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120-481: The Draghi government was formed following the resignation of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte in the midst of a political crisis which led to the Conte government losing its majority. After consultations with political parties, President Sergio Mattarella tasked Draghi with forming a "high-profile" government. Mattarella stated that the new government would have to face the health, economic and social crises related to

240-483: A Ministry of University and Research led by the dean of the University of Naples Federico II Gaetano Manfredi (Independent), who were sworn in on 10 January. Between December 2020 and January 2021, discussions arose within the government coalition between Conte and Matteo Renzi , former prime minister and leader of Italia Viva. Renzi called for radical changes to the government's economic recovery plans after

360-542: A caretaker government until the next government formation following the 2022 Italian general election on 25 September. At the time of the government formation, its ministers were part of the following parties. After 1 August 2022 the government was composed of the following parties. On 21 June 2022, Luigi Di Maio led a breakaway group outside of the M5S and formed Together for the Future , which confirmed its support for

480-663: A plurality of seats, receiving more votes together but without an absolute majority, in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate. The centre-left coalition led by former prime minister Matteo Renzi came in third. On 9 May, following weeks of political deadlock and the failure of various attempts of forming cabinets both between M5S and the centre-right and the Democratic Party (PD), Di Maio and Salvini responded to President Sergio Mattarella 's ultimatum to put together

600-527: A secular ideology, the Shiv Sena reflects right-wing policies and has a Hindu-nationalist ideology. The alliance formed the government in Maharashtra after a political crisis . The government lasted for 2.5 years, after which in 2022 a rebellion occurred in Shiv Sena regarding the alliance and another political crisis followed. After the government collapsed, the Shiv Sena split into two factions;

720-692: A technocrat , appointed to implement the government programme of M5S and the League, during the final months of his first cabinet and throughout his second one Conte became an increasingly influential and popular figure in Italian politics. During his premiership, he introduced important reforms including the introduction of a guaranteed minimum income , a constitutional reform to reduce the number of parliamentarians, nationalizations of ASPI (Italy's highway company), Alitalia (the Italian flag carrier ), and Ilva (Italy's largest steel company), as well as

840-473: A "political government". Meanwhile, Salvini and Di Maio announced their willingness to restart the negotiations to form a political government and Giorgia Meloni , leader of FdI, gave her support to this initiative. On 31 May, M5S and the League declared they had reached an agreement to form a new government without Savona as finance minister (he would become Minister of European Affairs) and with Conte at its head. On 1 June 2018, Conte officially succeeded

960-523: A ESM without conditionality to sustain direct and indirect healthcare costs and the implementation of the a recovery fund to help with post-COVID reconstruction. On 13 May, the Council of Ministers approved the so-called "Relaunch decree", with a budget of nearly €55 billion. This decree included "emergency income" for lower-income families, self-employed workers and economics aid to businesses. From 13 to 21 June 2020, Prime Minister Conte organized

1080-571: A Grand Coalition in Mongolia is formed for the first time in its history. Turkey's first grand coalition was formed after the 1961 general election , with members of Republican People's Party and Justice Party . At the same time, the grand coalition was also Turkey's first coalition government . In post-war Austria, a "grand coalition" ( German : Große Koalition ) between the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) and

1200-437: A centre-left bias. During his first cabinet, Conte's government rolled out what is known as the citizens' income ( Italian : reddito di cittadinanza ), a system of social welfare provision that provides a basic income and assistance in finding a job to help poor people and families. The income was set at a maximum of €780 per month, and in its first year the programme had almost 2.7 million applications. The bill

1320-784: A conference called Progettiamo il Rilancio ( We Plan the Relaunch ), better known as "estates general", in Villa Doria Pamphili in Rome, with the aim of "forging a coherent and well-funded plan for Italy's economic recovery from the coronavirus crisis". The government invited prominent international politicians including Paolo Gentiloni , David Sassoli and Ursula von der Leyen , economists such as Christine Lagarde , Ignazio Visco , Kristalina Georgieva , Olivier Jean Blanchard , Esther Duflo and Tito Boeri , and top managers like Vittorio Colao . The three main trade unions of

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1440-546: A crime. The decree was abolished in December 2020. On 23 September 2019, Italy and other four European countries, Germany, France, Malta and Finland, agreed on a draft deal to present to other EU countries on how to manage the migrant crisis and distribute those saved from the Mediterranean. This agreement was considered a victory for Conte and his new interior minister, Luciana Lamorgese . On 8 April 2020, amid

1560-603: A few days from the investiture vote, in an interview with la Repubblica , former prime minister Matteo Renzi announced his intention to leave the PD, launching a new centrist and liberal party named Italia Viva (IV). In the interview he confirmed also the support to Conte's government. Two ministers and one undersecretary followed Renzi to his new movement. In December 2019, the Minister of Education, Universities and Research Lorenzo Fioramonti resigned after disagreements with

1680-695: A governing coalition of the two largest parties, usually the Christian Democrats ( CDU / CSU ) and the Social Democrats (SPD). While Germany has historically tended to favour narrow coalitions of one of the two largest parties with the FDP or with the Greens , four grand coalitions have been formed at a federal level: the Kiesinger cabinet (1966–1969), the first Merkel cabinet (2005–2009),

1800-409: A government together. For example, in a national crisis such as a war or depression , people may feel a need for national unity and stability that overcomes ordinary ideological differences. This is especially true when there is broad agreement about the best policy to deal with the crisis. In this case, a grand coalition may occur even when one party has enough seats to govern alone. An example would be

1920-579: A grand coalition than with a narrow one. Ennahda Party made an alliance with the parties of opposing political ideologies, and governed Tunisia between 2011 and 2021. After the party won the Constituent Assembly election in 2011, an alliance was established with the second-placed party ( Congress for the Republic ) and the third-placed party ( Ettakatol ), forming the Troika alliance. In

2040-778: A majority in the European Parliament. Kaja Kallas' first cabinet was a grand coalition between the Reform Party and the Centre Party . Kallas dismissed the Centre ministers from her cabinet in June 2022, leaving it in a minority. She then formed another such coalition with the Social Democrats , in addition to Isamaa , after an agreement between Reform and the two other parties. In post-war Germany, "grand coalition" ( German : Große Koalition ) refers to

2160-402: A neutral technocratic caretaker-led government by officially requesting that he give them 24 more hours to achieve a governing agreement between their two parties. In the evening of that same day, Silvio Berlusconi publicly announced that Forza Italia would not support a M5S–League government on a vote of confidence, but he would still back the centre-right alliance, thus opening the doors to

2280-561: A new cabinet. On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace the following day. On 9 September 2019, the Chamber of Deputies expressed its confidence in the new government with 343 votes in favor, 263 against and 3 abstentions. On 10 September 2019, in the second vote of confidence in the Senate, 169 voted in favour of the Conte government and 133 against. On 16 September,

2400-409: A new government. At their meeting with President Mattarella, both parties asked for an additional week of negotiations to agree a detailed government programme and a prime minister to lead their joint government. Both M5S and the League announced their intention to ask their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the weekend. On 21 May, Conte was proposed by Di Maio and Salvini for

2520-496: A possible majority government between the two parties. On 13 May, M5S and the League reached an agreement in principle on a government programme, possibly clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties but could not reach an agreement on the members of a governing cabinet, most importantly the Prime Minister. M5S and League leaders met with President Sergio Mattarella on 14 May to shape

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2640-443: A reduction in taxes and a drastic cut in money going to elected politicians and government bureaucrats. Conte also proposed to lift the international sanctions against Russia. The Senate backed the confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies, voting 171 in favor and 117 against, with 25 abstentions. The cabinet was supported by M5S, Lega, two senators from Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE) and two independents while

2760-546: A round of consultations between Mattarella and the parliamentary groupings, a possible new majority emerged between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party . On 28 August, at the Quirinal Palace , the PD leader Nicola Zingaretti announced his support for keeping Giuseppe Conte as the head of the new government. Mattarella then summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace on 29 August to ask him to form

2880-520: A simple majority in parliament. Thus, the country had a hung parliament for the first time in its history. A few days after the election, the Conference of Rulers decreed that party leaders must work together to form a government. Pakatan Harapan's Prime Minister candidate, Anwar Ibrahim , was sworn in as the country's 10th Prime Minister after securing the support of Barisan National, its longstanding opponent, together with other parties that make up

3000-426: A statement posted on his Facebook page, he stated: "We have been going through a phase of real emergency. The widespread suffering of citizens, deep social unrest and economic difficulties require a clear perspective and a government that has a wider and more secure majority." The Prime Minister also demanded the formation of a national salvation government . At the end of the consultations, President Mattarella gave

3120-520: A stricter policy towards illegal immigration . In 2020, Italy became one of the countries worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic . His government was the first in the Western world to implement a national lockdown to stop the spread of the disease. Despite being widely approved by public opinion, the lockdown was also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of

3240-515: A vote of confidence in Cottarelli, while the M5S and the center-right parties Forza Italia (FI), Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the League, said they would vote against him. Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. On that and the following day, he held only informal consultations with the President, waiting for the formation of

3360-677: A year later. Soon afterwards, in 1994, the JSP negotiated with the LDP to form a grand coalition government. This lasted until January 1996, and the JSP collapsed after losing much of its political support. The Pakatan Harapan coalition and the Barisan National coalition formed the first grand coalition government in Malaysia in 2022, after the country's 15th general election . No major coalition secured enough seats in these elections to secure

3480-456: Is Austria, which had grand coalitions from 1945 to 1966 to this effect. It is also possible that so many parties are represented in parliament that no other coalition is stable. This is often done out of political necessity, to prevent an early election. For example, in Israel , the fragmentation and intransigence of some of the smaller parties has made it easier to maintain a coherent platform with

3600-425: Is currently professor of private law at the University of Florence and at Rome's LUISS . He sits on the board of trustees of John Cabot University in Rome. Conte's claim to have completed studies at New York University has been questioned, with the institution stating that "A person by this name does not show up in any of our records as either a student or faculty member." In 2010 and 2011, Conte served on

3720-488: Is part of the Benetton family owned Atlantia . The M5S asked the revocation of license to Benetton family and the nationalization of ASPI. Despite bitter controversies, the revocation was not immediately implemented. The last two cable-stayed pillars of the bridge were removed through explosive demolition on 28 June 2019. The complete bridge was scheduled to be removed, along with many damaged residential buildings in

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3840-453: The 2014 parliamentary election , the party came in second place, but it formed alliance with Nidaa Tounes which was in first place, despite the tensions in the electoral campaign. In the 2019 parliamentary election , the party returned to first place and allied with the Heart of Tunisia party, until the 2021 political crisis . The 2024 elections in the Republic of South Africa resulted in

3960-647: The African National Congress (ANC), which had been in power since 1994, losing its majority having received less than 41% of the national vote. The ANC formed a grand coalition with the Democratic Alliance (previously the official opposition) and nine other parties. Together the parties had 72% of seats in the South African Parliament . All parties who were prepared to sign a statement of intent, which contained

4080-497: The British national governments during World War I and before and during World War II . Another possibility is that the major parties may find they have more in common ideologically with each other than with the smaller parties. This is often a result of a cordon sanitaire , where the mainstream parties of the left and right form a coalition to keep parties of the far left or far right out of government. One such example

4200-507: The COVID-19 pandemic , as well as overseeing the EU relief fund associated with it. The Draghi government was described as a national unity government by numerous news sources. The choice by Mattarella to appoint Draghi as Prime Minister was welcomed by some international observers, with others casting doubt on the stability of a new technocratic government. The Draghi Government was formed with both politicians and independent technocrats , and

4320-770: The COVID-19 pandemic in Europe , Conte became the most vocal supporter of issuing Eurobonds to assist with the crisis, describing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) as "completely inadequate". Conte found key allies in France, Spain, Belgium , Ireland, Portugal , Greece , Slovenia and Luxembourg , which demanded more be done to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic; while Germany, the Netherlands , Austria , Finland and Estonia strongly opposed

4440-631: The Chamber of Deputies . In the Netherlands, there have been several cabinets which can be described as grand coalitions ( grote coalitie ). The Roman/Red coalitions of the 1940s and 1950s under Prime Minister Willem Drees were composed of the Christian democratic Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the social-democratic Labour Party (PvdA) at its core and several smaller parties as backup ( Drees–Van Schaik ). The Purple coalitions in

4560-417: The Democratic Party (PD), Forza Italia (FI), Free and Equal (LeU) and other small leftist parties voted against it. The far-right Brothers of Italy (FdI) and another ten independent senators abstained. On the following day, he received 350 votes in favour out of 630 in the Chamber of Deputies , 236 votes against and 35 abstained. As in the Senate, in the Chamber of Deputies PD, FI and LeU voted against

4680-562: The European Central Bank , the task of forming a new cabinet. On the following day, Conte met Draghi. On 4 February, during a brief declaration in front of Chigi Palace , Conte officially endorsed Draghi, asking M5S, PD and LeU to support the former ECB President and join his government. Conte also presented himself as a possible leader of the M5S–PD–LeU coalition which, according to him, must continue to cooperate, even after

4800-595: The International Culture Institute in Vienna in 1993. He later researched or lectured at Sorbonne University in 2000, Girton College, Cambridge in 2001 and New York University in 2008. He began his academic career during the 1990s when he taught at Roma Tre University , at LUMSA University in Rome, at the University of Malta , and at the University of Sassari in Sardinia. Conte

4920-531: The Mediterranean Sea . On 24 September 2018, the Council of Ministers approved the "Salvini decree", which contained a series of hardline measures that saw the Italian government abolish key forms of protection for migrants and make it easier for them to be deported. The decree also suspends the refugee application process of those who are considered "socially dangerous" or who have been convicted of

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5040-473: The Minister of Infrastructure and Transport , announced that the bridge-operation license would be temporarily assigned to previous operators ASPI. This gave rise to harsh criticism both from the right-wing opposition and the M5S. On 13 July, Conte stepped in to halt any possible prorogation of the license to ASPI, commenting that the company's proposal "was totally unacceptable", and he added: "The members of

5160-455: The President of the Chamber of Deputies , to explore the possibility of a grand coalition government. On 2 February, Fico confirmed that there was insufficient support for the proposal. With the prospect of early elections looming, on 3 February Mattarella invited former ECB President Mario Draghi to the Quirinal Palace to charge him to forming a national unity government. Draghi accepted

5280-533: The Socialists & Democrats (S&D). Until 2019, they held a majority in the European Parliament and worked together in a grand coalition. However, advances by green, liberal and right-wing populist parties across Europe in the 2019 European Parliament election led to the EPP-S&;D coalition losing their majority, making Renew Europe support necessary to give Ursula von der Leyen and her commission

5400-616: The coronavirus pandemic , the government closed all Italian ports until 31 July, stating that they could not ensure the necessary requirements for the classification and definition of "safe place", established by the Hamburg Rules  on maritime search and rescue." On 14 August 2018, during a torrential rainstorm over the city of Genoa , a 210-metre (690 ft) section of the Ponte Morandi collapsed. Between 30 and 35 cars and three trucks were reported to have fallen from

5520-465: The minister of economy and finances and economist Paolo Savona , who served in the cabinet of Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in the 1990s and is currently known for his Eurosceptic views, who became the new Minister of European Affairs. Party leaders Salvini and Di Maio were both appointed Deputy Prime Ministers . While Salvini became Minister of the Interior , with the main aim of drastically reducing

5640-457: The number of illegal immigrants , Di Maio served as Minister of Economic Development , Labour and Social Policies responsible for introducing the universal basic income . The coalition of the two populist parties which Conte led was also known as the Government of Change , because of a document that summarized the electoral programmes of the two parties, which was called "Contract for

5760-626: The second Müller cabinet (1928–1930). In Greece there had been two Grand Coalitions known in Greece as National Unity Governments. The first one is the Coalition Cabinet of Xenophon Zolotas composed by the right-wing New Democracy (Greece) and the left-wing PASOK and Synaspismos because of a hung parliament and the second one is the Cabinet of Lucas Papademos composed by the right-wing New Democracy and Popular Orthodox Rally and

5880-865: The third Merkel cabinet (2013-2018), and the fourth Merkel cabinet (2018–2021). Under the Weimar Republic , the Great Coalition included all of the major parties of the left, centre, and centre-right who formed the basis of most governments: the SPD , the Catholic Centre Party , the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the German People's Party (DVP). The two examples were the first and second Stresemann cabinets (August–November 1923) and, less ephemerally,

6000-406: The "defense lawyer of the Italian people". On 27 May, Conte resigned his office because of disagreements between Salvini and President Mattarella. Salvini proposed the university professor Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finances , but Mattarella strongly opposed him, considering Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German . In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that

6120-471: The "first modern populist government in Western Europe". Conte has often been called "the people's lawyer" ( l'avvocato del popolo ), as he described himself during his first speech as prime minister. Conte was born on 8 August 1964 into a middle-class family at Volturara Appula , near Foggia . His father Nicola was a public employee in the local municipality, while his mother Lillina Roberti

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6240-501: The 1990s under Prime Minister Wim Kok were between the PvdA, the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the social-liberal Democrats 66 (D66) party ( First Kok cabinet ). The Second Rutte cabinet , a grand coalition cabinet which can also be described as a purple coalition, was composed of the VVD and the PvdA. A more traditional grand coalition cabinet

6360-696: The Autonomies , Europeanists , and some members of the Mixed Group all expressed support for the reappointment of Conte as Prime Minister, but IV ruled this out. The centre-right and right-wing parties, the League (Lega), Forza Italia (FI) and the Brothers of Italy (FdI), stated that they preferred a snap election , but would be willing to join a national unity government under certain conditions. Following this deadlock, Mattarella asked Roberto Fico ,

6480-519: The Benetton family have not yet understood that this government will not sacrifice the good of the public on the altar of their interests." Grand coalition A grand coalition is an arrangement in a multi-party parliamentary system in which the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies unite in a coalition government . Occasionally circumstances arise in which normally opposing parties may find it desirable to form

6600-598: The Borneo Bloc: Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) and Warisan . This coalition government is commonly referred to as a Unity Government , even in official communication by the government itself, but this is not a commonly-accepted use of the term. A Unity Government is typically defined as a broad coalition government that lacks opposition. In Malaysia's case, the Perikatan Nasional coalition serves as

6720-700: The COVID-19 pandemic was especially severe in Italy. In July 2020, to assist with the COVID-19 recession , Conte and other European leaders approved the Next Generation EU package, by which Italy will receive 209 billion euros in grants and loans from the European Recovery Fund. When Matteo Renzi 's Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government, it started the 2021 Italian government crisis in January. Although Conte

6840-412: The COVID-19 pandemic, and also demanded that Conte cede his mandate over the secret services coordination task. During his end-of-year press conference, Conte declined Renzi's requests, asserting that he still had a majority in the Parliament. During a press conference on 13 January, Renzi announced the resignation of IV's two ministers, effectively triggering the collapse of Conte's government . Conte

6960-440: The Democrat Paolo Gentiloni as the head of the Italian government and was sworn in as the new prime minister. His cabinet was predominantly composed of members of the M5S and the League, but also of prominent independent technocrats like the Minister of Foreign Affairs Enzo Moavero Milanesi , who previously served as the Minister of European Affairs in the government of Mario Monti , the university professor Giovanni Tria as

7080-502: The European leaders agreed on a new proposal by the president of the Council, Charles Michel , which provided a budget of €750 billion for the Recovery Fund , composed of €390 billion in grants and €360 billion in loans. Italy would benefit from nearly €82 billion in grants and €127 billion in loans. Prime Minister Conte described the deal as an "historic day for Italy and Europe". When Conte became prime minister in 2018, he acted quickly to deliver on promises to

7200-425: The Federal Council from the CVP to the SVP. However, the government's policies are only supported on a case-by-case basis by the parliamentary groups of the governing parties, so these major parties are in government and opposition at the same time. The UK has had grand coalitions in central government during periods of wartime. They are referred to as the "National Government". The Northern Ireland Executive ,

7320-409: The Government of Change". During his speech before the investiture vote in the Italian Senate on 5 June, Conte stressed his wish to reduce illegal immigration and increase the pressure on human traffickers and smugglers. He also advocated a fight against political corruption, the introduction of a law which regulates the conflict of interests , a new bill which expands the right of self-defense ,

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7440-426: The Italian Republic, although the Constitution itself authorizes such measures in case of public health concerns. Conte's extensive use of prime ministerial decrees to impose restrictions aimed at containing the pandemic gave rise to criticism from journalists, political analysts, and opposition politicians, even if it was widely appreciated by public opinion, as shown by several opinion polls. The economic impact of

7560-407: The M5S (2021–present) Giuseppe Conte ( Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈkonte] ; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist , academic, and politician who served as prime minister of Italy from June 2018 to February 2021. He has been the president of the Five Star Movement (M5S) since August 2021. Conte spent the greater part of his career as a private law professor and

7680-483: The M5S and League leaders as his joint deputies. In August 2019, the League filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government and Conte offered to resign as prime minister; the M5S and the Democratic Party agreed to form a new government , with Conte remaining at its head. This made Conte the first prime minister to lead two separate Italian governments made up of right-wing and left-wing coalition partners. Despite having begun his political career as

7800-461: The M5S held an online referendum on whether to "support a technical-political government with the other political forces indicated by the appointed prime minister Mario Draghi", which was approved by 59.3%. Having achieved sufficient support, on 12 February Draghi met with President Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace and presented his list of ministers. The Draghi government was sworn in on the following day, 13 February, at 11:00 AM UTC. The government

7920-463: The PP was not among the two largest political parties in the regional assembly. Switzerland is a Directorial Republic , which means that the role of Head of State is collectively exercised by the Cabinet of Ministers, who are each elected by Parliament and whose chair is primus inter pares . The Federal Council consists of seven members who are elected by the Federal Assembly (both National Council and Council of States ) in joint session, with

8040-492: The abstention of IV, but could only reach a plurality in the Senate, rather than an absolute majority. In the wake of this, Conte tendered his resignation to President Mattarella, who then began a round of discussions with various parties to form a new government. Mattarella met with delegations of political parties on 28 and 29 January to determine their views on the formation of a new government. The Five Star Movement (M5S), Democratic Party (PD), Free and Equal (LeU), For

8160-421: The biggest group in the opposition bloc. Following the election, the ruling Mongolian People's Party had been reduced from Supermajority to simple majority for the first time in 8 years. Although The Mongolian People's Party could have formed a government of their own, the party leaders of Mongolian People's Party , Democratic Party (Mongolia) and HUN Party met and signed a memorandum to cooperate, thus

8280-509: The board of directors of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and in 2012 he was appointed by the Bank of Italy as a member of the "Banking and Financial Arbitrage " commission. He served also in the scientific committee of the Italian Foundation of Notaries . On 18 September 2013, he was elected by the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Bureau of Administrative Justice, the self-governing body of administrative magistrates, on which he also served as vice president. In February 2018, Conte

8400-429: The bridge, with the deaths of 43 people. The day after the collapse, Conte declared a state of emergency for the Liguria region, which would last for a year. After few days, Conte appointed Marco Bucci , the elected mayor of Genoa, as extraordinary commissioner for bridge reconstruction. In addition, the government put pressure on the managers of the Italian highway company, Autostrade per l’Italia (ASPI), which

8520-421: The centrist Civic Choice (SC) and Union of the Centre (UdC) parties. In November 2013, The People of Freedom (later renamed as Forza Italia ) however dropped out and broke apart, leaving the Letta Cabinet and further Renzi Cabinet (Coalition between PD, NCD, SC and UdC) with a small majority. The Patriotic Union and the Progressive Citizens' Party have often governed Liechtenstein together, including

8640-543: The chair, the President of the Swiss Confederation , and the vice-president elected annually in rotation by Parliament in order of seniority—meaning that Switzerland actually has no Prime Minister and no member of the Federal Council is superior to another. By constitutional convention since 1959, the so-called " Magic Formula " ( German : Zauberformel ) allocates seats in the Federal Council to

8760-463: The conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) has been standard since World War II . Of the 31 governments which have taken office since 1945, 20 have been grand coalitions, including eleven consecutively from 1945 to 1966. Grand coalitions again governed from 1987 to 2000 and 2007 to 2017. Grand coalitions have also been common at the state level: as of July 2020, grand coalitions governed Carinthia , Styria , Lower Austria , and Upper Austria ; in

8880-538: The country, CGIL , CISL and UIL , and the Italian industrial employers' confederation, Confindustria , also took part in this estates general. The Prime Minister also invited also the opposition leaders; however, on 10 June, Matteo Salvini , Giorgia Meloni and Antonio Tajani said they would not take part in the conference. From 17 to 21 July, Giuseppe Conte took part in one of the longest European Councils in history. After days of harsh confrontations, especially between Conte and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte ,

9000-559: The devolved administration of Northern Ireland, must by law, be a coalition of the largest Nationalist (also predominantly left of centre) and Unionist (also predominantly right of centre) parties. The chief post, of First Minister and deputy First Minister , is a diarchy . Most recently, this coalition has been led by Sinn Féin and the Democratic Unionist Party since the 2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation . All parties, major and minor, are offered posts in

9120-430: The end of his government. On economic and fiscal issues, one of the main proposals of his first government was a reform of the Italian tax system , with the introduction of a 15% rate flat tax for small entrepreneurs and self-employed with an amount of annual revenues less than €65,000. Though this "flat regime" was a proposal from the right-wing League, it was also confirmed by Conte's second government, which had

9240-468: The entire period from 1938 to 1997. In Luxembourg, towards the end of World War I , a new Chamber of Deputies was elected in 1918 with the explicit aim of reviewing the constitution . To this end, formalised parties were formed by the main political blocs, so as to increase their bargaining power in the negotiations. The revisions to the constitution introduced universal suffrage and compulsory voting , adopted proportional representation , and limited

9360-538: The escalation of the Croatian War of Independence . It was the 3rd cabinet of Croatia since the first multi-party elections , and its term ended on 12 August 1992 after the first parliamentary election under the 1990 Croatian Constitution . During the term of this cabinet Croatia gained internationally diplomatic recognition and became a member of the United Nations . The government was dominated by

9480-551: The eurobonds. Conte, during an interview with German weekly Die Zeit , questioned: "What do we want to do in Europe? Does each member state want to go its own way?", He also added: "If we are a union, now is the time to prove it." On 8 April, he stated "we should loosen the European fiscal rules, otherwise we would have to cancel Europe and everyone will go their own way." On 23 April, the European Council agreed on

9600-441: The first from Southern Italy since Ciriaco De Mita in 1989. Conte was also the longest-serving independent prime minister in the history of Italy, even though he was widely seen as close to the M5S. Because of his leadership style, Conte has often been considered one of the leading examples of techno-populism , while his first cabinet was described by many publications, such as The New York Times and la Repubblica , as

9720-503: The first time in its history. The former opposition, consisting of parties ranging from the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) to the neoconservative Japan Renewal Party , united around Morihiro Hosokawa as their choice for prime minister . After having passed electoral reform legislation, which was the coalition's raison d'être , the bickering between ideological factions led to the grand coalition falling apart less than

9840-464: The following day, Conte won a vote of confidence in the Senate too, with 156 votes in favor, 140 against and 16 abstentions; however, despite being externally supported by two dissident members of Forza Italia and three senators for life, the government was not able to reach an absolute majority in the upper house. On 26 January, after a few days of inconclusive negotiations with centrist and independent senators, Conte resigned as prime minister. In

9960-601: The four major parties represented in Parliament. Due to that, these major parties form a de facto perennial "grand coalition" or constant national unity government with a supermajority in both the National Council and the Council of States. This magic formula was adjusted after the Swiss People's Party (SVP) became the largest party represented in Parliament in the 2003 elections , transferring one seat in

10080-452: The government's anti-immigration base through strict controls on immigration to Italy . Since 2013, Italy had absorbed over 700,000 African migrants arriving by boat from Libya . During his premiership, Conte and his Interior Minister Matteo Salvini promoted stricter policies regarding immigration and public security. After Conte's approval on 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports to vessels rescuing immigrants in

10200-452: The government, while FdI abstained. Besides M5S and League, Conte received two votes from independent deputies and one vote from Vittorio Sgarbi , a notable and controversial member of Forza Italia who has always heavily criticised M5S, but decided to support the cabinet in support of Salvini, and with the hope that a M5S government could lead to the party's failure. On 5 February 2019, Conte became acting Minister of European Affairs after

10320-492: The government. Mariastella Gelmini , Renato Brunetta and Mara Carfagna left FI on 21, 22 and 26 July, respectively. On 29 July, Gelmini and Carfagna joined Action. On 30 July, Federico D'Incà left the M5S, and on 1 August he founded Environment 2050 alongside deputy Davide Crippa. On 13 January 2021, Italia Viva (IV) withdrew its support for the second Conte government , triggering a political crisis. Conte subsequently won confidence motions in both houses of Parliament, with

10440-462: The houses of Parliament, leading to an early election in September 2022 , and asked Draghi to stay in office to handle current affairs (as is customary in Italian politics) until a new government could be formed following the upcoming general election. The Council of Ministers is composed of the following members: Giuseppe Conte Prime Minister of Italy (2018–2021) President of

10560-491: The largest parties of the centre-right Independence Party (16), the left-wing Left-Green Movement (9), and the liberal agrarian Progressive Party (8). All of the parties are opposed to EU integration . In Italy, "grand coalition" ( Italian : Grande coalizione ) refers to the first supermajority government formed in April 2013 between center-left Democratic Party (PD), center-right The People of Freedom (PdL) party, and

10680-504: The last two of these, grand coalitions (more specifically, all-party government) are compulsory under the constitution. The Third Government of the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Treća Vlada Republike Hrvatske ) or The Government of National Unity ( Croatian : Vlada nacionalnog jedinstva ) was the Croatian Government cabinet led by Prime Minister Franjo Gregurić . It was announced on 17 July 1991 in response to

10800-459: The left-wing PASOK because of the Greek government-debt crisis . There were also grand coalitions during the governments of Tzannis Tzannetakis (New Democracy and Synaspismos), Antonis Samaras (New Democracy, PASOK and Democratic Left (Greece) ) and Alexis Tsipras ( Syriza , Independent Greeks and Ecologist Greens ) In Iceland there has been a grand coalition since 30 November 2017 between

10920-919: The main principles for what it called the Government of National Unity (GNU), were included. In the Indian state of Maharashtra , the Maha Vikas Aghadi alliance was formed between the Indian National Congress , the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) and the Shiv Sena after the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election . While the Congress and the NCP reflect centre to centre-left policies and have

11040-447: The national level, though it was proposed by then Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy during the 2015–2016 government formation process . Rajoy's own investiture on 29 October 2016 was allowed by the abstention of PSOE's MPs, in what was dubbed a "covert grand coalition", in reference to PSOE's tolerance of Rajoy's minority government through punctual agreements until the re-election of Pedro Sánchez as party leader in June 2017. At

11160-547: The no-confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the Lega's standing in Parliament, to enable Salvini to become the next prime minister. On 20 August, following a parliamentary debate in the Senate, in which Conte accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest", he said: "this government ends here". The Prime Minister resigned his post to President Mattarella . Subsequently, during

11280-476: The offer, and began consultations with the leaders of political parties. Conte publicly endorsed him as his successor the following day, and further negotiations commenced. On 10 February, League leader Matteo Salvini and FI leader Silvio Berlusconi jointly announced their support for Draghi. Conversely, FdI leader Giorgia Meloni stated that her party would go into opposition. The PD's national board unanimously voted on 11 February to support Draghi. The same day,

11400-408: The part of the government, there is the utmost commitment to translate this request for change into concrete solutions. We all have a great responsibility for this." In February 2020, Conte appointed Mariana Mazzucato as his economic counselor. Mazzucato, a professor at University College London , is considered one of the most prominent supporters of state intervensionism . In April 2020, amid

11520-435: The powers of the monarch . Since the foundation of the party system , only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has included only members of a single party. Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter what their ideologies; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world. Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in

11640-542: The president of the Chamber Roberto Fico the task of verifying the possibility of a new government with the same majority of the previous one, composed by M5S, PD, IV and LeU. However, on 2 February, Italia Viva broke away from the majority due to disagreements on both platform and cabinet members, leading Fico to head back to Mattarella with a negative outcome. Following the unsuccessful government formation, Mattarella gave Mario Draghi , former president of

11760-459: The regional level, grand coalitions between the two largest parliamentary forces have been rare, but examples exist: Additionally, both PSOE and PP formed a joint coalition government—which also included other parties—following a successful vote of no confidence in the Cantabrian regional government of Juan Hormaechea in 1990, enduring until the 1991 regional election . At the time, however,

11880-688: The relatively moderate and secular group Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) (SS (UBT)) led by Uddhav Thackeray and the Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena , the Hindu nationalist group led by Eknath Shinde . The alliance still exists between the Congress, the NCP and the SS (UBT), though they sit in the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly . Israel has had several grand coalition governments. The first

12000-460: The resignation of Paolo Savona , who was elected President of the Companies and Exchange Commission (CONSOB). He held the ad interim office until 10 July 2019, when he appointed Lorenzo Fontana  as the new minister. In August 2019, after growing tensions within the majority, Deputy Prime Minister Salvini entered a motion of no confidence against Conte. Many political analysts believe

12120-455: The rest of the cabinet over the recently approved 2020 budget bill. Fioramonti considered the share of funds dedicated to education and research to be insufficient. Conte took the ministerial role ad interim , and announced his decision to split the Ministry of Education, University and Research into two: a Ministry of Public Education led by former undersecretary Lucia Azzolina (M5S), and

12240-575: The right-wing Croatian Democratic Union and it contained the Social Democratic Party of Croatia , Croatian Social Liberal Party , Croatian People's Party , Croatian Christian Democratic Party , Socialist Party of Croatia , Social Democrats of Croatia and the Croatian Democratic Party After the Velvet Revolution , there was a government of socialists ( ČSSD ) with Prime Minister Miloš Zeman supported by

12360-541: The right-wing ODS , known as the opposition agreement . After the 2022 Danish general election a grand coalition was formed between the centre-left Social Democrats , the centre-right Venstre and the centrist Moderates , presided over by the social democrat Mette Frederiksen . In the European Parliament , the two main pan-European party groups are the European People's Party (EPP) and

12480-411: The role of prime minister in the 2018 Italian government , despite reports in the Italian press suggesting that President Mattarella still had significant reservations about the direction of the new government. On 23 May, Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet. In the traditional statement after the appointment, Conte said that he would be

12600-485: The surrounding area. The reconstruction of a replacement bridge, designed by famous Italian architect Renzo Piano , began on 25 June 2019 and was completed on 28 April 2020. On 3 August 2020, the new bridge, named Saint George Bridge , after the patron saint of the Republic of Genoa , was inaugurated by Conte and President Mattarella and opened to motor vehicles after a few days. In July 2020, Paola De Micheli ,

12720-616: The two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the Eurozone and, as the guarantor of the Italian Constitution and the country's interest and stability, he could not allow this. On the following day, Mattarella gave Carlo Cottarelli , a former director of the International Monetary Fund , the task of forming a new government. On 28 May, the Democratic Party (PD) announced that it would abstain from

12840-579: Was able to win confidence votes in Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign after failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate. When negotiations to form Conte's third cabinet failed, the former president of the European Central Bank , Mario Draghi was asked to form a national unity government . Conte was the fifth prime minister appointed without prior political experience, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Silvio Berlusconi , Lamberto Dini , and Mario Monti , as well as

12960-554: Was also a member of the Italian Bureau of Administrative Justice from 2013 to 2018. Following the 2018 Italian general election , he was proposed as the independent leader of a coalition government between the M5S and the League , despite his having never held any political position before. After both parties agreed on a programme of government, he was sworn in as prime minister on 1 June by President Sergio Mattarella , appointing

13080-780: Was an elementary school teacher. After his family moved to San Giovanni Rotondo , Conte attended the Classical Lyceum " Pietro Giannone " in San Marco in Lamis and then studied law at the Sapienza University of Rome , where he graduated in 1988, with honours. In 1992, he formally qualified as a lawyer, before, for a short term, studying abroad. In the same year, he moved to the United States to study at Yale Law School and Duquesne University , and at

13200-608: Was composed of twenty-four ministers, eight women and sixteen men, most of them from Northern Italy, largely from Lombardy and Veneto ; it contained representatives from all supportive political parties, as well as numerous independent technocrats. On 17 February 2021, the Senate approved the Draghi government with 262 votes in favour, 40 against and 2 abstentions. The following day, the Chamber of Deputies affirmed its support, with 535 votes in favour, 56 against and 5 abstentions. This

13320-532: Was continued as a non-rotation grand coalition until 1990). In 2021, a rotation grand coalition government, the Bennett-Lapid government , succeeded another rotation grand coalition in the form of the Netanyahu-Gantz government . Following the 1993 Japanese general elections , the historically hegemonic Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was narrowly placed into the opposition in the lower house for

13440-544: Was later confirmed by Conte's second cabinet. In September 2019, at the head of his second government, Conte launched a "Green New Deal", named after the analogous US proposed legislation that aimed to address climate change and economic inequality . In the same period, he praised students who protested against climate change , saying: "The images from the squares during the Fridays for Future are extraordinary, with so many young people participating with such passion. On

13560-516: Was national-liberal Nicolae Ciucă . His cabinet was sworn in on 25 November. The coalition supports the Romanian President Klaus Iohannis . In Spain, the term "grand coalition" is typically used to refer to any hypothetical government formed between the centre-right to right-wing People's Party (PP) and the centre-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). No such a coalition government has ever been formed at

13680-504: Was rejected by President Mattarella. After a few days, on 20 July, Draghi spoke to the Senate again, seeking a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI on a new government without the M5S. In that occasion, the M5S, Lega and FI, three major parties which were supporting the Draghi government, withdrew their support. Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved

13800-468: Was soon backed by many members of his cabinet, like Dario Franceschini , Luigi Di Maio , Roberto Speranza , Stefano Patuanelli , Alfonso Bonafede , Vincenzo Spadafora and Riccardo Fraccaro . On the following day, Conte took the ad interim roles of Minister of Agriculture and Minister for Family . On 18 January 2021, the government won the vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies with 321 votes in favour, 259 against and 27 abstentions. On

13920-589: Was suggested by Luigi Di Maio , leader of the Five Star Movement (M5S), as a possible Minister of the Public Administration in his potential cabinet following the 2018 Italian general election ; the election resulted in a hung parliament , as M5S became the party with the largest number of votes and of parliamentary seats, while the centre-right coalition , led by Matteo Salvini 's League and other right-wing parties, emerged with

14040-557: Was supported by a large majority of the Italian Parliament , including the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S), the right-wing League (Lega), the centre-right Forza Italia (FI), the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), the centrist Italia Viva (IV), and the leftist Article One (Art.1). On 21 July 2022, following M5S, Lega and FI's withdrawal of their support to the government, Prime Minister Draghi submitted his resignation. The government continued to operate as

14160-642: Was the Third Lubbers cabinet , comprising the Christian-democratic Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the PvdA. After the political crisis in autumn 2021 , PNL , PSD and the UDMR reached an agreement to rule the country together for the next seven years. Thus, it has been agreed that the prime minister and several other important ministries should be changed every 18 months. The prime minister appointed

14280-553: Was the third largest majority garnered by a government in the history of the Italian Republic after the Monti government and after the fourth Andreotti government . In July 2022, the M5S did not participate to a confidence vote in the Senate on a government bill, the so-called decreto aiuti , regarding a €27 billion economic aid to counteract the energy and economy crisis. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which

14400-415: Was the wartime government of Levi Eshkol , formed in 1967 and which lasted until 1970. Subsequent grand coalitions were formed in the 1980s and at several points in the 21st century. Several of Israel's grand coalitions were rotation governments, in which the premiership alternated between center-left and center-right leaders. The first was from 1984 to 1988, led by Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Shamir (which

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