Drahomanivka ( Ukrainian : драгоманівка , IPA: [drɐɦoˈmɑn⁽ʲ⁾iu̯kɐ] ) was a proposed reform of the Ukrainian alphabet and orthography, promoted by Mykhailo Drahomanov . This orthography was used in a few publications and in Drahomanov's correspondence, but due to cultural resistance and political persecution it was never able to catch on.
5-547: It was a phonemic orthography , developed in Kyiv in the 1870s by a group of cultural activists led by Pavlo Zhytetsky and including Drahomanov, for the compilation of a Ukrainian dictionary. The 1876 Ems Ukaz banned Ukrainian-language publications and public performances in the Russian Empire, so cultural activity was forced to move abroad before this reform had a chance to be published. Zhytetsky named this alphabet
10-960: The Hertsehovynka , after the influence of the recent Serbian orthography of Vuk Karadžić , from Herzegovina . But Drahomanov first used it in a publication ( Hromada , Geneva 1878), and it came to be popularly referred to as the Drahomanivka . It was used in Drahomanov's publications and personal correspondence, as well as in publications in Western Ukraine (Austro-Hungarian Galicia ) by Drahomanov's colleagues Ivan Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk ( Hromadskyi Druh, Dzvin, and Molot , Lviv 1878). But these publications were opposed by conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians and Russophiles ) and persecuted by
15-675: The Polish-dominated Galician authorities, and the orthography fell into obscurity. The Drahomanivka was based on the phonemic principle , with each letter representing exactly one Ukrainian phoneme (one meaningful unit of sound). The letter ⟨щ⟩ , which represents the sequence [ʃtʃ] , was replaced by ⟨шч⟩ . Palatalization was represented by the soft sign ⟨ь⟩ , so after softened consonants ⟨я, є, ю⟩ were replaced with ⟨ьа, ье, ьу⟩ . The semivowel [j] , written ⟨й⟩ ,
20-510: The use of Drahomanivka was presented on the 2003 Ukrainian twenty- hryvnia banknote. It shows a fragment of Ivan Franko 's poem "Veselka", written in the Drahomanivka, beside the poet's portrait: Земле, моја всеплодьучаја мати! Сили, шчо в твојіј движесь глубині, Краплоу, шчоб в боју сміліјше стојати , дај і міні! Phonemic orthography Too Many Requests If you report this error to
25-491: Was replaced with the Latin ⟨j⟩ ; the sequences [jɑ, jɛ, ju, ji] were to be written ⟨ја, је, ју, јі⟩ instead of with the iotated vowels ⟨я, є, ю, ї⟩ . Due to these changes the hard sign —then written ⟨ъ⟩ but later as an apostrophe ⟨'⟩ —was superfluous and to be abandoned. The verb ending ‑ться was written ‑тцьа . Examples: An example of
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