which is under the administrative jurisdiction of Leshan. The ancestral home of Chinese writer, academic and politician Guo Moruo is preserved in the Shawan District of Leshan. The Leshan dialect is distinct among

486-469: A scholar-official background. She was a daughter of Du Zhouzhang, a holder of the coveted jinshi degree. Whilst serving as an acting magistrate in Huangping prefecture ( 黄平州 ), now part of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture , in eastern Guizhou , Du died in 1858 while fighting Miao rebels, when his daughter (the future mother of Guo Moruo) was less than a year old. She married into

540-421: A total length of 160 kilometers, was finished on January 14, 2000. This Freeway has since become very important to the city's development. Leshan Normal University ( 乐山师范学院 ) and Leshan Vocational & Technical College ( 乐山职业技术学院 ) are two government-funded colleges in the city. The Engineering&Technical College of Chengdu University of Technology ( 成都理工大学工程技术学院 ) is a non-government college, which

594-421: Is 101.66.The population aged 0-14 years is 452,148, or 13.97 per cent; the population aged 15-64 years is 2387,477, or 73.78 per cent; and the population aged 65 and over is 396,131, or 12.24 per cent. The Han Chinese population is 3075,481, accounting for 95.05 percent; the ethnic minorities are 160,275 or 4.95 percent; and the Y i population is 153,092 or 4.73 percent. In 2017, the city's registered population

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648-557: Is a prefecture-level city located at the confluence of the Dadu and Min rivers, on the southwestern fringe of the Sichuan Basin in southern Sichuan, about 120 km (75 mi) from the provincial capital of Chengdu . As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,160,168, of whom 1,236,188 lived in the built-up metro area made of Shizhong (downtown), Wutongqiao, Shawan and Jinkouhe districts. A historical and cultural city, Leshan

702-665: Is disputed. Guo had five children (four sons and a daughter) with Sato Tomiko and six with Yu Liqun (four sons and two daughters). An article published in the 2000s said that eight out of the eleven were alive, and that three have died. With Sato Tomiko (listed chronologically in the order of birth): With Yu Liqun (listed chronologically in the order of birth): This is a select bibliography. A fuller bibliography may be found in: A Selective Guide to Chinese Literature, 1900-1949 , edited by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová et al. Guo wrote nine autobiographical works: Leshan Leshan , formerly known as Jiading and Jiazhou ,

756-719: Is famous for world heritage sites Emei Mountain and Leshan Buddha . It is also a regional center in the southern part of the Chengdu Economic Zone, serving as a transportation hub and port city in southwestern China. Leshan has a long history, with written records tracing back to around 700 BC during the Kai Ming dynasty of the Shu Kingdom . Around the early Spring and Autumn period , the Ba people , led by Kai Ming Bie Ling, migrated from western Hubei and settled at

810-463: Is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September. The climate in the southwest mountainous area has obvious vertical differences and the climatic conditions are very complex, which is a region for the development of comprehensive agricultural management and three-dimensional agriculture in the region, the main production area of wood, tea, Chinese medicinal materials and other crops, and also

864-621: Is the central urban area of the prefecture level city of Leshan in Sichuan Province . At the time of Guo's birth, Shawan was a town of some 180 families. Guo's father's ancestors were Hakkas from Ninghua County in Tingzhou Prefecture , near the western border of Fujian . They moved to Sichuan in the second half of the 17th century, after Sichuan had lost much of its population to the rebels/bandits of Zhang Xianzhong ( c. 1605–1647). According to family legend,

918-656: The Chinese Communist Party in 1927. He was involved in the Communist Nanchang Uprising and fled to Japan after its failure. He stayed there for 10 years studying Chinese ancient history. During that time he published his work on inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze vessels , Corpus of Inscriptions on Bronzes from the Two Zhou Dynasties ( 两周金文辭大系考釋 ). During this period he published ten monographs on archeology of

972-527: The Cultural Revolution , he published a book called Li Bai and Du Fu in which he praised Li Bai while belittling Du Fu, which was thought to flatter Mao Zedong. His attitude to the Gang of Four changed sharply before and after its downfall. In his private life, he was also known to have affairs with many women, whom he abandoned shortly afterwards. One of them, Li Chen ( 立忱 ), allegedly committed suicide after his betrayal, although this

1026-668: The Shang and Zhou periods and ancient Chinese script, thus establishing himself as a preeminent scholar in the field. In the summer of 1937, shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge incident , Guo returned to China to join the anti-Japanese resistance. His attempt to arrange for Sato Tomiko and their children to join him in China were frustrated by the Japanese authorities, and in 1939 he remarried to Yu Liqun  [ zh ] ,

1080-790: The Chinese answer to Goethe and this appraisal was widely accepted. Zhou Yang said: "You are Goethe, but you are the Goethe of the New Socialist Era of China."(" 你是歌德，但你是社会主义时代新中国的歌德。 ") He was criticised as the first of "Four Contemporary Shameless Writers". For example, he spoke highly of Mao Zedong 's calligraphy, to the extent that he justified what the CCP leader had written mistakenly. His historical works have been described by historians as "near-pseudohistorical" due to his political manipulation of ancient Chinese classics. And during

1134-631: The Cultural Revolution and received commendation by the chairman at the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in April 1969. By the early 1970s, he had regained most of his influence. He enjoyed all the privileges of the highest-ranking party elites, including residence in a luxurious manor house once owned by a Qing official, a staff of assigned servants, a state limousine, and other perks. Guo also maintained

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1188-481: The Dingling excavation led to a new policy by the People's Republic of China to not excavate any historical site except for rescue purposes. In particular, no proposal to open an imperial tomb has been approved since Dingling, even when the entrance has been accidentally revealed, as was the case of the Qianling Mausoleum . The original plan, to use Dingling as a trial site for the excavation of Changling,

1242-475: The Guo family in 1872, when she was fourteen. Guo was the eighth child of his mother. Three of his siblings had died before he was born, but more children were born later, so by the time he went to school, he had seven siblings. Guo also had the childhood name Guo Wenbao ("Cultivated Leopard"), given due to a dream his mother had on the night he was conceived. A few years before Guo was born, his parents retained

1296-483: The Ming dynasty. A group of prominent scholars led by Guo Moruo and historian and Beijing deputy mayor Wu Han began advocating the excavation of Changling, the tomb of the Yongle Emperor , the largest and oldest of the Ming tombs near Beijing. Despite winning approval from premier Zhou Enlai , this plan was vetoed by archaeologists because of the importance and public profile of Changling. Instead, Dingling,

1350-430: The age of 13 and then spent six months as an apprentice at a salt well. Thereafter he entered his father's business, a shrewd and smart man who achieved some local renown as a Chinese medical doctor, traded successfully in oils, opium, liquor, and grain and operated a money changing business. His business success allowed him to increase the family's real estate and salt well holdings. Guo's mother, in contrast, came from

1404-611: The confluence of the three rivers in what is now Leshan, including present-day Fengzhouba and the Dadu River. They established a tribal center. From the Qin and Han dynasties through to the Wei and Jin dynasties, the central government set up Nan'an County, laying the foundation for the present-day Leshan region. After the Sui unification of China, Leshan was part of Meishan Prefecture ( jun ). In

1458-805: The dialects in Sichuan province for retaining the entering tone, the fourth of the four tones in classical Chinese pronunciation, which most Sichuan dialects and Mandarin no longer uses. Unlike other Sichuan dialects, most of which are mutually understandable, the Leshan dialect is difficult for other Sichuan people to understand. Falling into the Sichuan cuisine family, Leshan is noted for its food culture, especially its variety of street foods. Typical specialties include: There are Chengdu–Mianyang–Leshan intercity railway and Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway serving Leshan. The G0512 Chengdu–Leshan Expressway with

1512-594: The early years of the Republic of China , from 1912 to 1917, Leshan was restructured into a county under the jurisdiction of the Sichuan Provincial Governor's Office. After Yuan Shikai 's death, Sichuan broke away from central authority; by 1918, Xiong Kewu took control of Sichuan, implementing the "Defense Zone System," which decentralized military, political, financial, and tax powers to local garrisons, leading to warlordism and prolonged unrest in

1566-591: The excavation report is held to be inadequate. Worse was a lack of technology to preserve the excavated bodies, which were quickly destroyed after the tomb opened during the first phase of the Cultural Revolution. The failure of the excavation of Dingling has been used as an argument against the opening of the Tang dynasty Qianling Mausoleum and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor . Lessons learned from

1620-563: The fall of 1903 a number of public schools were established in Sichuan's capital, Chengdu , the Guo children started going there to study. Guo's oldest brother, Guo Kaiwen (1877–1936), entered one of them, Dongwen Xuetang, a secondary school preparing students for study in Japan; the next oldest brother, Guo Kaizou, joined Wubei Xuetang, a military school. Guo Kaiwen soon became instrumental in exposing his brother and sisters still in Shawan to modern books and magazines that allowed them to learn about

1674-560: The first 15 years of the PRC, Guo, with his extensive knowledge of Chinese history and culture, was the ultimate arbiter of philosophical matters relating to art, education, and literature, although all of his most vital and important work had been written before 1949. Guo was one of the leaders of China's delegation to the December 1957 Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Conference , along with Liu Liangmo , Liu Ningyi , and Ji Chaoding . With

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1728-606: The marriage, he left his ancestral home and returned to Chengdu, leaving his wife behind. He never formally divorced her, but apparently never lived with her either. Following his elder brothers, Guo left China in December 1913, reaching Japan in early January 1914. After a year of preparatory study in Tokyo, he entered Sixth Higher School in Okayama . When visiting a friend of his hospitalized in Saint Luke's Hospital in Tokyo, in

1782-566: The only possessions that Guo's ancestors brought to Sichuan were things they could carry on their backs. Guo's great-grandfather, Guo Xianlin, was the first in the family to achieve a degree of prosperity. Guo Xianlin's sons established the Guo clan as the leaders of the local river shipping business, and thus important people in that entire region of Sichuan. It was only then that the Guo clan members became able to send their children to school. Guo's father, one of whose names may possibly have been Guo Mingxing (1854–1939), had to drop out of school at

1836-632: The onset of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Guo became an early target of persecution. To save face, he wrote a public self-criticism and declared that all his previous works were in error and should be burned. He then turned to writing poetry praising Mao's wife Jiang Qing and the Cultural Revolution and also denounced former friends and colleagues as counterrevolutionaries. However, this was not enough to protect his family. Two of his sons, Guo Minying and Guo Shiying, "committed suicide" in 1967 and 1968 following "criticism" or persecution by Red Guards . Because of his sycophantic loyalty to Mao, he survived

1890-433: The political impetus behind the excavation created pressure to quickly complete the excavation; the resulting haste rendered documentation of the excavation was poor. Excavation completed in 1957 and a museum was established in 1959. A far more severe problem soon befell the project when a series of political mass movements that soon escalated into the Cultural Revolution of 1966 swept the country with all archeological work

1944-412: The project, became the first major target of the Cultural Revolution, was denounced, and died in jail in 1969. It was not until 1976, after the death of Mao Zedong , that archaeological work recommenced in earnest and an excavation report was finally prepared by archaeologists who had survived the turmoil. The excavation of Dingling has been questioned because it was never formally approved and because

1998-602: The region for 18 years. During this time, Leshan was successively controlled by Chen Hongfan, Liu Wenhui , and Liu Xiang , with local officials appointed by the stationed troops. After the Mukden Incident , the Nationalist government relocated the treasures from the Forbidden City , Beijing to Shanghai, then Nanjing, and a significant portion eventually ended up in Leshan, including Emei and Angu, while

2052-545: The rest of them stored in Baxian (now Banan, Chongqing ). The Forbidden City artifacts were stored in Leshan from July 1939, when the first batch arrived, until March 1947, when the last batch was transported out. In addition, during the Second Sino-Japanese War , Wuhan University and Jiangsu Sericulture College moved to Leshan, Sichuan University to Mount Emei, National Central Academy of Arts and Crafts

2106-600: The same year, (1978), Guo defied illness to attend the First National Science Conference, the first of its kind to be held since the end of the Cultural Revolution. He was visibly frail and it would be the last time he was seen in public before his death three months later. Guo was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951. Guo was held in high regard in Chinese contemporary literature, history and archaeology. He once called himself

2160-611: The south of Ma Bian, Ebian Yi Autonomous County, and Jinkouhe District. Leshan City is located in central Sichuan Province , southwest of the Sichuan Basin. Meishan borders on the north, Zigong and Yibin in the east, Liangshan in the south, and Ya'an in the west. Leshan city is located in the transition zone from Sichuan basin to southwest mountainous area, the overall trend is high in southwest, low in northeast, with wide difference in height. Landforms are mountainous, hilly, Pingba three types, mainly mountainous. Leshan has

2214-601: The summer of 1916, Guo fell in love with Sato Tomiko , a Japanese woman from a Christian family, who worked at the hospital as a student nurse. Sato would become his common-law wife. They were to stay together for 20 years, until the outbreak of the war , and to have five children together. After graduation from the Okayama school, Guo entered in 1918 the Medical School of Kyushu Imperial University in Fukuoka . He

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2268-530: The third largest of the Ming Tombs, was selected by Wu Han as a trial site in preparation for the excavation of Changling. The excavation of Dingling began in 1956, which revealed an intact 1,195 square meters (12,862.9 sq ft) tomb, more than 3,000 artifacts; thousands of items of silk, textiles, wood, and porcelain, and the skeletons of the Wanli Emperor and his two empresses. However, there

2322-688: The third year of the Kaihuang reign (583 AD) of the Sui dynasty, the prefecture system was changed to a two-tier system of state ( zhou) and counties. During the Tang dynasty's Zhenguan reign, Leshan became part of Jiazhou. In the Northern Song's Chongning reign, Leshan belonged to Jiading Prefecture, which administered five counties. During the reign of Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song, Jiazhou

2376-513: The wide world outside. Guo Kaiwen continued to be a role model for his younger brothers when in February 1905 he left for Japan, to study law and administration at Tokyo Imperial University on a provincial government' scholarship. After passing competitive examinations, in early 1906 Guo Moruo started attending the new upper-level primary school ( 高等小學 ; gāoděng xiǎoxué ) in Jiading . It

2430-511: Was 3.518 million, accounting for 3.86 percent of the province's total population; at the end of the year, the resident population was 3.272 million. There are 41 ethnic groups in Leshan City. Han, Yi, Hui and Miao live in the world. Han nationality is the main, followed by Yi nationality , ethnic minorities about 113,000 people, accounting for 3.2 percent of the total population. Yi Nationality: A major minority nationality concentrated in

2484-421: Was a boarding school located in a former Buddhist temple and the boy lived on premises. He went on to a middle school in 1907, acquiring by this time the reputation of an academically gifted student but a troublemaker. His peers respected him and often elected him a delegate to represent their interests in front of the school administration. Often spearheading student-faculty conflicts, he was expelled and reinstated

2538-512: Was abandoned. Guo Moruo Guo Moruo (November 16, 1892 – June 12, 1978), courtesy name Dingtang , was a Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist , and government official. Guo Moruo, originally named Guo Kaizhen, was born on November 10 or 16, in the small town of Shawan , located on the Dadu River some 40 km (25 mi) southwest from what was then called the city of Jiading (Lu) (Chia-ting (Lu), 嘉定(路) ), and now

2592-505: Was elevated to a prefecture and renamed Jiading Prefecture, marking the first use of the name "Jiading." During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Leshan's status rose from a prefecture to a province ( lu ), becoming the third-largest city in Sichuan, after Chengdu and Chongqing. In the twelfth year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign (1734 AD) of the Qing dynasty, Jiading Prefecture was established again. In

2646-522: Was established at Renjiaba in Leshan, and Fuxing Academy was founded at Wuyou Temple in Leshan. Wuhan University left Leshan in June 1946. After the founding of the People's Republic, some of the area of Leshan was ceded to Emeishan city in 1958. Until 1978, Leshan had three districts of Shizhong (means downtown), Wutongqiao (literally 5-"tong"-bridge ) and Shawan (literally sand bay ). In 1978, Leshan as

2700-405: Was established in 2003. According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's resident population stood at 3235,756, a decrease of 88,383 or 2.66% over the fifth national census. The average annual decrease was 0.27 per cent. Of these, the male population is 1631206, or 50.41 per cent, and the female population is 1604,550, or 49.59 per cent. The sex ratio of the total population (100 females)

2754-696: Was more interested in literature than medicine, however. His studies at this time focused on foreign language and literature, namely the works of: Spinoza , Goethe , Walt Whitman , and the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Along with numerous translations, he published his first anthology of poems, entitled The Goddesses ( 女神 ; nǚshén ) (1921). He co-founded the Creation Society ( 創造社 ) in Shanghai, which promoted modern and vernacular literature . Guo joined

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2808-402: Was neither the technology nor the resources to adequately preserve the excavated artifacts. After several disastrous experiments, the large amount of silk and other textiles were simply piled into a drafty storage room that was wet from water leaks. As a result, most of the surviving artifacts have severely deteriorated, and many replicas would instead later be displayed in the museum. Furthermore,

2862-410: Was stopped for the next ten years. During the first phase of the Cultural Revolution, fervent Red Guards stormed the Dingling museum and tomb and dragged the remains of the Wanli Emperor and empresses to the front of the tomb, where they were posthumously "denounced", burned and thrown away. Even their coffins were destroyed. Many other artifacts were also destroyed. Wu Han, one of the key advocates of

2916-571: Was the first President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and remained so from its founding in 1949 until his death in 1978. He was also the first president of University of Science & Technology of China (USTC), a new type of university established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) after the founding of the People's Republic of China and aimed at fostering high-level personnel in the fields of science and technology. For

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