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30-780: Dino Island is a theme park simulator. It is rendered in full 3D - players can rotate, pan and zoom at will. Dinosaurs, staff and visitors are fully animated. The game uses a typical point and click and menu interface. Set in a more or less near future, scientists have managed to recreate dinosaurs. In order to fund research, government has set up dinosaur-themed amusement parks that the player will manage. In Dino Island , there are 20 natural dinosaur species, including Tyrannosaurus rex , Troodon , Giganotosaurus , Parasaurolophus , Iguanodon , Ankylosaurus , and Pachycephalosaurus . The dinosaurs are classified in 6 families: large carnivorous, armored quadrupeds, light bipeds, etc. The player can crossbreed any two dinosaurs to create

60-409: A volumetric mesh , created by specifying each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices using (straight) lines or curves . The object is projected into screen space and rendered by drawing lines at the location of each edge. The term "wire frame" comes from designers using metal wire to represent

90-625: A "generally unfavorable" reception according to Metacritic , based on seven reviews. 3D computer graphics 3D computer graphics , sometimes called CGI , 3-D-CGI or three-dimensional computer graphics , are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data (often Cartesian ) that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering digital images , usually 2D images but sometimes 3D images . The resulting images may be stored for viewing later (possibly as an animation ) or displayed in real time . 3-D computer graphics, contrary to what

120-495: A 3D model is formed from points called vertices that define the shape and form polygons . A polygon is an area formed from at least three vertices (a triangle). A polygon of n points is an n-gon. The overall integrity of the model and its suitability to use in animation depend on the structure of the polygons. Before rendering into an image, objects must be laid out in a 3D scene . This defines spatial relationships between objects, including location and size . Animation refers to

150-534: A human face and a hand that had originally appeared in the 1971 experimental short A Computer Animated Hand , created by University of Utah students Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke . 3-D computer graphics software began appearing for home computers in the late 1970s. The earliest known example is 3D Art Graphics , a set of 3-D computer graphics effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for

180-415: A light park management aspect. The player can build facilities that sell stuff like restaurants, food stands, shops, attractions, parks, enclosures to put the dinosaurs in and has to build a farm to manage staff that will feed the dinosaurs, among other things. As this was not the focus of the game, there are very few options in that department, compared to other games in that category. Dino Island received

210-464: A new one. The resulting creature will be a genetic hybrid of its parents: it will inherit features from both of them, based on genetic dominance . Each dinosaur is made of many parts: legs, arms, head, etc. Each part of the resulting dinosaur will also be a mix between that of its parents. For instance, the mix of a Diplodocus and a Triceratops will have a head in between that of its parents. Mutations can also occur, either accidentally or, when

240-409: A way to improve performance of the game engine or for stylistic and gameplay concerns. By contrast, games using 3D computer graphics without such restrictions are said to use true 3D. Wire-frame model In 3D computer graphics , a wire-frame model (also spelled wireframe model ) is a visual representation of a three-dimensional (3D) physical object. It is based on a polygon mesh or

270-426: Is a class of 3-D computer graphics software used to produce 3-D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers. 3-D modeling starts by describing 3 display models : Drawing Points, Drawing Lines and Drawing triangles and other Polygonal patches. 3-D modelers allow users to create and alter models via their 3-D mesh . Users can add, subtract, stretch and otherwise change

300-540: Is desired, surface textures can be added automatically after the completion of the initial rendering of the wire frame. This allows a designer to quickly review solids, or rotate objects to different views without the long delays associated with more realistic rendering , or even the processing of faces and simple flat shading . The wire frame format is also well-suited and widely used in programming tool paths for direct numerical control (DNC) machine tools . Hand-drawn wire-frame-like illustrations date back as far as

330-415: Is the most abstract and least realistic. The other types are surface and solid . The wire-frame method of modelling consists of only lines and curves that connect the points or vertices and thereby define the edges of an object. An object is specified by two tables: (1) Vertex Table, and, (2) Edge Table. The vertex table consists of three-dimensional coordinate values for each vertex with reference to

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360-1076: Is usually performed using 3-D computer graphics software or a 3-D graphics API . Altering the scene into a suitable form for rendering also involves 3-D projection , which displays a three-dimensional image in two dimensions. Although 3-D modeling and CAD software may perform 3-D rendering as well (e.g., Autodesk 3ds Max or Blender ), exclusive 3-D rendering software also exists (e.g., OTOY's Octane Rendering Engine , Maxon's Redshift) 3-D computer graphics software produces computer-generated imagery (CGI) through 3-D modeling and 3-D rendering or produces 3-D models for analytical, scientific and industrial purposes. There are many varieties of files supporting 3-D graphics, for example, Wavefront .obj files and .x DirectX files. Each file type generally tends to have its own unique data structure. Each file format can be accessed through their respective applications, such as DirectX files, and Quake . Alternatively, files can be accessed through third-party standalone programs, or via manual decompilation. 3-D modeling software

390-610: The Apple II . 3-D computer graphics production workflow falls into three basic phases: The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates on the computer with some kind of 3D modeling tool , and models scanned into a computer from real-world objects (Polygonal Modeling, Patch Modeling and NURBS Modeling are some popular tools used in 3D modeling). Models can also be produced procedurally or via physical simulation . Basically,

420-505: The Italian Renaissance . Wire-frame models were also used extensively in video games to represent 3D objects during the 1980s and early 1990s, when "properly" filled 3D objects would have been too complex to calculate and draw with the computers of the time. Wire-frame models are also used as the input for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). There are three main types of 3D computer-aided design (CAD) models; wire frame

450-423: The appropriate rotation of the object, and the selection of hidden-line removal via cutting planes . Since wire-frame renderings are relatively simple and fast to calculate, they are often used in cases where a relatively high screen frame rate is needed (for instance, when working with a particularly complex 3D model , or in real-time systems that model exterior phenomena). When greater graphical detail

480-465: The final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers. Visual artists may also copy or visualize 3D effects and manually render photo-realistic effects without the use of filters. Some video games use 2.5D graphics, involving restricted projections of three-dimensional environments, such as isometric graphics or virtual cameras with fixed angles , either as

510-432: The game, dinosaurs, attraction or park installation, radiates several attributes like comfort, fear or cuteness, which will attract or repel different visitor types. Visitors will move in the park according to their needs. For instance, if the player's park has many other older visitors, it is not a good idea to put a path to the shops next to the most violent dinosaurs, as they will hesitate to go that way. The game also has

540-404: The mesh to their desire. Models can be viewed from a variety of angles, usually simultaneously. Models can be rotated and the view can be zoomed in and out. 3-D modelers can export their models to files , which can then be imported into other applications as long as the metadata are compatible. Many modelers allow importers and exporters to be plugged-in , so they can read and write data in

570-539: The mid-level, or Autodesk Combustion , Digital Fusion , Shake at the high-end. Match moving software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves. Use of real-time computer graphics engines to create a cinematic production is called machinima . Not all computer graphics that appear 3D are based on a wireframe model . 2D computer graphics with 3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wire-frame modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in

600-456: The name suggests, are most often displayed on two-dimensional displays. Unlike 3D film and similar techniques, the result is two-dimensional, without visual depth . More often, 3-D graphics are being displayed on 3-D displays , like in virtual reality systems. 3-D graphics stand in contrast to 2-D computer graphics which typically use completely different methods and formats for creation and rendering. 3-D computer graphics rely on many of

630-402: The native formats of other applications. Most 3-D modelers contain a number of related features, such as ray tracers and other rendering alternatives and texture mapping facilities. Some also contain features that support or allow animation of models. Some may be able to generate full-motion video of a series of rendered scenes (i.e. animation ). Computer aided design software may employ

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660-473: The origin. Edge table specifies the start and end vertices for each edge. A naive interpretation could create a wire-frame representation by simply drawing straight lines between the screen coordinates of the appropriate vertices using the edge list. Unlike representations designed for more detailed rendering, face information is not specified (it must be calculated if required for solid rendering). Appropriate calculations have to be performed to transform

690-499: The physical model can match the virtual model. William Fetter was credited with coining the term computer graphics in 1961 to describe his work at Boeing . An early example of interactive 3-D computer graphics was explored in 1963 by the Sketchpad program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory . One of the first displays of computer animation was Futureworld (1976), which included an animation of

720-428: The player masters the technology, voluntarily. Mutations include feathers, extra horns, weird scales, and the like. Visitors also come in several categories, which all have likes and dislikes. For instance, kids like cute dinosaurs but do not like big ones, hooligans like to see dinosaur fights from up close but do not like peaceful dinosaurs, pensioners like diverse dinosaurs but not too much action, etc. Every item in

750-628: The render engine how to treat light when it hits the surface. Textures are used to give the material color using a color or albedo map, or give the surface features using a bump map or normal map . It can be also used to deform the model itself using a displacement map . Rendering converts a model into an image either by simulating light transport to get photo-realistic images, or by applying an art style as in non-photorealistic rendering . The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light gets from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). This step

780-546: The rendered image, a model's data is contained within a graphical data file. A 3-D model is a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object; a model is not technically a graphic until it is displayed. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3-D rendering , or it can be used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations. With 3-D printing , models are rendered into an actual 3-D physical representation of themselves, with some limitations as to how accurately

810-400: The same algorithms as 2-D computer vector graphics in the wire-frame model and 2-D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, 2-D applications may use 3-D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting , and similarly, 3-D may use some 2-D rendering techniques. The objects in 3-D computer graphics are often referred to as 3-D models . Unlike

840-432: The same fundamental 3-D modeling techniques that 3-D modeling software use but their goal differs. They are used in computer-aided engineering , computer-aided manufacturing , Finite element analysis , product lifecycle management , 3D printing and computer-aided architectural design . After producing a video, studios then edit or composite the video using programs such as Adobe Premiere Pro or Final Cut Pro at

870-405: The temporal description of an object (i.e., how it moves and deforms over time. Popular methods include keyframing , inverse kinematics , and motion-capture ). These techniques are often used in combination. As with animation, physical simulation also specifies motion. Materials and textures are properties that the render engine uses to render the model. One can give the model materials to tell

900-443: The three-dimensional shape of solid objects. 3D wireframe computer models allow for the construction and manipulation of solids and solid surfaces. 3D solid modeling efficiently draws higher quality representations of solids than conventional line drawing . Using a wire-frame model allows for the visualization of the underlying design structure of a 3D model. Traditional two-dimensional views and drawings/renderings can be created by

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