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113-676: After unsuccessful attempts to gather members of the committee, it dissolved on 10 November 1920. On 12 November 1920 by the Law on the Temporary Supreme Authority and the Legislative System of the UNR, the executive council was reformed into a single-person government position. The Directorate was formed until a new council was to be elected to form the professional government. It was decided not to restore functioning of

226-463: A naval base . During the 19th century, Odesa was the fourth largest city of the Russian Empire, after Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Warsaw . Its historical architecture is more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau , Renaissance and Classicist . Odesa

339-466: A Ukrainian national-cultural outlook, it often faced opposition from Russian (both conservative and socialist) and Jewish sectors, representing urban populations. The Central Rada, whilst led by the Ukrainian liberal progressives, included Ukrainian moderates, social democrats (including a small contingent of Bolsheviks) and socialist-revolutionaries. On 23 April [ O.S. 10 April] 1917

452-710: A border dispute by the Treaty of Riga with the Soviet Union, thus, canceling the Treaty of Warsaw . The Treaty of Riga divided Western Ukraine among Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary and gave the Soviet Union control over the rest of (current) Ukraine (which became the Ukrainian SSR ). At the first stage, the Directorate recovered all of the rights of peasants and workers that were established by

565-596: A gathering of only 27 members of the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists in the Chykalenko's building. The meeting decided not to rush with actions and conduct regular daily meetings of the society at the Rodyna Club building. Already on 16 March [ O.S. 3 March] 1917 in the Rodyna Club building gathered over 100 representatives of Kiev and some provincial Ukrainian organizations where appeared

678-495: A large scale. Despite this, the city grew rapidly by filling the void of those left with new migrants from rural Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union. As a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Jewish culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with

791-769: A month, yet in case of urgent need could be convened emergency meetings which considered valid with any number of attendees. Throughout the whole period of the Central Council existence, there took place nine meetings of the General Assembly. Prior to the First Ukrainian Universal the Central Rada was increased by 130 representatives that were delegated by the II Military Congress (June 23, 1917) and 133 members of

904-541: A parliament that consisted of 150 members elected from the Ukrainian political parties, professional and cultural organizations and delegates from the guberniyas . During the National Congress Hrushevsky was reelected as the chairman of the Rada, while the leaders of the most popular political parties Serhiy Yefremov and Volodymyr Vynnychenko were appointed as his deputies. As the Central Rada had

1017-416: A plan that would end up being the city's plan. However, adjacent to the new official locality, a Moldavian colony already existed, which by the end of the 18th century was an independent settlement named Moldavanka . Some local historians consider that the settlement predates Odesa by about thirty years and assert that the locality was founded by Moldavians who came to build the fortress of Yeni Dunia for

1130-479: A powerful hand. The tsarist government fell, and the Provisional Government announced that it would soon convene a Constituent Assembly (Uchreditelnoe Sobranie) on the basis of universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage. From there, for the first time in the whole world, Your true voice, Your true will, will be heard in all its power. Until then, we urge you to calmly but firmly demand from

1243-2141: A powerful hand. Ukrainian Central Council. Kiev, year 1917, March 9. Народе Український! Впали вікові пута. Прийшла воля всьому пригніченому людові, всім поневоленим націям Росії. Настав час і Твоєї волі й пробудження до нового, вільного, творчого життя, після більш як двохсотлітнього сну. Уперше, Український тридцятипятиміліонний Народе, Ти будеш мати змогу сам за себе сказати, хто Ти і як хочеш жити, як окрема нація. З цього часу в дружній сім'ї вільних народів могутньою рукою зачнеш сам собі кувати кращу долю. Впав царський уряд, а тимчасовий оголосив, що незабаром скличе Установчі Збори (Учредительное Собраніе) на основі загального, рівного, прямого й таємного виборчого права. Звідти уперше на весь світ пролунає у всій своїй силі справжній голос Твій, справжня воля Твоя. До того ж часу ми закликаємо спокійно, але рішуче домагатися від нового уряду всіх прав, які тобі природно належать, і які Ти повинен мати. Великий Народе, сам хазяїн на Українській землі. А в найблизшім часі права на заведення рідної мови по всіх школах, од нижчих до вищих по судах і всіх урядових інституціях. З таким же спокоєм, але рішуче, домагайся, Народе, того ж права для української мови від пастирів церкви, земств і всіх неурядових інституцій на Україні. Народе Український! Селяни, робітники, салдати, городяне, духовенство і вся українська інтелігенція! Додержуйте спокій: не дозволяйте собі ніяких вчинків, що руйнують лад в житті, але разом, щиро й уперто беріться до роботи: до гуртовання в політичні товариства, культурні і економічні спілки, складайте гроші на Український Національний Фонд і вибірайте своїх українських людей, на всі місця – Організуйтесь! Тільки згуртувавшись, можна добре пізнати всі свої потреби, рішуче за них заявити і створити кращу долю на своїй Землі. Народе Український! Перед Тобою шлях до нового життя. Сміливо ж, одностайно йди на той великий шлях в ім’я щастя свого і щастя будучих поколінь Матері України, могутньою рукою твори своє нове вільне життя. Українська Центральна Рада. Київ, року 1917, березня 9. On 22 March [ O.S. 9 March] 1917

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1356-700: A trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria . Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available evidence. Archaeological artifacts confirm extensive links between the Odesa area and the eastern Mediterranean . In the Middle Ages successive rulers of the Odesa region included various nomadic tribes ( Petchenegs , Cumans ),

1469-628: A way out of the situation in the country after toppling down of the Provisional Government in Petrograd and the armed incident in Kiev . The eighth Central Council General Assembly (25–30 December [ O.S. 12–17 December] 1917) debated sharply on issues of peace and land, discussed the course of preparation to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections. Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa )

1582-570: Is a warm-water port . The city of Odesa hosts both the Port of Odesa and Port Pivdennyi , a significant oil terminal situated in the city's suburbs. Another notable port, Chornomorsk , is located in the same oblast , to the south-west of Odesa. Together they represent a major transport hub integrating with railways. Odesa's oil and chemical processing facilities are connected to the Russian and other European networks by strategic pipelines . In 2000,

1695-705: Is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet . It is known for its large outdoor market – the Seventh-Kilometer Market , the largest of its kind in Europe. Odesa was a contender for hosting Euro 2012 football matches in, but lost the competition to other cities in Ukraine. The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes . The 2 May 2014 Odesa clashes between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian protestors killed 42 people. Four were killed during

1808-427: Is commemorated by a bronze statue , unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos . His contributions to the city are mentioned by Mark Twain in his travelogue Innocents Abroad : "I mention this statue and this stairway because they have their story. Richelieu founded Odessa – watched over it with paternal care – labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests – spent his fortune freely to

1921-605: Is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea . The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast , as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021, Odesa's population was approximately 1,010,537. On 25 January 2023, its historic city centre

2034-790: The Brest-Litovsk Treaty all Bolshevik forces were driven out by 13 March 1918 by the combined armed forces of the Austro-Hungarian Army , providing support to the Ukrainian People's Republic . With the end of the World War I and the withdrawal of armies of Central Powers, the Soviet forces fought for control over the country with the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A few months later

2147-867: The Central Rada which was favored by the SR-centrists Mykhailo Hrushevsky and Vsevolod Holubovych . The new council, the Labor Congress , appointed the Directorate as the Extraordinary Government Body in the protection of the republic. It was charged to enact laws in the absence of the Labor Congress due to the political situation in the country, while the Council of the People's Ministers

2260-574: The Duc de Richelieu , appointed by Tsar Alexander I as Governor of Odesa in 1803. Richelieu played a role during Ottoman plague epidemic which hit Odesa in the autumn 1812. Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders. In the period from 1795 to 1814,

2373-582: The General Secretariat and its first declaration, adopted number of resolutions that concerned the Central Council reorganization by adding representatives of national minorities who lived in Ukraine. The Assembly decided to convene in Kiev the congress of peoples of Russia who were seeking a federal system of the country, amended the Central Council Committee statute by expanding its rights and number of members, discussed

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2486-719: The Golden Horde , the Crimean Khanate , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and the Ottoman Empire . Yedisan Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. Since the middle of the 13th century the city's territory belonged to the Golden Horde domain. On Italian navigational maps of 14th century on the place of Odesa is indicated the castle of Ginestra, at the time the center of a Gazarian colony of

2599-678: The Odesa massacre . Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation which officially began on 17 October 1941, when 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed, compared to Jews in Romania proper where the majority survived. After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport

2712-788: The Republic of Genoa . During the reign of Khan Hacı I Giray of Crimea (1441–1466), the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to Lithuania. The site of present-day Odesa was then a fortress known as Khadjibey (named for Hacı I Giray, and also spelled Kocibey in English , Hacıbey or Hocabey in Turkish , and Hacıbey in Crimean Tatar ). Khadjibey

2825-733: The UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names in 2012, and adopted by the BGN/PCGN in 2019. This spelling appears in Encyclopædia Britannica and in dictionaries as the spelling for the Ukrainian city. As noted by the Christian Science Monitor , many in the English-language media outlets historically spelled the city Odessa , even after changing the spelling of Kiev to Kyiv, but since

2938-766: The Ukrainian People's Republic . After the All-Ukrainian National Congress (19–21 April 1917), the Council became the revolutionary parliament in the interbellum lasting until the Ukrainian-Soviet War . Unlike with many other councils in the Russian Republic , Bolshevization of the Rada failed completely, prompting the Ukrainian Bolsheviks to form a rival government in Kharkov . From its beginning

3051-702: The Ukrainian Science Society , the Ukrainian Pedagogic Society , the Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists , etc. That day the Central Council informed by a telegram the Russian Provisional Government that was just created about its establishment. On 20 March [ O.S. 7 March] 1917 there took place elections of the Central Council leadership. Mykhailo Hrushevsky

3164-632: The Ukrainian State Pavlo Skoropadskyi was deposed after the Directorate was established. With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Skoropadsky could no longer rely on Germany and Austria-Hungary 's support. On 13 November 1918 Skoropadky's opponents set up a rival body known as the Directorate, whose forces were headed by the newly reformed Sich Riflemen . Most of Skoropadsky's troops joined with

3277-571: The Varangians who established Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, as well as various Italian colonies after the Mongol invasion of Europe . Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained, via the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , the lands where Mariupol , Kherson , and Mykolaiv would be founded. However, they were all handicapped in various ways relative to how much commercial interest there was. For example,

3390-492: The uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city . The city's unique identity has been formed largely thanks to its varied demography; all the city's communities have influenced aspects of Odesan life in some way or form. In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum 85.38% of Odesa Oblast voted for independence. Odesa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining , chemicals, metalworking, and food processing. Odesa

3503-466: The " Potemkin Steps "), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu . The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odesa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odesa. The film

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3616-400: The 1917–21 Revolution [REDACTED] USSR 1922–41 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Romania 1941–44 [REDACTED] USSR 1944–91 [REDACTED] Ukraine 1991–present Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been

3729-639: The Central Council General Assembly adopted the "Order to the Ukrainian Central Council" ("Nakaz") that became de facto its first bylaws. According to democratic organizational principles, the higher body of the Central Council was defined its General Assembly. In the "Nakaz" of April 23 it was mentioned that it "determines direction and nature of all work of the Central Council". The regular meetings of General Assembly had to be convened not less often than once

3842-514: The Central Council in Encyclopedia of Ukraine states that the council was founded in Kiev on 17 March [ O.S. 4 March] 1917 at the initiative of the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists and with the participation of various Ukrainian political parties, Ukrainian military activists, workers, religious activists, students, entrepreneurs, public and cultural organizations such as

3955-461: The Central Council on 28 March [ O.S. 15 March] 1917. With his return, many associated hopes for an end to contradictions and the unification of democratic forces. At the meeting it was decided to raise the national flag over the Kiev city duma in place where used to be the Tsarist's monogram . Volodymyr Naumenko was elected a deputy chairman of the Central Council. There also

4068-568: The Council's delegation to Petrograd , about denial by the Russian Provisional Government the autonomy demands. The meeting adopted to appeal to Ukrainian people with a call "immediate laying of the foundations of the autonomous system in Ukraine". That resolution became an important basis for the proclamation of the First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council . The fifth Central Council General Assembly (2–14 July [ O.S. 20 June – 1 July] 1917) approved creation of

4181-768: The Directorate began to be dominated by the Ukrainian military leader, Symon Petliura . Faced by many enemies on all sides the UNR's army was organised to face each threat. To the North-east were the Bolsheviks , to the south-east were the Russian Whites , to the south-west Romanians who had claims on territory in Bukovina and Halychyna , and the French intervention force took Odessa in December 1918 to fill

4294-440: The Directorate during a month-long Ukrainian Civil War. Skoropadsky then turned to some of the Russian officers who were fighting alongside Anton Denikin , forming them into a Special Corps, but these troops were not able to face the Directorate's troops. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate's troops took Kyiv and overthrew Skoropadsky's regime. The Directorate re-established the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR). The new regime

4407-487: The Directorate tried to play with Volodymyr Vynnychenko resignation to demonstrate a change of powers in the Ukrainian government and maybe attain a possible acceptance with the Entente. Symon Petliura has left the party and replaced the Vynnychenko's position who was too well known. Petliura has assumed the position of the Directorate's chairman on 11 February 1919, a week after the government moved to Podolia . The talks, alas, were proved to be without results. By May 1919,

4520-455: The Directorate went into official exile at the end of 1920. Between 15 December and 25 December 1918 a stand-off took place between the Revolutionary Committee in Kyiv and the provisional Executive Council of State Affairs (TRZDS) in Vinnytsia. It took couple of weeks before the new government was formed on December 26 headed by Volodymyr Chekhivsky as President of the Council of People's Ministers (Prime Minister). In December 1918 Hetman of

4633-463: The Directorate's armies had been squeezed into a narrow strip of land around Brody . The Directorate then negotiated with the government of Poland, which was attacking the Ukrainians from behind, with this ceasefire, the Ukrainians were able to counter-attack and re-take Podilia and established a new capital in Kamianets-Podilskyi . In July, the UNR's forces were joined by the Western Ukrainian Republic 's forces, who had been pushed out of Galicia by

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4746-550: The Higher Authority of Ukraine" replacing it with the "Provisional Instruction to the General Secretariat of the Provisional Government". At that assembly there was raised the question of convening the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly as well as condemned the initiative of the Provisional Government to carry on the State Conference on 25 August [ O.S. 12 August] 1917 in Moscow. The seventh Central Council General Assembly (11–15 November [ O.S. 29 October – 2 November] 1917) paid attention mainly finding

4859-445: The Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. What became Mykhailovsky Square was the center of this settlement and the site of its first Orthodox church , the Church of the Dormition, built in 1821 close to the seashore, as well as a cemetery. Nearby stood the military barracks and the country houses ( dacha ) of the city's wealthy residents, including that of

4972-400: The Ottomans and eventually settled in the area in the late 1760s, right next to the settlement of Khadjibey , on what later became the Primorsky Boulevard. Another version posits that the settlement appeared after Odesa itself was founded, as a settlement of Moldavians, Greeks, and Albanians fleeing the Ottoman yoke. Under Paul I of Russia , construction of Odesa was stopped, Franz de Voland

5085-425: The Peasants' Deputies Council who were elected at the I All-Ukrainian Peasants' Congress (June 15, 1917). In July 1917 Russian and Jewish parties joined the Central Rada, expanding the non-Ukrainian membership significantly. The first Central Council General Assembly took place on 21 April [ O.S. 8 April] 1917, the final day of the All-Ukrainian National Congress . The meeting checked and approved

5198-460: The Poles and Ukrainians advanced side by side, and the UNR was set up again when they re-took Kyiv. But less than a month later, the Soviet's summer counter-offensive left the Poles and Ukrainians retreating, an armistice was signed in late 1920. With this great disappointment, the UNR forces launched an attack on their own against the Reds from Polish territory, however that was quickly beaten. They were forced back into Galicia. In 1920 Poland concluded

5311-441: The Poles. During that time (May 1919), Denikin and his White Army launched an offensive against the Reds, during the summer and autumn of that year. The White Guards forces pushed the Reds out of the Central and Eastern Ukraine, thus, giving the Directorate another chance to reclaim Kyiv . But the constant Red Guards counter-attacks and a deadly typhus epidemic caused the Petliura forces to be pushed out of Ukraine completely into

5424-444: The Quarantine Pier at Odesa Commercial Sea Port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a period of 25 years. Odesa is sometimes called the Pearl by the Sea, the Southern Capital, Odesa-mama and the Humour Capital , as well as Southern Palmyra . In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Empress Catherine II. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that

5537-399: The Rada on March 7 and outlined its first institutions: Presidium (the Council chairman, two deputies, a scribe and a treasurer) and nine Commissions. In March protocols of the Council is also mentioned an administration (uprava), but not indicated neither its composition, rights or functions. Ukrainian Nation! Age bonds have fallen. The freedom has come to all the oppressed people, to all

5650-401: The Rada published its first declaration - To the Ukrainian people - in support of the Russian Constituent Assembly . On 26 March [ O.S. 13 March] 1917 Mykhailo Hrushevsky returned to Kiev from exile, but because of the accident on the train he traveled he was not able to attend the Central Council meetings right away. For the first time, Hrushevsky presides over a meeting of

5763-539: The Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, as well as the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allowed Russia to start to fully exploit the ancient Black Sea trade across the coastal area through the steppe across southern and eastern Ukraine, into the hinterland of East Central Europe . Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. In antiquity, various Greek colonies had taken this role, followed by

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5876-406: The Soviet authorities had been able to evacuate 200,000 people as well as weaponry and industrial equipment. A day later, Odesa was made the capital of Transnistria . Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs . Following the siege, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odesans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as

5989-422: The Soviet official view that the period was exclusively a time of hardship, deprivation, oppression and suffering – claims embodied in public monuments and disseminated through the media to this day. Subsequent Soviet policies imprisoned and executed numerous Odesans (and deported most of the German population) on account of collaboration with the occupiers. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew. Nevertheless,

6102-449: The Turkish fortress of Khadjibey was located. The newly acquired Ochakov Oblast was promised to the Cossacks by the Russian government for resettlement. On permission of the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav Amvrosiy, the Black Sea Kosh Host, that was located around the area between Bender and Ochakiv , built second after Sucleia wooden church of Saint Nicholas. By the Highest rescript of 17 June 1792 addressed to General Kakhovsky it

6215-447: The Ukrainian National Fund and choose your Ukrainian people, to all positions, Get organized! Only by uniting, you can well know all your needs, resolutely declare them and create a better destiny in its own Land. Ukrainian Nation! Before You is the path to a new life. Boldly, unanimously go on that great path in the name of your happiness and the happiness of future generations of the Mother of Ukraine, create your new free life with

6328-550: The basis of an independent Ukrainian identity after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era, official ideology described the Central Council as a counter-revolutionary body of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois nationalist parties. Among the first in Kiev who learned about the February events outcome in Petrograd was Maksym Synytskyi, director of the Rodyna Club (Family club, previously as Ukrainian Club ). Already at night on 14 March [ O.S. 1 March] 1917 Starytskyi shared information about

6441-774: The beginning of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine more outlets and style guides have been shifting away from Russian transliterations. [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1415–84 [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire 1484–1789 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1789–1917 Beginning of 1917–21 Revolution [REDACTED] Russian Provisional Government 1917 [REDACTED] UPR Dec. 1917–Nov. 1918 [REDACTED] OSR Jan.–March 1918 [REDACTED] Ukrainian State March–Dec. 1918 [REDACTED] AFSR Dec. 1918–April 1919 [REDACTED] PWPGU / [REDACTED] UkSSR April–Aug. 1919 [REDACTED] AFSR Aug. 1919–Feb. 1920 [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] / [REDACTED] UkSSR Feb. 1920–Dec. 1922 End of

6554-425: The city was occupied by the French Army and the Greek Army that supported the Russian White Army in its struggle with the Bolsheviks. The Ukrainian general Nykyfor Hryhoriv who sided with Bolsheviks managed to drive the Triple Entente forces out of the city, but Odesa was soon retaken by the Russian White Army. By 1920 the Soviet Red Army managed to overpower both the Ukrainian and Russian White Army and secure

6667-411: The city's Euromaidan Coordination Center and a cargo train car were (non-lethally) bombed. Until 18 July 2020, Odesa was incorporated as a city of oblast significance . In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven, the city of Odesa was merged into newly established Odesa Raion. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

6780-406: The city's map, for example Frantsuzky (French) and Italiansky (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Yevreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). The Filiki Eteria , a Greek freemasonry -style society that was to play an important role in the Greek War of Independence , was founded in Odesa in 1814 before relocating to Constantinople in 1818. Odesa's cosmopolitan nature

6893-435: The city. The people of Odesa suffered badly from a famine that resulted from the Russian Civil War in 1921–1922 due to the Soviet policies of prodrazverstka . In 1937, around 1,000 Poles were executed in Odesa during the Polish Operation of the NKVD . During World War II , Odesa was attacked by Romanian and German troops in August 1941. The defense of Odesa started on 5 August 1941 and lasted for 73 days. The defense

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7006-455: The council directed the Ukrainian national movement and with its four Universals led the country from autonomy to full sovereignty. During its brief existence from 1917 to 1918, the Central Rada, which was headed by the Ukrainian historian and ethnologist Mykhailo Hrushevsky , evolved into the fundamental governing institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic and set precedents in parliamentary democracy and national independence that formed

7119-409: The course of negotiations of the Central Council leadership with the Russian Provisional Government delegation in Kiev, adopted the Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council . The sixth Central Council General Assembly (18–19 August [ O.S. 5–6 August] 1917) roughly discussed the situation that arose after the refusal of the Provisional Government to approve the "Statute of

7232-431: The domain of the Ottoman Empire in 1529, under the name Hacibey , and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . In 1794, a decree of the Russian empress Catherine II was issued to establish a navy harbor and trading place in Khadjibey , which was named Odessa soon after. From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port . During the Soviet period , it was an important trading port and

7345-407: The end of the 5th and beginning of the 4th centuries BC (the first one, identified with modern Varna in Bulgaria, is the older of the two, founded c. 610 BC). The exact location of this ancient Odessos is unknown, but modern efforts have attempted to localize it 40 km northeast of Odesa, near the village of Koshary , Odesa Oblast., near the Tylihul Estuary . Odessa , the transliteration of

7458-423: The enslaved nations of Russia. The time has come for Your will and awakening to a new, free, creative life, after more than two hundred years of sleep. For the first time, Ukrainian Nation of thirty-five million, you will be able to say for yourself who you are and how you want to live as a separate nation. From now on, in a friendly family of free peoples, you will begin to forge a better destiny for yourself with

7571-400: The establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol . The Flemish engineer working for the Russian Empress Catherine the Great , José de Ribas's collaborator Franz de Voland recommended the area of Khadjibey fortress as the site for the region's basic port: it had an ice-free harbor, breakwaters could be cheaply constructed that would render

7684-446: The ethnic connotations of origin. They disappeared completely by World War II . In 1905, Odesa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin and the Menshevik 's Iskra . Sergei Eisenstein 's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as

7797-407: The events with Vasyl Koroliv-Staryi and later with all his acquaintances and friends from the Rodyna Club, the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (TUP), "Chas" (Time) publishing. Synytskyi's idea laid in necessity of establishment of the Ukrainian movement leadership center not to repeat the same mistakes that took place during the events of 1905–07 . Already at night on March 1, there took place

7910-453: The growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866, the city was linked by rail with Kyiv and Kharkiv as well as with Iaşi in Romania. The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. The community, however, was repeatedly subjected to anti-Semitism and anti-Jewish agitation from almost all Christian segments of

8023-445: The harbor safe and it would have the capacity to accommodate large fleets. The Namestnik of Yekaterinoslav and Voznesensk, Platon Zubov (one of Catherine's favorites), supported this proposal. In 1794 Catherine issued a Rescript to José de Ribas: "Considering favorable Khadjibey location... I order to establish here a navy harbor and trading pierce..." and invested the first money (26.000 rubles) in construction. Franz de Voland drew up

8136-689: The help from the two new Ukrainian divisions to prepare an offensive against the Denikin's forces. A UNR-Polish Treaty in April 1920 provided for combined operations between the two armies under overall Polish command while recognizing the Polish sovereignty over the territory of the former West Ukrainian People's Republic with the border passing along the Zbruch river . In the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 ,

8249-411: The idea of establishment of the Central Council. The Central Council was formed on parity foundations between separate Ukrainian organizations. Dmytro Antonovych was recalling that they could not find a mutual understanding with TUP, but agreed to create provisional Central Council with a nucleus of no more than 25 members with an option to add more primarily with delegates outside of Kiev. The core of

8362-640: The infrastructure in the 1780s. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1792 , on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces , including Zaporozhian Cossacks under Alexander Suvorov and Ivan Gudovich , took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire . One section of the troops came under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Irishman Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas); today,

8475-417: The issue of relationships with the Russian Provisional Government and sending of a plenipotentiary delegation to Petrograd in order to resolve the issue about the right of Ukrainian people for their national territorial autonomy. The fourth Central Council General Assembly (14–16 June [ O.S. 1–3 June] 1917) listened to the report of Volodymyr Vynnychenko about the diplomatic mission of

8588-503: The latter two cities were situated in lowlands near marshes, which provided for poor sanitary conditions in the technology available at that time. The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki , established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up

8701-586: The laws passed by the Central Rada : Until the complete solution of the Land Reform, the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic declares that all small peasant's holdings and all worker's holdings to be left for use of their previous owners, while the rest of lands to be transferred to the peasant with little or no land holdings with the priorities to those who joined the Republican forces against

8814-479: The list of the Central Council members elected by the congress and formed an executive body, the Central Council Committee. The second Central Council General Assembly (5–6 May [ O.S. 22–23 April] 1917) reviewed the issue of Ukrainization of military and adopted the first legal document of the Central Council, the earlier mentioned "Nakaz". The third Central Council General Assembly (20–22 May [ O.S. 7–9 May] 1917) concentrated on

8927-638: The main street in Odesa, Deribasivska Street , is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the Sanjak of Özi (Ochakiv Oblast) as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty . The Russian Empire took full control of Crimea, as well as land between the Southern Bug and the Dniester , including the Khadzhibey Estuary where

9040-574: The majority of Odesa's Jews emigrated to Israel , the United States and other Western countries between the 1970s and 1990s. Many ended up in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Brighton Beach , sometimes known as "Little Odesa". Domestic migration of the Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningrad , cities that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on

9153-520: The middle of the 6th century BC. It has been researched as a possible site of the ancient Greek settlement of Histria . The first chronicle mention of the Slavic settlement-port of Kotsiubijiv , which was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , dates back to 1415, when a ship was sent from here to Constantinople by sea. After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of

9266-485: The name from Russian, was the traditional English spelling of the city's name favoured before Ukraine's independence in 1991 (similarly to the spelling of Kyiv versus Kiev). Odesa became the internationally standardized Latin-alphabet transliteration of the Ukrainian name according to the Ukrainian National romanization system , which was adopted for official use by Ukraine's cabinet in 2010, approved by

9379-469: The name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man. Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia and it was named using a Slavic feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos ( Ancient Greek : Ὀδησσός ; in Roman times, Odessus). This refers to the second ancient Odessos, founded between

9492-459: The new government all the rights that naturally belong to you and that you must have. The Great Nation, you are the only master of the Ukrainian land. And in the near future the right to establish the native language in all schools, from lower to higher in the courts and all government institutions. With the same calm, but resolute, seek you, the Nation, the same right for the Ukrainian language from

9605-549: The official architects who designed buildings in Odesa's central district, such as the Italians Francesco Carlo Boffo and Giovanni Torricelli (see Italians of Odesa ), Moldovanka was included in the general city plan, though the original grid-like plan of Moldovankan streets, lanes, and squares remained unchanged. The new city quickly became a major success although initially, it received little state funding and privileges. Its early growth owed much to

9718-411: The pastors of the church, zemstvos and all non-governmental institutions in Ukraine. Ukrainian Nation! Peasants, workers, soldiers, townspeople, clergy and all Ukrainian intelligentsia! Keep calm: do not allow yourself any actions to ruin order of everyday life, but together, sincerely and stubbornly set yourself to work: to unite in political societies, cultural and economic unions, raise money for

9831-419: The population of Odesa increased 15 times over and reached almost 20 thousand people. The first city plan was designed by the engineer F. Devollan in the late 18th century. Colonists of various ethnicities settled mainly in the area of the former colony, outside of the official boundaries, and as a consequence, in the first third of the 19th century, Moldavanka emerged as the dominant settlement. After planning by

9944-535: The population. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905 . Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine , and the city became an important base of support for Zionism . Until the 1870s, Odesa's Italian population grew steadily. From the following decade this growth stopped, and the decline of the Italian community in Odesa began. The reason

10057-628: The power vacuum left by the withdrawing Austrians and Germans. Coming quickly to some understanding with the French and the Romanians, the UNR's army was able to employ more men on other fronts. With major fighting breaking out in January 1919, the Ukrainians were pushed back and Kyiv fell in February 1919. The government moved to Vinnytsia on 5 February 1919. A political trick took place that

10170-708: The protests, and at least 32 trade unionists were killed after a trade union building was set on fire after Molotov cocktails exchange between sides. Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found no support for joining Russia. Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). Internal Affairs Ministry advisor Zorian Shkiryak said on 25 December that Odesa and Kharkiv had become "cities which are being used to escalate tensions" in Ukraine. Shkiryak said that he suspected that these cities were singled out because of their "geographic position". On 5 January 2015

10283-446: The provisional Central Council consisted of five representatives from each TUP, workers, academic youth, and cooperatives as well as two representatives of Social-Democratic Party . The main task of the provisional Central Council was to call on the All-Ukrainian National Congress that was supposed to adopt the Central Council as a permanent Ukrainian parliament. The Ukrainian diaspora historian Arkadiy Zhukovsky in his article on

10396-588: The remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland , and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. As a result, despite the events of 1941, the survival of the Jewish population in this area was higher than in other areas of occupied eastern Europe. A Soviet medal , "For the Defence of Odesa" , was established on 22 December 1942. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded

10509-563: The same end – endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World". In 1819, Odesa became a free port, a status it retained until 1859. Odesa became home to an extremely diverse population of Albanians, Armenians, Azeris, Bulgarians, Crimean Tatars, Frenchmen, Germans (including Mennonites), Greeks, Italians, Jews, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Turks, Ukrainians, and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous "ethnic" names on

10622-544: The struggle with the former Hetman . The Supreme subordination over the land is carried by the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic. This statement concerns also the monastery, church, and government land holdings. For introduction of the Reform there was organized the People's Land Committee ... The Directorate canceled all the codes of the former Hetmanate government concerning workers policies. The eight-hour working day

10735-536: The title of " Hero City " in 1945. (The others were Leningrad , Stalingrad , and Sevastopol ). The city suffered severe damage and sustained many casualties over the course of the war. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during both its siege and recapture on 10 April 1944 , when the city was finally liberated by the Red Army . Some of the Odesans had a more favourable view of the Romanian occupation, in contrast with

10848-514: The well established territory of Poland. A political crisis took place inside the Directorate members of which were heavily interfered in the affairs of the Council of People's Ministers. Because of that, Shvets and Makarenko were sent on the state matters abroad. Later in May 1920, on the request of Petliura to return, they did not reply and were dismissed. In 1920, the Polish Army reorganized with

10961-608: The work of the Duc de Richelieu , who served as the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. Having fled the French Revolution , he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odesa, together with another Frenchman, Count Andrault de Langeron , who succeeded him in office. Richelieu

11074-514: Was a discussion about plans for the April 1 Ukrainian manifestation in Kiev. Also the Central Council agitation commission was instructed to prepare in two days a draft for the All-Ukrainian National Congress. However, straight after the convocation of the All-Ukrainian National Congress on 19–21 April [ O.S. 6–8 April] 1917, the Rada transformed from a provisional organizational council into

11187-701: Was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in recognition of its multiculturality and 19th-century urban planning. The declaration was made in response to the bombing of Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , which has damaged or destroyed buildings across the city. In classical antiquity a large Greek settlement existed at its location no later than

11300-514: Was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin , who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters, he wrote that Odesa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and Imperial French naval forces. It soon recovered and

11413-507: Was elected as the Head of the Rada, while Dmytro Doroshenko representing TUP and Dmytro Antonovych representing Social-Democrats were appointed as his deputies, also there was elected a scribe (secretary) Serhiy Veselovskyi representing Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists and a treasurer. In announcement of newspaper "Visti z Ukrainskoi Tsentralnoi Rady" (Heralds from Ukrainian Central Council) of March 19 it mentioned creation of

11526-574: Was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Długosz , when a ship with grain sailed from there to Constantinople. By the middle of the 15th century, the settlement was depopulated. Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt the fortress at Khadjibey (also known as Hocabey), which was named Yeni Dünya (literally "New World"). A series of wars between

11639-515: Was invested with the executive powers. The Directorate consisted of five delegates from various parties and representation groups. Vynnychenko left the government (10 February 1919) in the hope that the Directorate would establish friendly talks with representatives of the Entente while Petliura left the SDPists , thus demonstrating that the Ukrainian government had changed its political agenda and

11752-481: Was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people. Since 1795, the city had its own city magistrate, and since 1796 a city council of six members and the Odesa Commodity Exchange. In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. In 1803, the city accounted for 9,000 people. In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka,

11865-543: Was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory , one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union . Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during Ukrainian-Soviet War , Odesa saw two Bolshevik armed insurgencies, the second of which succeeded in establishing their control over the city; for the following months, the city became a center of the Odesa Soviet Republic . After signing of

11978-424: Was mainly one, namely the gradual integration into the Slavic population of Odesa, i.e. Russians and Ukrainians. Surnames began to be Russianized and Ukrainianized . The revolution of 1917 sent many of them to Italy, or to other cities in Europe. In Soviet times , only a few dozen Italians remained in Odesa, most of whom no longer knew their own language. Over time they merged with the local population, losing

12091-564: Was not the same one that had signed the treaty in Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918. In light of that a new Prime Minister was appointed as well, Serhiy Ostapenko , who headed his non-socialist government from 11 February 1919. When talks failed, Ostapenko was replaced by Borys Martos on 9 April 1919.   : Chairman of the Directorate Over two years (December 1918 to November 1920) there were five governments before

12204-630: Was ordered to establish the Dniester Border Line of fortresses. The commander of the land forces in Ochakiv Oblast was appointed Graf (Count) Suvorov-Rymnikskiy . The main fortress was built near Sucleia at the mouth of river Botna as the Head Dniester Fortress by Engineer-Major de Wollant . Near the new fortress saw the formation of a new "Vorstadt" (suburb) where people moved from Sucleia and Parkan. With

12317-449: Was organized inside the city itself. Lyudmila Pavlichenko , the famous female sniper, took part in the battle for Odesa. She recorded 187 confirmed kills during the defense of Odesa. Pavlichenko's confirmed kills during World War II totaled 309 (including 36 enemy snipers). The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941, and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. By that time,

12430-402: Was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city. The second and main line of defense was situated 6 to 8 kilometres (3.7 to 5.0 miles) from the city and was about 30 kilometres (19 miles) long. The third and last line of defense

12543-647: Was reestablished as well as the practice of cooperative agreements, the rights on coalition and activist strikes, and various other normative acts. Central Rada The Central Rada of Ukraine, also called the Central Council ( Ukrainian : Українська Центральна Рада , romanized :  Ukrainska Tsentralna Rada ), was the All-Ukrainian council that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputies as well as few members of political, public, cultural and professional organizations of

12656-487: Was removed from the project, and José de Ribas was implicated in a plot to assassinate the Emperor. After Paul's assassination in 1801, the city resumed construction, and used a plan largely from de Voland's work. It was thus one of the few master planned cities in the Russian Empire. In 1795, Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name " Одесса ( Odessa )" after a Greek colony of Odessos that supposedly

12769-452: Was torn between the pro-nationalistic, including the party of peasant-democrats, and the factions for the federal union with Russia. At the end the idea to reestablish the Central Rada was set aside as well as to recover all its legal acts yet the most important one were preserved. On 26 December 1918 the Directorate released its declaration to eliminate the Hetman regime. By the end of 1918

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