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43-569: The territory of the commune is bordered to the north by the Oued Sebaou and crossed by the Oued Bougdoura in its western part. The town of Draâ Ben Khedda was a relatively developed industrial center in the eastern region of Lower Kabylie, several factories are located in the city, among which the most notable is the textile industry complex specialized in weaving (formerly Cotitex - Industrial Cotton Factory And textile), opened in

86-461: A bearing or azimuth of 0° or 360°. Traveling directly north traces a meridian line upwards. North is specifically the direction that, in Western culture , is considered the fundamental direction: Magnetic north is of interest because it is the direction indicated as north on a properly functioning (but uncorrected) magnetic compass . The difference between it and true north is called

129-462: A compass. In North America the line of zero declination (the agonic line ) runs from the north magnetic pole down through Lake Superior and southward into the Gulf of Mexico (see figure). Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the agonic line a compass will give a reading that is east of true north and by convention the magnetic declination is positive. Conversely, east of

172-460: A hypothetical "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north (see Rupes Nigra ), or to Polaris , the pole star . The idea that Earth itself acts as essentially a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600, by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert . He was also the first to define the north magnetic pole as the point where Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This

215-473: A right angle from the prime direction, that are closest to the rising and setting, respectively, of the sun (or moon). Being the "default" direction on the compass, north is referred to frequently in Western popular culture. Some examples include: Magnetic north pole The north magnetic pole , also known as the magnetic north pole , is a point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which

258-470: A thousand jobs through cuts, voluntary departures and retirements. Currently and since 2011, the complex is affiliated with the Algerian Industrial and Technical Textile Company (EATIT) and has a little more than 600 workers. The dairy production complex (formerly Orlac - Center Milk Center), which was privatized in 2008, was created in the early 1970s and was considered one of the flagship of

301-598: Is related to the Old High German nord , both descending from the Proto-Indo-European unit * ner- , meaning "left; below" as north is to left when facing the rising sun. Similarly, the other cardinal directions are also related to the sun's position. The Latin word borealis comes from the Greek boreas "north wind, north", which, according to Ovid , was personified as the wind-god Boreas ,

344-485: Is north, then what we call the Earth's north magnetic pole is actually its south magnetic pole since it attracts the north magnetic pole of other magnets, such as compass needles. The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet's north pole and enter into the magnet's south pole. Early European navigators, cartographers and scientists believed that compass needles were attracted to

387-451: Is not exactly symmetric, the north and south magnetic poles are not antipodal , meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric center of Earth. Earth's north and south magnetic poles are also known as magnetic dip poles , with reference to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points. All magnets have two poles, where lines of magnetic flux enter one pole and emerge from

430-405: Is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia. Over the life of Earth, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a geomagnetic reversal . Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the seabed is filled in with magma . As

473-802: Is quite often associated with colder climates because most of the world's populated land at high latitudes is located in the Northern Hemisphere . The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ), Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ), Denmark ( Greenland ) and Iceland . While the choice of north over south as prime direction reflects quite arbitrary historical factors, east and west are not nearly as natural alternatives as first glance might suggest. Their folk definitions are, respectively, "where

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516-483: Is the current definition, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of Earth's magnetic field was understood with modern accuracy and precision. The first group to reach the north magnetic pole was led by James Clark Ross , who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on 1 June 1831, while serving on the second arctic expedition of his uncle, Sir John Ross . Roald Amundsen found

559-583: Is the most closely fitting model of Earth's actual magnetic field. The north magnetic pole moves over time according to magnetic changes and flux lobe elongation in the Earth's outer core . In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81°18′N 110°48′W  /  81.300°N 110.800°W  / 81.300; -110.800  ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 ) . It

602-447: Is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73°N and longitude 100°W. Your value of 73°15'N and 99°45’W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means. (The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.) The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that

645-561: The Top Gear: Polar Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which Jeremy Clarkson , James May , and their support and camera team claimed to be the first people in history to reach the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole in northern Canada by car. Note that they did not reach the actual north magnetic pole, which at the time (2007) had moved several hundred kilometers further north from

688-605: The United States Army to undertake the task. An assignment was made in 1946 for the Army Air Forces' recently formed Strategic Air Command to explore the entire Arctic Ocean area. The exploration was conducted by the 46th (later re-designated the 72nd) Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and reported on as a classified Top Secret mission named Project Nanook . This project in turn was divided into many separate, but identically classified, projects, one of which

731-433: The antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects Earth's surface. If Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the geomagnetic poles, and they would coincide with the magnetic poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the magnetic and geomagnetic poles lie some distance apart. Like the north magnetic pole, the north geomagnetic pole attracts

774-568: The magnetic declination (or simply the declination where the context is clear). For many purposes and physical circumstances, the error in direction that results from ignoring the distinction is tolerable; in others a mental or instrument compensation, based on assumed knowledge of the applicable declination, can solve all the problems. But simple generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound, and as likely to reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism . Maps intended for usage in orienteering by compass will clearly indicate

817-401: The planet's magnetic field points vertically downward (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate in three dimensions, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the geographic north pole . The geomagnetic north pole is the northern antipodal pole of an ideal dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field , which

860-441: The 1996 position. Historically, the magnetic compass was an important tool for navigation . While it has been widely replaced by Global Positioning Systems , many airplanes and ships still carry them, as do casual boaters and hikers. The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the north magnetic pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead,

903-407: The 20th century it moved 1,100 km (680 mi), and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 to 52 km (5.6 to 32.3 mi) per year (2001–2007 average; see also polar drift ). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in

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946-492: The Sun. As of early 2019, the magnetic north pole is moving from Canada towards Siberia at a rate of approximately 55 km (34 mi) per year. The NOAA gives the 2024 location of the magnetic north pole as 86 degrees North, 142 degrees East. By 2025, it will have drifted to 138 degrees East (same latitude). The first team of novices to reach the magnetic north pole did so in 1996, led by David Hempleman-Adams . It included

989-400: The agonic line a compass will point west of true north and the declination is negative. As a first-order approximation , Earth's magnetic field can be modeled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 10° with respect to Earth's rotation axis (which defines the geographic north and geographic south poles) and centered at Earth's center. The north and south geomagnetic poles are

1032-430: The compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over Earth's surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination . Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by

1075-467: The cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings, startling results were revealed: The center of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 km (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole was not a point but occupied an elliptical region with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island . Klein called

1118-518: The distance between the north magnetic pole and the geographic north pole was approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi). As of 2021, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic to 86°24′00″N 156°47′10″E  /  86.400°N 156.786°E  / 86.400; 156.786  ( Magnetic North Pole 2021 est ) . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the south magnetic pole . Since Earth's magnetic field

1161-405: The early years of independence, is one of the first steps in the country's industrialization. It has enjoyed a quarter century of prosperity, employing 5,600 workers. Its decline, which began in the mid-1980s with problems of equipment deterioration, will intensify in the 1990s with Over-stocking of production due to declining quality and competition from imported products; It will lose at every stage

1204-686: The father of Calais and Zetes . Septentrionalis is from septentriones , "the seven plow oxen", a name of Ursa Major . The Greek ἀρκτικός ( arktikós ) is named for the same constellation, and is the source of the English word Arctic . Other languages have other derivations. For example, in Lezgian , kefer can mean both "disbelief" and "north", since to the north of the Muslim Lezgian homeland there are areas formerly inhabited by non-Muslim Caucasian and Turkic peoples. In many languages of Mesoamerica , north also means "up". In Romanian

1247-624: The first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa , and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78°35′42″N 104°11′54″W  /  78.59500°N 104.19833°W  / 78.59500; -104.19833  ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) . The Polar Race

1290-401: The future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys. This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the north magnetic pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km (50 mi) from its mean position. This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from

1333-493: The local and national dairy industry. This article about a location in Tizi Ouzou Province is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions . It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west . North is a noun , adjective , or adverb indicating direction or geography . The word north

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1376-405: The local declination for easy correction to true north. Maps may also indicate grid north , which is a navigational term referring to the direction northwards along the grid lines of a map projection . The visible rotation of the night sky around the visible celestial pole provides a vivid metaphor of that direction corresponding to "up". Thus the choice of the north as corresponding to "up" in

1419-721: The north magnetic pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory , who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947. At the start of the Cold War , the United States Department of War recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North American Arctic and asked

1462-469: The north magnetic pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at 81°18′N 110°48′W  /  81.300°N 110.800°W  / 81.300; -110.800  ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 ) . In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at 83°57′00″N 120°43′12″W  /  83.95000°N 120.72000°W  / 83.95000; -120.72000  ( Magnetic North Pole 2007 location ) . During

1505-503: The north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the center of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2015 it was located at approximately 80°22′12″N 72°37′12″W  /  80.37000°N 72.62000°W  / 80.37000; -72.62000  ( Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est ) , over Ellesmere Island , Canada but it

1548-547: The northern hemisphere, or of south in that role in the southern, is, before worldwide communication, anything but an arbitrary one - at least for night-time astronomers. (Note: the southern hemisphere lacks a prominent visible analog to the northern Pole Star .) On the contrary, Chinese and Islamic cultures considered south as the proper "top" end for maps . In the cultures of Polynesia , where navigation played an important role, winds - prevailing local or ancestral - can define cardinal points . In Western culture : North

1591-645: The old word for north is mĭazănoapte , from Latin mediam noctem meaning midnight and in Hungarian is észak , which is derived from éjszaka ("night"), since between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle the Sun never shines from the north. North is sometimes abbreviated as N . By convention , the top or upward-facing side of a map is north. To go north using a compass for navigation , set

1634-484: The other pole. By analogy with Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's "north" and "south" poles. Before magnetism was well understood, the north-seeking pole of a magnet was defined to have the north designation, according to their use in early compasses . However, opposite poles attract, which means that as a physical magnet, the magnetic north pole of the Earth is actually on the southern hemisphere. In other words, if we establish that true geographic north

1677-584: The sun rises" and "where it sets". Except on the Equator, however, these definitions, taken together, would imply that Reasonably accurate folk astronomy, such as is usually attributed to Stone Age peoples or later Celts , would arrive at east and west by noting the directions of rising and setting (preferably more than once each) and choosing as prime direction one of the two mutually opposite directions that lie halfway between those two. The true folk-astronomical definitions of east and west are "the directions,

1720-506: The two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a "homing" procedure. About three months after Klein's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism, Department of Mines and Resources , Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948: … we agree on one point and that

1763-464: Was Project Polaris, which was a radar, photographic ( trimetrogon , or three-angle, cameras) and visual study of the entire Canadian Archipelago . A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight. Frank O. Klein, the director of the project, noticed that the fluxgate compass did not behave as erratically as expected—it oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region—and began to study northern terrestrial magnetism. With

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1806-427: Was a biannual competition that ran from 2003 until 2011. It took place between the community of Resolute , on the shores of Resolute Bay , Nunavut , in northern Canada and the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole at 78°35′42″N 104°11′54″W  /  78.59500°N 104.19833°W  / 78.59500; -104.19833  ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) , also in northern Canada. On 25 July 2007,

1849-540: Was situated at 83°06′N 117°48′W  /  83.100°N 117.800°W  / 83.100; -117.800  ( Magnetic North Pole 2005 est ) in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic at 84°54′N 131°00′W  /  84.900°N 131.000°W  / 84.900; -131.000  ( Magnetic North Pole 2009 ) , it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 km (34 and 37 mi) per year. In 2013,

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