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106-499: The Dionne quintuplets ( French pronunciation: [djɔn] ; born May 28, 1934) are the first quintuplets known to have survived their infancy . The identical girls were born just outside Callander, Ontario , near the village of Corbeil . All five survived to adulthood. The Dionne girls were born premature. After four months with their family, custody was signed over to the Red Cross, which paid for their care and oversaw

212-494: A nun . Yvonne finished nursing school before turning to sculpting, then later becoming a librarian. Émilie died at age 20 as a result of a seizure. She had a series of seizures while she was a postulant at a convent and had asked not to be left unattended, but the nun who was supposed to be watching her thought she was asleep and went to Mass . Émilie had another seizure, rolled onto her stomach and, unable to raise her face from her pillow, accidentally suffocated. In 1970, Marie

318-410: A "fetal abnormality". Throughout her pregnancy she suffered from fluid retention and anaemia. Dafoe delivered the babies with the help of two midwives, Aunt Donalda and Madame Benoît Lebel, who were summoned by Oliva Dionne in the middle of the night. Émilie and Marie shared an amniotic sac , as did Annette and Yvonne. Based on reports from Elzire, it is suspected that Cécile shared an amniotic sac with

424-483: A big story for the front page. Romanoff called fire departments and police stations throughout the region, posing as "Captain Parmenter of the state police " (a nonexistent individual), urging them to take action. One fire department, bemused by the call, asked what they should do. "Ring those fire bells! Call out the people!" Romanoff then turned to his rewrite man to dictate the lead story: It never did flood, but

530-551: A book, in cooperation with the then four surviving sisters, called We Were Five . Pierre Berton published a biography called The Dionne Years: A Thirties Melodrama in 1977 and narrated a 1978 National Film Board of Canada documentary. John Nihmey and Stuart Foxman published the fictional Time of Their Lives – The Dionne Tragedy in 1986. Nihmey's and Foxman's book was the basis for the 1994 TV miniseries Million Dollar Babies , produced by CBC and CBS and starring Beau Bridges , Roy Dupuis and Céline Bonnier . In 1997,

636-434: A convent. When they were reunited, many struggles followed. The quintuplets felt distanced from their siblings. They struggled to communicate as they spoke French and their siblings preferred English. Once Oliva received custody, he wanted the attention. He made police accompany his vehicle as he took the quintuplets out, constantly drawing attention to them and himself. While the parents claimed that they wished to integrate

742-407: A different timetable of activities. They bathed every day before dinner and put on their pyjamas. Dinner was served at precisely six o'clock. They then went into the quiet playroom to say their evening prayers. Each girl had a color and a symbol to mark whatever belonged to her. Annette's color was red and her design a maple leaf, Cécile's green and a turkey. Émilie had white and a tulip, Marie blue and

848-421: A high-calorie diet to increase the birth weights of the babies. Evidence around this subject is not yet good enough to advise women to do this because the long term effects of the high-calorie diets on the mother are not known. A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that, in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days, and

954-435: A higher mortality rate. It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn, while for singletons the risk is not as high. A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets, two sets of sextuplets, 8 sets of quintuplets, 17 sets of quadruplets, and 228 sets of triplets. By doing this study, Hammond found that the mean gestational age (how many weeks when birthed) at birth

1060-665: A mile-high building in Chicago , the American stole the drawings and printed them. The tradition was exemplified by the longtime night city editor of the American , Harry "Romy" Romanoff , who could create news stories almost at will with only a telephone. He ran the city room at night with the help of two rewrite men (including Mike McGovern, noted below), one night photo editor, a sports desk editor ( Brent Musburger 's first job out of journalism school), and one night copy boy who cut and pasted AP and UPI wires for Harry's review. Since

1166-540: A mixture of identical and fraternal siblings, such as three identical and one fraternal, two identical and two fraternal, or two pairs of identicals. One famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets , all of whom developed schizophrenia . Quadruplets are sometimes referred to as "quads" in Britain. Quintuplets occur naturally in 1 in 55,000,000 births. The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were

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1272-451: A multiple pregnancy are also encouraged after 24 weeks to be on bed rest. This recommendation is not a requirement for women with a multiple pregnancy, but it has been used as a method to prevent complications. Some doctors may prescribe this method to be on the safe side and if they believe it is necessary. As preterm birth is such a risk for women with multiple pregnancies, it has been suggested that these women should be encouraged to follow

1378-419: A multiple pregnancy; it is also called "multifetal reduction". The procedure generally takes two days; the first day for testing in order to select which fetuses to remove, and the second day for the procedure itself, in which potassium chloride is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging. Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of

1484-587: A photographer from the Toronto Star , Fred Davis signed a contract stating that the $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 218,194 in 2023) the Newspaper Enterprise Association put into the trust fund disallows anyone else from photographing the quintuplets for a year, including their parents. Each newsreel that Pathé News made meant that a deposit between $ 12,000 to $ 15,000 was made in the trust fund. The Madame Alexander Doll Company offered

1590-543: A result of preterm birth , multiples tend to have lower birth weight than singletons. Exceptions are possible, however, as with the Kupresak triplets, born in 2008 in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada. Their combined weight was 17 lbs, 2.7 oz, which set a world record. Two of the triplets were similar in size and, as expected, moderately low birth weight. The two combined weighed 9 lbs, 2.7 oz. The third triplet, however,

1696-464: A result of his having lost custody of the girls. In 1995, the three surviving sisters alleged that their father had sexually abused them during their teenage years. Their father violated them. He bought liniment claiming it would help with Yvonne's chest cold. As a 13-year-old she felt pressured to undress in front of her father. Her father rubbed the liniment on her neck, sternum, shoulders, and ribs. Then, he turned to Émilie and told her he needed to apply

1802-488: A room with the quintuplets at one time. These individuals were sprayed with disinfectant. The sisters, their likenesses and images, along with Dr. Dafoe, were used to publicize commercial products including Karo corn syrup , Quaker Oats , Lysol , Palmolive soap , Colgate , Aluminum Goods Manufacturing Co., Beehive Corn Syrup, Canada Starch Company, Carnation Milk , Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Co., Corn Products Refining and Crown Brand Corn Syrup, and Baby Ruth . They promoted

1908-402: A single embryo , or it may split into two or more embryos, each carrying the same genetic material. Fetuses resulting from different zygotes are called fraternal and share only 50% of their genetic material, as ordinary full siblings from separate births do. Fetuses resulting from the same zygote share 100% of their genetic material and hence are called identical . Identical twins are always

2014-465: A single birth. Before long, people from all over North America were offering assistance. Individuals sent supplies and well-meant advice. A famous letter from Appalachia recommended tiny doses of burnt rye whisky to prevent diarrhea . Charlie Blake, a reporter from the Chicago American newspaper found an old incubator from 1895 that did not run on electricity, which was important because

2120-566: A sixth fetus: at approx. 12 weeks she passed what seemed a miscarried fetus. All but Émilie were later discovered to be right-handed and all but Marie had a counterclockwise whorl in their hair. The quintuplets' total weight at birth was 13 pounds 6 ounces (6.1 kg). The highest weight was 3 pounds 4 ounces (1.5 kg) and the lowest weight was 2 pounds 4 ounces (1.0 kg). Their individual weights and measurements were not recorded. The quintuplets were immediately wrapped in cotton sheets and old napkins, and laid in

2226-713: A teddy bear, and Yvonne pink and a bluebird. Until the quintuplets' birth, Dafoe was a country doctor. He received additional attention when he delivered the quintuplets and was seen as a doctor having much knowledge on child care and health. Until 1942 when Dafoe retired, he was known as the world's best doctor. He wrote a book and numerous pamphlets, and had a radio broadcast, all with the intention of helping mothers with infant care. His broadcasts were sponsored by companies and brands such as Lysol wipes, which were seen as effective at preventing infections for newborn babies. Mothers were highly appreciative of Dr. Dafoe's advice as they were actively looking for advice from professionals in

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2332-527: Is due to the higher level of follicle-stimulating hormone that older women sometimes have as their ovaries respond more slowly to FSH stimulation. The number of multiple births has increased since the late 1970s. For example, in Canada between 1979 and 1999, the number of multiple birth babies increased 35%. Before the advent of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately 1 in 8000 births) and higher-order births much rarer still. Much of

2438-501: Is lowest in the womb) is head down there is no good evidence that caesarean section will be safer than a vaginal birth for the mother or babies. Monoamniotic twins (twins that form after the splitting of a fertilised egg and share the same amniotic fluid sac) are at more risk of complications than twins that have their own sacs. There is also insufficient evidence around whether to deliver the babies early by caesarean section or to wait for labour to start naturally while running checks on

2544-500: Is random, due to the egg splitting, so all parents have an equal chance of conceiving identical twins. Triplets can be either fraternal, identical, or a combination of both. The most common are strictly fraternal triplets, which come from a polyzygotic pregnancy of three eggs. Less common are triplets from a dizygotic pregnancy, where one zygote divides into two identical fetuses, and the other does not. Least common are identical triplets, three fetuses from one egg. In this case, sometimes

2650-681: Is the Gosselin sextuplets , born on May 10, 2004, in Hershey, Pennsylvania . Reality television shows Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. Other shows of this nature include Table for 12 and Sweet Home Sextuplets . In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets , born in Des Moines, Iowa , became the first septuplets known to survive infancy. The first surviving set of octuplets on record are

2756-435: Is unclear. News articles and other non-scientific organizations give odds from one in 60,000 to one in 200 million pregnancies. Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets. As of 2007, there were approximately 3,556 sets recorded worldwide. Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments . There are around 70 sets of all-identical quadruplets worldwide. Many sets of quadruplets contain

2862-458: The American had its banner headline. These headlines were necessary for sales of the early editions. Later in the day, breaking news would generally replace them or reduce their importance. Of course, many stories developed in this way were genuine scoops that would be expanded in later editions. The American gave the same attention to smaller stories as to large ones. It was usually first with police news. One notable headline: Headquarters for

2968-738: The Associated Press on October 31, 1932. Under pressure from his lenders, Hearst consolidated the American and the Herald-Examiner in 1939. It continued as the Chicago Herald-American until 1953 when it became the Chicago American . The American was bought by the Chicago Tribune in 1956, and was renamed as Chicago's American in 1959. As with many other afternoon daily newspapers

3074-722: The Morning American in 1902 with the appearance of an afternoon edition. The morning and Sunday papers were renamed as the Examiner in 1904. James Keeley bought the Chicago Record-Herald and Chicago Inter-Ocean in 1914, merging them into a single newspaper known as the Herald . William Randolph Hearst purchased the paper from Keeley in 1918. Distribution of the Herald Examiner after 1918

3180-1059: The Suleman octuplets , born in 2009 in Bellflower, California . In 2019, all 8 children celebrated their 10th birthday. Multiple births of as many as 9 babies have been born alive; In May 2021, the Cissé nonuplets were born in Morocco to Halima Cissé , a 25-year-old woman from Mali . As of May 2023 , two years since their births, all 9 are still living and reportedly in good health. The list of multiple births covers notable examples. The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been given as approximately 1:89 ( Hellin's law ) and as about 1:80 . This gives: North American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions, and triplets about once in 8000 conceptions. US figures for 2010 were: Human multiple births can occur either naturally (the woman ovulates multiple eggs or

3286-461: The Today 's writers and staff and became a 24-hour operation. The American was the product of the merger or acquisition of 14 predecessor newspapers and inherited the tradition and the files of all of them. As an afternoon paper, the American was dependent on street sales rather than subscriptions, and breaking news helped bring in street sales. When Frank Lloyd Wright announced plans to build

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3392-468: The provincial Crown , planned until they reached the age of 18. Across the road from their birthplaces, the Dafoe Hospital and Nursery was built for the five girls and their new caregivers. The girls were moved from the farmhouse to this nursery on September 21, 1934, and lived there until they were nine years old. The compound had an outdoor playground designed to be a public observation area. It

3498-544: The (fictionalized) story of the heroic doctor who delivered the Wyatts and took care of them, than it did on the Wyatt quintuplets themselves. The Dionne quintuplets also appeared in numerous newsreels and a short documentary film called Five Times Five in 1939. This film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Two-reel) in 1940. In 1942, they appeared in one of James A. Fitzpatrick's Traveltalks Land of

3604-480: The Dionne home did not have electricity, and brought it to the Dionne home. A second incubator was brought by the Toronto Star newspaper, who had three more built from antique blueprints. Assistance was offered by women who donated their breast milk to the quintuplets. The women were compensated for their donations, receiving ten cents per ounce of milk donated. This allowed women to help with household income during

3710-688: The Dionne quintuplets. In February 1935 the Dionnes travelled to Chicago as "Parents of the World Famous Babies", and made stage appearances. The Premier of Ontario at the time, Mitchell Hepburn, used the Dionne vaudeville trip as an excuse to extend the guardianship. He claimed that they must save the babies from further exploitation and, in March 1935, pushed the Dionne Quintuplets Act through government, that officially made

3816-480: The Great Depression. Once the milk was received, it was preserved and sent by train to the quintuplets. Dr. Alan Brown of Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children ensured that a train with twenty-eight ounces of breast milk was delivered to the quintuplets each morning. Oliva Dionne was approached by fair exhibitors for Chicago 's Century of Progress exhibition within days of the girls' birth, seeking to put

3922-716: The Iranian government provides free housing to families that have birthed quintuplets. A study by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that, in 2011, pregnant women covered by private insurance in the United States were older and more likely to have multiple gestation than women covered by Medicaid . Chicago American The Chicago American was an afternoon newspaper published in Chicago under various names from 1900 until its dissolution in 1975. The paper's first edition came out on July 4, 1900, as Hearst 's Chicago American . It became

4028-535: The Ontario government. By 1939 Dr. Dafoe had resigned as guardian and Oliva Dionne was gaining more support to have his family reunited. The family was reunited because their parents made efforts to regain custody of their children. Also, the Catholic Church and French-speaking communities in both Quebec and Ontario pressured the government to give Oliva Dionne custody. These efforts and pressure stemmed from

4134-628: The Quintuplets shortly before they were returned to their parents. In 1998, the three surviving sisters, Cécile, Annette and Yvonne, participated in an hour-long documentary, "Full Circle: The Untold Story of the Dionne Quintuplets", written and directed by Maya Gallus , and broadcast on the CBC documentary series Life & Times . The quintuplets' trust fund grew rapidly with each newspaper and newsreel that shared their name. In 1934,

4240-443: The U.S. during 2015, about one in a million. According to Victor Khouzami, Chairman of Obstetrics at Greater Baltimore Medical Center , "No one really knows the incidence". Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and result when the original fertilized egg splits and then one of the resultant cells splits again (for triplets) or, even more rarely, a further split occurs (for quadruplets). The odds of having identical triplets

4346-528: The US. Without fertility treatments, the probability is about 1 in 60; with fertility treatments, it can be as high as 20-25%. Dizygotic (fraternal) twins can be caused by a hyperovulation gene in the mother. Although the father's genes do not influence the woman's chances of having twins, he could influence his children's chances of having twins by passing on a copy of the hyperovulation gene to them. Monozygotic (identical) twins do not run in families. The twinning

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4452-425: The United States were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008. Also in comparison, the rate of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 40% and 14%. Fetal position (the way the babies are lying in the womb) usually determines if they are delivered by caesarean section or vaginally. A review of good quality research on this subject found that if the twin that will be born first (i.e.

4558-495: The United States, it has been estimated that by 2011, 36% of twin births, and 78% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology . Twins are by far the most common form of multiple births in humans. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report more than 132,000 sets of twins out of 3.9 million births of all kinds each year, about 3.4%, or 1 in 30. Compared to other multiple births, twin births account for 97% of them in

4664-464: The afternoon paper was put together the previous evening, the night city editor was the key news editor. Romanoff enjoyed the fearful but absolute regard of pressmen, the composing room and the entire night staff of the Tribune Tower , which owned and housed the Chicago American' s operations in its final decades. One night, floods threatened Southern Illinois , and the American did not have

4770-541: The age of 35 increase the risk of having fetuses with certain conditions and complications that are not as common in women who are pregnant. The increasing use of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has made the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible. In 2004 the birth of sextuplets, six children, to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series, originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and (following their divorce) Kate Plus 8 , which became

4876-519: The average length of pregnancy (2 weeks fewer than gestation ) is 38 weeks with a single fetus. This average decreases for each additional fetus: to 36 weeks for twin births, 32 weeks for triplets, and 30 weeks for quadruplets. With the decreasing gestation time, the risks from immaturity at birth and subsequent viability increase with the size of the sibling group. Only as of the twentieth century have more than four all survived infancy. Recent history has also seen increasing numbers of multiple births. In

4982-411: The babies' wellbeing. The birth of this type of twins should therefore be decided with the mother and her family and should take into account the need for good neonatal care services. Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy. Multiple-birth infants are usually admitted to neonatal intensive care or a special care nursery in

5088-563: The building of a hospital for the sisters. Less than a year after this agreement was signed, the Ontario government stepped in and passed the Dionne Quintuplets' Guardianship Act, 1935 , which made them wards of the Crown until the age of 18. The Ontario provincial government and those around them began to profit by making them a significant tourist attraction. The identical quintuplet girls were, in order of birth: The Dionne family

5194-450: The city of North Bay was considering selling the building as surplus, though a petition was circulated by citizens to have it designated and preserved as a historical structure. In 2017, plans surfaced for the city to sell the building, and relocate it to a fairground in the village of Sundridge 75 km south of North Bay. On November 9, 2017, the City of North Bay announced plans to move

5300-433: The corner of the bed. Elzire went into shock, but she recovered in two hours. The babies were kept in a wicker basket borrowed from the neighbours, covered with heated blankets. They were taken into the kitchen and set by the open door of the stove to keep warm. One by one, they were taken out of the basket and massaged with olive oil. Every two hours for the first twenty-four, they were fed water sweetened with corn syrup. By

5406-399: The damage that had been done. They just wanted what was stolen from their trust fund. They took their need to media. The sisters turned down offers of 2 and 3 million dollars. They accepted 4 million dollars and an analysis of their trust accounts. Harris visited the sisters and apologized on behalf of the government. The quintuplets had finally put their story in the public's eye and challenged

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5512-504: The doctors had a theory that was later proven correct when genetic tests showed that the girls were identical , meaning they were created from a single egg cell. Elzire reported having cramps in her third month and passing a strange object which may have been a sixth fetus. Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe is credited with ensuring the successful live birth of the quintuplets. Organised pre-natal care was not practiced at that place and time so based upon his observations, he thought Elzire's baby may have

5618-537: The era, surpassing the Canadian side of Niagara Falls . It was only rivalled by Radio City Music Hall , Mount Vernon , and Gettysburg in the United States. Hollywood stars who came to Callander to visit the Quints included Clark Gable , James Stewart , Bette Davis , James Cagney , and Mae West . Amelia Earhart also visited Callander just six weeks before her ill-fated flight in 1937. Only five people could be in

5724-431: The fact that the Dionnes had never agreed to the removal of the quintuplets from their custody. In 1942, the Dionne family moved into the nursery with the quintuplets while they waited for their new home to be completed. In November 1943, the entire Dionne family moved into their new home. The yellow brick, 20-room mansion was paid for out of the quintuplets' fund. The home had many amenities that were considered luxuries at

5830-404: The family home upon turning 18 years old in 1952 and had little contact with their parents afterwards. Three went on to marry and have children: Marie had two daughters, Emilie and Monique; Annette had three sons, Jean-François, Charlie, and Eric; and Cécile had five children, Claude, Patrice, twins Bruno (who died aged 15 months) and Bertrand, and Elizabeth. Émilie devoted her brief life to becoming

5936-415: The fertilized egg splits into two) or as the result of infertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality) or fertility drugs (which can cause multiple eggs to mature in one ovulatory cycle). For reasons that are not yet known, the older a woman is, the more likely she is to have a multiple birth naturally. It is theorized that this

6042-495: The fictional Ouellet quintuplets in her book How The Light Gets In "were certainly inspired by the Dionne girls". In the 1935 film A Night at the Opera , Chico makes an oblique reference to the quintuplets, when he says that "duplicates" are "those five kids up in Canada". Quintuplet A multiple pregnancy may be the result of the fertilization of a single egg that then splits to create identical fetuses , or it may be

6148-411: The first guardianship bill was signed. Oliva and Elzire Dionne signed custody of the quintuplets over to the Red Cross for a period of two years to protect them from this contract and in return the Red Cross would cover all medical costs. This included the nurses' wages, supplies, and ensuring that enough breast milk was shipped to the hospital. They oversaw the building of a hospital built specifically for

6254-458: The first twin is in cephalic presentation , planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal disability , as compared with planned vaginal delivery. In this study, 44% of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy complications . In comparison, it has been estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in

6360-489: The girls wards of the Crown and extended guardianship to the age of eighteen. Oliva Dionne had a seat on the Board of Guardians but he rarely attended meetings, as he felt his vote wouldn't matter against the other three guardians: Dr. Dafoe, Joseph Valin and Minister of Welfare David Croll. These three guardians met once a month and had full control over business matters involving the quintuplets. They were involved in caring for

6466-426: The girls, managing money, and creating contracts for business opportunities such as appearances in films and commercials. The stated reason for removing the quintuplets from their parents' legal custody was to ensure their survival and protection from promoters. The government realized there was enormous public interest in the sisters and proceeded to engender a tourist industry around them. The girls were made wards of

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6572-438: The health care or child care fields. Eventually Dafoe was viewed as taking advantage of his newly-come fame. He spent much money and was removed as one of the three primary caretakers of the quintuplets. This removal involved Oliva Dionne as he took legal action to regain custody over his children. The general public did not know that Dafoe profited $ 182,466 in 1943 (equivalent to $ 3,185,045 in 2023). When visits first started,

6678-458: The highest-rated show on the TLC network. Babies born from multiple-birth pregnancies are much more likely to result in premature birth than those from single pregnancies. 51% of twins and 91% of triplets are born preterm, compared to 9.4% in singletons. 14% of twins and 41% of triplets are even born very preterm , compared to 1.7% in singletons. Drugs known as betamimetics can be used to relax

6784-410: The hospital immediately after being born. The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992 to 1996 were looked over to see what the neonatal statistics were. Kaufman found from reviewing these files that during a five-year period, 55 triplet pregnancies (i.e. 165 babies) were delivered. Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care after the delivery. In Iran,

6890-496: The house on November 19 to a new site in downtown North Bay, on Oak Street in a vacant area between Marina Point Retirement Residence and Discovery North Bay Museum, a former Canadian Pacific Railway Station c. 1903, and reopened in spring 2019. A second museum, the Callander Bay Heritage Museum, also features many artifacts from the Dionne quintuplets and is located in the previous home of Dr. Dafoe. In

6996-801: The identical female Canadian Dionne quintuplets , born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as "quins" in the UK and "quints" in North America. A famous set of all-girl quintuplets are the Busby quints from the TV series OutDaughtered . Born in Liverpool , England , on November 18, 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets

7102-460: The increase can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization . Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing artificial FSH , followed by intrauterine insemination , are particularly at risk for multiple births of higher order. Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples. These include: Women conceiving multiples over

7208-457: The lavish house, the expensive food and the series of cars the family enjoyed were paid for with money they themselves had earned, but they were aware of the fact that their upbringing meant they would never feel truly part of the large Dionne family, and called their time in the Big House, "the saddest home we ever knew". In particular, Oliva Dionne was resentful and suspicious of outsiders as

7314-436: The liniment on her too. The quintuplets feared going for car drives with their father and felt the need to dress extra conservatively on these drives because of him. Annette wore turtlenecks to prevent her father from violating her. During car rides the girls were squished up front with their father as the back seats were in for repair. He allegedly French kissed them and put his fingers down their blouses. The quintuplets left

7420-415: The muscles of the uterus and delay birth in singleton pregnancies. There is some evidence that these drugs can also reduce the risk of preterm birth for twin pregnancies, but existing studies are small. More data is required before solid conclusions can be drawn. Likewise, existing studies are too small to determine if a cervical suture is effective for reducing prematurity in cases of multiple birth. As

7526-424: The number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two. That way, the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased. The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013,

7632-403: The number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table: Also, it is recommended to use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top-quality blastocyst is available. Bed rest has not been found to change outcomes and therefore is not generally recommended outside of a research study. Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in

7738-490: The nurses. Elzire pushed the nurses and objected to the foods that they were fed. Every morning they dressed together in a big bathroom, drank orange juice and cod liver oil, then had their hair curled. They then said a prayer, a gong sounded, and they ate breakfast in the dining room. After 30 minutes, they cleared the table. They then played in the sunroom for 30 minutes, took a 15-minute break, and at nine o'clock had their morning inspection with Dr. Dafoe. Every month, they had

7844-486: The observation gallery that surrounded the outdoor playground to view the Dionne sisters. Ample parking was provided and almost 3,000,000 people walked through the gallery between 1936 and 1943. Oliva Dionne ran a souvenir shop and a woollen store opposite the nursery, and the area acquired the name "Quintland". The souvenirs, picturing the five sisters, included autographs and framed photographs, spoons, cups, plates, plaques, candy bars, books, postcards, and dolls. Available to

7950-633: The original zygote divides into two and then one of those two zygotes divides again but the other does not, or the original zygote divides into three. Triplets are far less common than twins, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accounting for only about 4,300 sets in 3.9 million births, just a little more than .1%, or 1 in 1,000. According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine , only about 10% of these are identical triplets: about 1 in ten thousand. Nevertheless, only 4 sets of identical triplets were reported in

8056-509: The paper suffered in postwar years from declining circulation figures caused in part by television news and in part by population shifts from city to suburbs. The paper continued as an afternoon broadsheet until 1969 when the Tribune converted the paper to the tabloid-format Chicago Today . Measures to bolster the paper were unsuccessful, and Chicago Today published its final issue on September 13, 1974. The Chicago Tribune inherited many of

8162-553: The paper was the Hearst Building, located at 326 West Madison Street in Chicago. In 1961, the offices of Chicago's American were moved adjacent to the Tribune Tower at 435 North Michigan Avenue, where they would remain until the ultimate demise of Chicago Today in 1974. In addition to Romanoff, notable American staff members included: Also : In the end, TV news brought an end to most afternoon papers, but up until

8268-522: The public for free in bins were stones from the area that claimed to have the magical power of fertility – the bins would need to be refilled almost every day. Women without children would touch Elzire Dionne, believing that she could increase their chances of fertility. Midwives Madame LeGros and Madame Lebel worked at five different souvenir shops at different times. The quintuplets brought in more than $ 50 million in total tourist revenue to Ontario. Quintland became Ontario's biggest tourist attraction of

8374-467: The quintuplets five percent of its total sales ($ 25,000) as many people bought dolls that resembled the quintuplets, especially during Christmas. By their second birthday, their bank account had $ 250,000. Although the quintuplets' trust fund was secured by the Canadian government, they were not rich nor living comfortably. They were making $ 746 monthly. The money in their trust fund decreased through spending on marriage, houses, child support, and divorce. It

8480-424: The quintuplets into the family, the sisters frequently travelled to perform at various functions, and still dressed identically. According to the accounts of the surviving sisters, the parents often treated them at home as a five-part unit, and frequently lectured them about the trouble they had caused the family by existing. They claimed physical abuse at the hands of their mother. They were unaware for many years that

8586-509: The quintuplets on display and show them to the world. At the time it was not unusual for so-called " incubator babies " to be displayed at fairs and other exhibitions. The parents were persuaded to agree on the advice of the doctor present at the birth, Dr. Dafoe, and the family priest, Father Daniel Routhier. Oliva Dionne revoked the contract only days later, citing that it was invalid because his wife, Elzire Dionne, did not sign it. The Tour Bureau claimed otherwise. On approximately July 27, 1934,

8692-484: The result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In a 1997 study of 2,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 34% were successfully delivered pregnancies. The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3% (24.7% twins, 5.8% triplets, and .08% quadruplets). Because IVFs are producing more multiples, a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births- specifically triplets or more. Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting

8798-599: The result of the fertilization of multiple eggs that create fraternal ("non-identical") fetuses, or it may be a combination of these factors. A multiple pregnancy from a single zygote is called monozygotic , from two zygotes is called dizygotic , or from three or more zygotes is called polyzygotic . Similarly, the siblings themselves from a multiple birth may be referred to as monozygotic if they are identical or as dizygotic (in cases of twins) or polyzygotic (for three or more siblings) if they are fraternal, i.e., non-identical. Each fertilized ovum ( zygote ) may produce

8904-537: The risk is greatest include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , autism spectrum disorder , and anxiety disorders. Multiples may be monochorionic , sharing the same chorion , with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome . Monochorionic multiples may even be monoamniotic , sharing the same amniotic sac , resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord . In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins , possibly impairing function of internal organs. Multiples are also known to have

9010-429: The risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses. Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with singleton pregnancies because of the higher risks of complications. However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that specialised antenatal services produce better outcomes for mother or babies than 'normal' antenatal care. Women with

9116-636: The sales of condensed milk, toothpaste, disinfectant, candy bars, and many other products. The Dionne girls starred in three Hollywood feature films, which were essentially fictionalized versions of their story. They played the "Wyatt quintuplets" in all three films: In the first two films, the Dionne quintuplets didn't so much act as simply appear. Their scenes were filmed at Quintland in Callander and largely consisted of them playing and interacting with each other, as one would expect of normal 2- and 4-year-old children. Both films concentrated more on telling

9222-405: The same building where they lived. Cared for primarily by nurses, they had limited exposure to the world outside the boundaries of the compound except for the daily rounds of tourists, who, from the sisters' point of view, were generally heard but not seen. They also had occasional contact with their parents and siblings across the road. When their parents were allowed in the nursery, they argued with

9328-438: The same sex. Terms used for the number of offspring in a multiple birth, where a number higher than three ends with the suffix -uplet : Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring are based on the zygosity of the pregnancy: Multiple pregnancies are also classified by how the fetuses are surrounded by one or more placentas ( chorionicity ) and amniotic sacs ( amnionicity ). In humans,

9434-489: The second day they were moved to a slightly larger laundry basket and kept warm with hot-water bottles. They were watched constantly and often had to be roused. They were then fed with "seven-twenty" formula: cow's milk, boiled water, two spoonfuls of corn syrup, and one or two drops of rum for a stimulant. News of the unusual birth spread quickly, sparked by Oliva's brother's inquiry to the local newspaper editor about how much he would charge for an announcement of five babies at

9540-556: The short story "Mandarin Jade", Raymond Chandler wrote in Chapter 3 of "an advertising calendar showing the Dionne quintuplets rolling around on a sky-blue floor". In chapter 11 of his 1939 novel The Big Sleep , Chandler described "an advertising calendar showing the Quints rolling around on a sky-blue floor, in pink dresses, with seal-brown hair and sharp black eyes as large as mammoth prunes". Canadian mystery writer Louise Penny said

9646-439: The sisters and hundreds of cars flooded in. The visitors were told to stay silent and not speak to the girls, continue moving to avoid blockages, if the weather was bad the girls would not be shown, and no photographs were allowed. The girls knew they were watched as they could hear screams and laughter. The one-way screens did not fully block out the visitors, acting more as frosted glass. Approximately 3,000 people per day visited

9752-537: The suffering their actions caused and their impact on the quintuplets' childhoods. The sisters requested $ 10 million from the Canadian government and received no response. With the help of Cecile's son Bertrand, news was released that documents concerning the quintuplets from 1934 to 1937 were burned, resulting in Premier Mike Harris offering $ 2000 per month to the three living sisters, who believed this offer to be an insult to them and insufficient to pay off

9858-453: The three police in charge of guarding them, while a housekeeper and two maids lived in the main building with the quintuplets. The buildings were surrounded by a seven-foot (2.13 m) barbed-wire fence. The Dionne sisters were constantly tested, studied, and examined, with records taken of everything. While living at the compound, they had a somewhat rigid lifestyle. They were not required to participate in chores and were privately tutored in

9964-476: The three surviving sisters wrote an open letter to the parents of the McCaughey septuplets , warning against allowing too much publicity for the children, after which they reached a $ 4 million settlement with the Ontario government as compensation for their exploitation. All nine of the siblings of the quintuplets have died, the most recent in 2021. As of 2024, there are two surviving sisters, Annette and Cécile. Yvonne died in 2001. The original family homestead

10070-467: The time, including telephones, electricity and hot water and was nicknamed "The Big House". The building is now a retirement home. The nursery was eventually converted into an accredited school house where the sisters finished their secondary education along with ten Roman Catholic girls from the area who were chosen to attend. In later years, the old Dafoe Hospital was used by the Recluses of Corbeil as

10176-421: The uterus, retained placenta , infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes . Each of these appears to be rare. There are also ethical concerns about this procedure, since it is a form of abortion , and also because of concerns over which fetuses are terminated and why. Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology became aware of

10282-425: The visitors watched the quintuplets through a window in the hospital. The hospital quickly realized that this was not good for the quintuplets as they were excited when visitors came and became irritated when they left. Telling visitors not to make loud noises was not enough to prevent them from doing so. They were displayed four times a day. The observatory opened on Canada Day in 1936. Thousands of tourists came to see

10388-437: Was 33.4 weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets. This shows that stillbirth happens usually 3–5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it almost always ends in death of the fetuses. Though multiples are at a greater risk of being stillborn, there is inconclusive evidence whether the actual mortality rate is higher in multiples than in singletons. Today many multiple pregnancies are

10494-420: Was controlled by gangsters . Dion O'Banion , Vincent Drucci , Hymie Weiss and Bugs Moran first sold the Tribune . They were then recruited by Moses Annenberg , who offered more money to sell the Examiner , later the Herald-Examiner . This "selling" consisted of pressuring stores and news dealers. In 1939, Annenberg was sentenced to three years in prison for fraud and died in prison. The newspaper joined

10600-430: Was discovered that their trust fund contained less money than what was made from advertisements and photographs of the quintuplets. Instead of the government paying for research, food, and travel expenses for photographers and filmmakers, the payment came from the quintuplets' trust fund. When the sisters released their book revealing the harsh memories from their childhood, the government was unmoved. They did not consider

10706-409: Was headed by father Oliva-Édouard (1904–1979) and mother Elzire Dionne ( née  Legros ; 1909–1986), who married on September 15, 1925. They lived just outside Corbeil , in a farmhouse in unregistered territory. The Dionnes were a French-speaking farming family with five older children: Ernest (1926–1995), Rose Marie (1928–1995), Thérèse (1929–2021), Daniel (1932–1995), and Pauline (1933–2018), who

10812-481: Was living alone in an apartment and her sisters were worried after not hearing from her in several days. Her doctor went to her home and found her in bed, having been dead for days. A blood clot was found on her brain. Annette and Cécile both eventually divorced, and by the 1990s the three surviving sisters were living together in the Montreal suburb of Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville . In 1965, author James Brough wrote

10918-476: Was moved around 1960 to a location on Highway 11B , near the present Clarion Resort, and again in 1985 to North Bay and converted into the non-profit Dionne Quintuplets Museum. The museum was first located at the intersection of Highway 11 and the Trans Canada Highway and features many artifacts from the quints' early days and their growing years. As of October 2016, the museum closed, and

11024-579: Was much larger and weighed 8 lbs. individually. Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births, being 2.3 per 1,000 survivors in singletons, 13 in twins, and 45 in triplets in North West England . This is likely a side effect of premature birth and low birth weight. Premature birth is associated with a higher risk for a breadth of behavioral and socioemotional difficulties that begin in childhood and continue through teenagehood and often into adulthood. Conditions where

11130-447: Was only eleven months older than the quintuplets. A sixth child, Léo (1930–1930), died of pneumonia shortly after birth. The Dionnes also had three sons after the quintuplets: Oliva Jr. (1936–2017), Victor (1938–2007), and Claude (1946–2009). Elzire was 24 when she gave birth to the quintuplets. She suspected she was carrying twins, but no one was aware that quintuplets were even possible. The quintuplets were born prematurely. In 1938,

11236-412: Was surrounded by a covered arcade, which allowed tourists to observe the sisters behind one-way screens. The one-way screens were installed to prevent noise and distraction. The facility was funded by a Red Cross fundraiser. The sisters were brought to the playground two or three times a day in front of the crowd. It was a nine-room nursery with a staff house nearby. The staff house held the three nurses and

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