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91-690: The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia . If marginal seas are considered, then they are the northernmost islands within the entire Pacific Ocean. To the north is the Chukchi Sea and to the south is the Bering Sea . Fairway Rock , 9.3 km (5.8 mi) to the southeast, is also Alaskan, but generally not seen as part of the Diomede Islands. Because they are separated by

182-546: A Franco-American syndicate represented by de Lobel to begin work on the Trans-Siberian Alaska railroad project, but no physical work ever commenced. Suggestions have been made to construct a Bering Strait bridge between Alaska and Siberia. Despite the unprecedented engineering, political, and financial challenges, Russia green-lit a US$ 65-billion TKM-World Link tunnel project in August 2011. If completed,

273-466: A large part of a summer day. Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later. Liberal Party member of parliament Robert Pearce took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee

364-634: A man healthy, wealthy, and wise", and published a letter in the Journal de Paris when he was an American envoy to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required

455-490: A marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime. Later sunsets from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events. Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services. In 2022,

546-453: A more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift. However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect. Year-round standard time (not year-round DST)

637-610: A paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch ; he followed up with an 1898 paper. Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett , who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through

728-453: A point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying scheduled morning prayers , thus conflicting with standard working and business hours . Additionally, DST is ended before Yom Kippur (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which

819-434: A publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its fMRI findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality." Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over three million real-world charitable donations, that

910-476: A similar declaration. (The Soviet Union had operated under permanent "summer time" from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to standard time ( UTC+3:00 ) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently. In the United States, Arizona (with the exception of

1001-519: A small variation in daylight over the course of the year. After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise. They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier; in most cases, they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities. The clock shift

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1092-658: A social cost of $ 275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation. A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. In 2018, the European Parliament , reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved

1183-786: A standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day. In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly Cortes of Cádiz issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their volition. New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895, he presented

1274-404: A study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate. A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies. Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008 United States Department of Energy report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to

1365-539: A team of 65 swimmers from 17 countries performed a relay swim across the Bering Strait, the first such swim in history. They swam from Cape Dezhnev, Russia, to Cape Prince of Wales , United States (roughly 110 kilometers (68 mi), due to the current). They had direct support from the Russian Navy, using one of its ships, and assistance with permission. A physical link between Asia and North America via

1456-435: A weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past. Notable exceptions today include Lord Howe Island with a thirty-minute change, and Troll (research station) that shifts two hours directly between CEST and GMT since 2016. In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i.e., during summer and not winter),

1547-738: Is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska . The present Russia - United States maritime boundary is at 168° 58' 37" W longitude , slightly south of the Arctic Circle at about 65° 40' N latitude . The Strait is named after Vitus Bering , a Danish-born Russian explorer. The Bering Strait has been

1638-404: Is centered on the west side of the island at the village of Diomede . Big Diomede Island is the easternmost point of Russia. The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as likely intermediate stops for the hypothetical bridge or tunnel ( Bering Strait crossing ) spanning the Bering Strait . During winter, an ice bridge usually spans the distance between these two islands. At these times, it

1729-500: Is observed by four Australian states and one territory; and in the United States, it is observed by all states except Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it). Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight; Roman timekeeping even included changes to water clocks to accommodate this. However, these were changes to

1820-475: Is often not observed in places at high latitudes where a one-hour clock shift would provide little benefit because of the wide variations in sunrise and sunset times. Consequently, only 34 percent of the world's countries use DST. Some countries observe it only in some regions: in Canada, Yukon, most of Saskatchewan, as well as parts of Nunavut, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec do not observe DST; in addition, it

1911-622: Is partly motivated by practicality. At the summer solstice, in American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 4:30 standard time and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as practical to treat 04:30 as if it were 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light, as the sun under DST sets an hour later (20:30). The longer evening daylight hours are attractive to golfers, for example, while farmers traditionally expressed dislike for having to be out working while dew

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2002-419: Is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety. Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. DST hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, drive-ins and other theaters. Artificial outdoor lighting has

2093-579: Is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult. In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time." Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in

2184-436: Is still heavy. Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer more daylight hours after the typical " nine to five " workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. For evaluation, it is required to go beyond considering only energy demand for lighting and also consider

2275-511: Is theoretically possible (although not legal, since travel between the two islands is forbidden) to walk between the United States and Russia. The first European to reach the Bering Strait was the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev in 1648. He reported two islands whose natives had bone lip ornaments, but it is not certain that these were the Diomedes. Danish navigator Vitus Bering re-discovered

2366-561: The 2010 census , entirely in the village site on the west side of the island, though the island as a whole comprises the city of Diomede. This village has a school, a post office and a store. Some residents are famous for their ivory carving . When weather permits, commercial air contact is maintained with the island as part of the US Essential Air Service . Bering Strait The Bering Strait ( Russian : Берингов пролив , romanized :  Beringov proliv )

2457-643: The Alaska Purchase uses the islands to designate the boundary between the two nations: the border separates "equidistantly Krusenstern Island, or Ignaluk, from Ratmanov Island, or Nunarbuk, and heads northward infinitely until it disappears completely in the Arctic Ocean." During the Cold War , that gap constituted the border between the United States and the Soviet Union , and became known as

2548-678: The Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement. The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011. Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long ( UTC+4:00 ) and Belarus followed with

2639-642: The German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, both starting on 30 April 1916. Since then, many countries have adopted DST at various times, particularly since the 1970s energy crisis . Industrialized societies usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit , for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by

2730-495: The German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies , and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada,

2821-526: The Gregorian calendar ), the country's civil clocks observe Western European Time (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation). At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00). The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions. Members of the European Union conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at

Diomede Islands - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-586: The International Date Line , Big Diomede is almost a day ahead of Little Diomede, but not completely; due to locally defined time zones, Big Diomede is only 21 hours ahead of Little Diomede (20 in summer). Because of this, the islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Island (Little Diomede). The islands are named for the Greek Saint Diomedes ; Danish-born Russian navigator Vitus Bering sighted

3003-587: The North American continent . Its deepest point is only 90 m (300 ft) in depth. It borders the Chukchi Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean ) to the north and the Bering Sea to the south. The strait is a unique habitat sparsely populated by the Yupik , Inuit , and Chukchi people who have cultural and linguistic ties to each other. From at least 1562, European geographers thought that there

3094-537: The Wellington Philosophical Society , but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form. In 1907, William Willett proposed the adoption of British Summer Time as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916. The first implementation of DST was by Port Arthur (today merged into Thunder Bay ), in Ontario, Canada, in 1908, but only locally, not nationally. The first nation-wide implementations were by

3185-565: The " Ice Curtain ". In 1987, however, Lynne Cox swam from one island to the other, and was congratulated by both Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan for her feat. In summer 1995, British television actor and documentary presenter Michael Palin started his counterclockwise circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim , encompassing 18 countries, on Little Diomede Island, as part of the BBC series Full Circle . He intended to set foot on it again at

3276-460: The "Ice Curtain". It was completely closed, and there was no regular passenger air or boat traffic. Since 2012, the Russian coast of the Bering Strait has been a closed military zone . Through organized trips and the use of special permits, it is possible for foreigners to visit. All arrivals must be through an airport or a cruise port, near the Bering Strait only at Anadyr or Provideniya . Unauthorized travelers who arrive on shore after crossing

3367-492: The 103-kilometer (64 mi) tunnel would be the world's longest. China considered construction of a "China-Russia-Canada-America" railroad line that would include construction of a 200-kilometer-long (120 mi) underwater tunnel that would cross the Bering Strait. In 1956, the Soviet Union proposed to the US a joint bi-national project to warm the Arctic Ocean and melt some of the ice cap. As designed by Petr Borisov,

3458-441: The 2007 United States extension of DST. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting , once a primary use of electricity. It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency and that in 2000, the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges. Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed

3549-536: The Bering Strait by removing St. Lawrence Island and parts of Seward and Chukotski Peninsulas . A strait 320 kilometers (200 mi) wide would let the Japan Current melt the Arctic Ocean. In the 21st century, a 300-kilometer (190 mi) dam has also been proposed. However, the aim of the proposal is to preserve the Arctic ice cap against global warming. During the Cold War , the Bering Strait marked

3640-454: The Bering Strait nearly became a reality in 1864 when a Russian-American telegraph company began preparations for an overland telegraph line connecting Europe and America via the east. It was abandoned when the undersea Atlantic Cable proved successful. A further proposal for a bridge-and-tunnel link from eastern Russia to Alaska was made by French engineer Baron Loicq de Lobel in 1906. Czar Nicholas II of Russia issued an order authorising

3731-536: The Diomede Islands on 16 August ( O.S. , 27 August N.S. ) 1728, the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the saint. The islands are separated by an international border, which also defines the International Date Line in that area, about 2 km (1.2 mi) from each island, at 168°58'37"W. At their closest points, the two islands are about 3.8 km (2.4 mi) apart. The small habitation on Little Diomede Island

Diomede Islands - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-489: The Diomede Islands while leading a Russian expedition on 16 August (O.S., 26 August N.S.) 1728, the day when the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the martyr St. Diomede (hence, the name of the islands). In 1732, a Russian geodesist , Mikhail Gvozdev , determined longitude and latitude for the two islands. The text of the 1867 treaty between the United States and Russia which finalized

3913-563: The International Date Line was moved to the east of Kiribati and that country's easternmost time zone ( GMT+14 ) is now the world's earliest. After they established a military base there in 1948, the Soviet government relocated the indigenous population of Big Diomede Island to mainland Russia. The island is now inhabited only by military units. Little Diomede had an Inupiat population of 170, which had declined to 115 at

4004-735: The Navajo Nation), Hawaii , and the five populated territories ( American Samoa , Guam , Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the US Virgin Islands ) do not participate in daylight saving time. Indiana only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success. Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022,

4095-421: The Soviet Union in 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) water during the last years of the Cold War . She was congratulated jointly by American President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev . In June and July 1989, three independent teams attempted the first modern sea-kayak crossing of the Bering Strait. The groups were: seven Alaskans, who called their effort Paddling Into Tomorrow (i.e. crossing

4186-578: The Soviet plan by arguing that while the plan was feasible, it would compromise NORAD and thus the dam could be built at only an immense cost. Soviet scientist D. A. Drogaytsev also opposed the idea, stating that the sea north of the dam and north-flowing rivers in Siberia would become unnavigable year round, and the Gobi and other deserts would be extended to the northern Siberia coastline. American Charles P. Steinmetz (1865–1923) earlier proposed to widen

4277-583: The Soviet project called for a 90-kilometer-wide (56 mi) dam across the Bering Strait. It would block the cold Pacific current from entering the Arctic. By pumping low-salinity cold surface water across the dam to the Pacific, warmer and higher salinity sea water from the Atlantic Ocean would be introduced into the Arctic Ocean. However, citing national security concerns, the CIA and FBI experts opposed

4368-562: The US with the Standard Time Act of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources. Year-round DST, or " War Time ", was implemented again during World War II. After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the Uniform Time Act which standardized DST in 1966. Permanent daylight saving time

4459-635: The United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918. The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979. Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over

4550-465: The United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States. It became common during World War II (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis . Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. It is a common myth in the United States that DST

4641-830: The United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005. The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including Halloween (31 October) within the daylight saving time period. In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates. For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but Western Australia changed on 26 October. The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for

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4732-537: The border between the Soviet Union and the United States . The Diomede Islands — Big Diomede (Russia) and Little Diomede (US)—are only 3.8 km (2.4 mi) apart. Traditionally, the indigenous people in the area had frequently crossed the border back and forth for "routine visits, seasonal festivals and subsistence trade", but were prevented from doing so during the Cold War. The border became known as

4823-563: The capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from Idaho , Larry Craig and Mike Crapo , voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST. A referendum on

4914-652: The clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and it is turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn. For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0. For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i.e. it would jump from 23:59:59.9 to 23:00:00.0. In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, clocks revert in winter to " standard time ". An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has

5005-583: The crossing on Sea-Doos but were arrested and permitted to return to Alaska on their Sea-Doos after being briefly detained in Lavrentiya , the administrative center of the Chukotsky District . They were treated well and given a tour of the village's museum, but not permitted to continue south along the Pacific coast. The men had visas but the western coast of the Bering Strait is a closed military zone . Between August 4 and 10 (US time), 2013,

5096-666: The end of his eight-month trek, but was unable to do so because of rough seas. Big Diomede Island was traditionally the easternmost landmass before the International Date Line, and the first landmass to ring in a new year, if using local solar time . When using official time, however, a large area in eastern Russia and New Zealand also share the same time zone. New Zealand also has daylight saving time in effect during late December, but Russia does not (see time in New Zealand and time in Russia ). This became moot in 1995, however, when

5187-543: The energy used for heating or cooling buildings. The effect of daylight saving time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone , with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone. In spite of a width spanning thousands of kilometers, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of daylight saving time there. Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to

5278-413: The evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business. Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive. Although energy conservation goals still remain, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of

5369-614: The findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers. There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health. It has been shown to disrupt human circadian rhythms , negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attacks and traffic accidents. A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at

5460-572: The international dateline); a four-man British expedition, Kayaks Across the Bering Strait ; and a team of Californians in a three-person baidarka , led by Jim Noyes (who launched his ambitious expedition as a paraplegic). Accompanying the Californians was a film crew in a umiak, a walrus-skin boat traditional to the region; they were filming the 1991 documentary Curtain of Ice , directed by John Armstrong. In March 2006, Briton Karl Bushby and French-American adventurer Dimitri Kieffer crossed

5551-518: The interruption of the first by bad weather. In February 2012, a Korean team led by Hong Sung-Taek crossed the straits on foot in six days. They started from Chukotka Peninsula, the east coast of Russia on February 23 and arrived in Wales, the western coastal town in Alaska on February 29. In July 2012, six adventurers associated with "Dangerous Waters", a reality adventure show under production, made

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5642-646: The introduction of daylight saving took place in Queensland, Australia , in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor. In 2003, the United Kingdom's Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in

5733-691: The last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from

5824-515: The length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt . North and south of the tropics , daylight lasts longer in that hemisphere's summer and is shorter in that hemisphere's winter , with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the equator . DST is of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only

5915-612: The longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to set clocks forward by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to standard time in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic : "spring forward and fall back"). DST is not usually observed near the Equator , where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; conversely, it

6006-608: The managing director of Harrods , and the manager of the National Bank Ltd. However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , William Christie (the Astronomer Royal ), George Darwin , Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected

6097-483: The most accepted one. Numerous successful crossings without the use of a boat have also been recorded since at least the early 20th century. The Bering Strait is about 82 kilometers (51 mi) wide at its narrowest point, between Cape Dezhnev , Chukchi Peninsula , Russia , the easternmost point (169° 39' W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales , Alaska , United States, the westernmost point (168° 05' W) of

6188-412: The nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time. Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient. Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan. In Israel, DST has been

6279-477: The next time zone (until it adjusts its clock, one hour later, at 2 am there). For example, Mountain Time is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time. The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout

6370-689: The northern regions of the UK. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland , while

6461-511: The proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee. Germany and its allies led the way in introducing DST during World War I on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries;

6552-646: The pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups ) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption. Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour , Churchill, David Lloyd George , Ramsay MacDonald , King Edward VII (who used half-hour DST or " Sandringham time " at Sandringham),

6643-431: The rest of the state maintained standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote , equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington introduced

6734-424: The same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET), equivalent to 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET). As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant. North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction changes at each local clock's 02:00, which temporarily creates an imbalance with

6825-499: The same offset ( UTC+00:00 ) and legal name as that in Britain ( Greenwich Mean Time )—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's ( UTC+01:00 ), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to British Summer Time . Since 2019, Morocco observes daylight saving time every month but Ramadan . During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the lunar calendar and thus moves annually with regard to

6916-526: The second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at the local clock's 24:00 . In some countries, clocks are governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States. From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized

7007-468: The strait by 1847. In March 1913, Captain Max Gottschalk (German) crossed from the east cape of Siberia to Shishmaref, Alaska , on dogsled via Little and Big Diomede islands. He was the first documented modern voyager to cross from Russia to North America without the use of a boat. In 1987, swimmer Lynne Cox swam a 4.3-kilometer (2.7 mi) course between the Diomede Islands from Alaska to

7098-415: The strait on foot, walking across a frozen 90-kilometer (56 mi) section in 15 days. They were soon arrested for not entering Russia through a regular port of entry. August 2008 marked the first crossing of the Bering Strait using an amphibious road-going vehicle. The specially modified Land Rover Defender 110 was driven by Steve Burgess and Dan Evans across the straits on its second attempt following

7189-425: The strait, even those with visas, may be arrested, imprisoned briefly, fined, deported and banned from future visas. Daylight saving time Daylight saving time ( DST ), also referred to as daylight saving(s) , daylight savings time , daylight time ( United States and Canada ), or summer time ( United Kingdom , European Union , and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of

7280-449: The subject of the scientific theory that humans migrated from Asia to North America across a land bridge known as Beringia when lower ocean levels – a result of glaciers locking up vast amounts of water – exposed a wide stretch of the sea floor, both at the present strait and in the shallow sea north and south of it. This view of how Paleo-Indians entered America has been the dominant one for several decades and continues to be

7371-534: The summer of 1922. Some businesses followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated. Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved. The history of time in the United States features DST during both world wars , but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota , kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965:

7462-483: The sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn. For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise ( hora tertia ) started at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at

7553-473: The time divisions of the day rather than setting the whole clock forward. In a satirical letter to the editor of the Journal de Paris in 1784, Benjamin Franklin suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks. In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to

7644-477: The winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of Mount Athos and in Jewish ceremonies. Benjamin Franklin published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes

7735-424: The year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of North American Eastern Time , except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to

7826-418: The years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. As of 2009 , summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a European Community directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016). In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson —an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto

7917-416: Was a Strait of Anián between Asia and North America. In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov probably passed through the strait, but his report did not reach Europe. Danish-born Russian navigator Vitus Bering entered it in 1728. In 1732, Mikhail Gvozdev crossed it for the first time, from Asia to America. It was visited in 1778 by the third voyage of James Cook . American vessels were hunting for bowhead whales in

8008-508: Was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later. Year-round daylight time has been adopted by the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , except Lloydminster and area. The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) midnight and on

8099-406: Was first implemented for the benefit of farmers. In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest lobbying groups against DST since it was first implemented. The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning dew and dairy cattle 's readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges. DST was first implemented in

8190-491: Was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and Cleveland (to keep pace with New York). Wilson's successor as president, Warren G. Harding , opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during

8281-480: Was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915. Port Arthur, Ontario , Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908. This was followed by Orillia , Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912. The first states to adopt DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) nationally were those of

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