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49-791: There was speculation in the Japanese press that DSE was a front for Yamaguchi-gumi , a notorious yakuza organization. On June 5, 2006, Fuji Television announced that they were terminating their television contract with DSE effective immediately due to a breach of contract. This left Pride and Hustle without a television outlet in Japan, and the lack of the substantial revenues from the deal threatens its sustainability. Furthermore, Fuji banned anyone connected with DSE on their programs. On June 12, 2006, SKY PerfecTV! , Japan's leading satellite broadcasting company, announced that they would continue to carry DSE programming, such as Pride and Hustle. Hustle, and

98-579: A big production center, the local economy recovered very quickly. Even though less than half the port facilities had been rebuilt by that stage, within a year import volumes through the port had recovered fully and export volumes were nearly back to where they would have been without the disaster. Less than 15 months after the earthquake, in March 1996, manufacturing activity in greater Kobe was at 98% of its projected pre-quake level. The fact that volunteers from all over Japan converged on Kobe to help victims of

147-646: A certain magnitude, which allowed them to deploy to the Niigata region within minutes. Control over fire response was likewise handed over from local fire departments to a central command base in Tokyo and Kyoto. In response to the widespread damage to transportation infrastructure, and the resulting effect on emergency response times in the disaster area, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport began designating special disaster prevention routes and reinforcing

196-567: A lesser extent. Those that were not constructed to these standards suffered serious structural damage, such as traditional houses which had heavy tiled roofs that could weigh as much as two tons, intended to resist the frequent typhoons plaguing Kobe, but were only supported by a light wooden frame. When these wood supports gave way, the roof would crush the unreinforced walls and floors in a pancake collapse . Newer homes have reinforced walls and lighter roofs to avoid this, but are thusly more susceptible to typhoons. The damage to highways and subways

245-463: A link that carried 40% of Osaka-Kobe road traffic. Half of the elevated expressway's piers sustained some damage. The entire route was not reopened until September 30, 1996. Three bridges on the less heavily used Route 2 were damaged, but the highway was reopened well ahead of Route 3 and served as one of the main intercity road links for a time. The Meishin Expressway was only lightly damaged, but

294-1069: A loose labor union for dockworkers in Kobe before World War II . It is one of the largest criminal organizations in the world. According to the National Police Agency , it had 3,500 active members at the end of 2023. The Yamaguchi-gumi are among the world's wealthiest gangsters, bringing in billions of dollars a year from extortion , gambling , prostitution , arms trafficking , drug trafficking , real estate and construction kickback schemes. They are also involved in stock market manipulation and Internet pornography . The Yamaguchi-gumi has its headquarters in Kobe, but it operates all across Japan and has overseas operations. Its current kumichō (Boss), Shinobu Tsukasa , has declared an expansionist policy—even making inroads into Tokyo , traditionally not Yamaguchi turf. They also have multiple groups working overseas. Immediately after

343-478: A major wake-up call for Japanese disaster prevention authorities. Japan installed rubber blocks under bridges to absorb the shock and rebuilt buildings further apart to prevent collateral damage. The national government changed its disaster response policies in the wake of the earthquake, and its response to the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake was significantly faster and more effective. The Ground Self-Defense Forces were given automatic authority to respond to earthquakes over

392-562: A member of the Yamaguchi-gumi, in connection with a scam in 2018 where the damage was worth 60 million yen ($ 475,059 US dollars in 2022). When Taoka inherited the title of kumichō , it was merely a local family with only a few dozen members. It was Taoka who made Yamaguchi-gumi Japan's largest criminal organization . He urged his underlings to have legitimate businesses and allowed them to have their own families, which became quasi– subsidiary families of Yamaguchi-gumi. He also created

441-655: A press conference in Japan alongside Pride F.C. Executive Nobuyuki Sakakibara , announcing the complete buyout of Pride F.C. and all of its assets by Zuffa (sources close have indicated the buyout to be slightly under $ 70 million USD). While little official information has been released following the buy-out, it is presumed that DSE will fold and PRIDE F.C. will be operated by the newly created parent company, PRIDE F.C. Worldwide. In 2008, various executives and on-screen personnel from Dream Stage Entertainment joined FEG latest MMA endeavor, DREAM replaced FEG's previous mixed martial arts fight series, HERO'S. The series retained many of

490-672: A senior ranking member of the Suishin-kai (an affiliated yakuza family to the Yamaguchi-gumi), assassinated Iccho Itoh , the mayor of Nagasaki , over an apparent dispute over damage done to Shiroo's car at a public works construction site. On May 26, 2008, Tetsuya Shiroo was sentenced to death. However, the Fukuoka High Court revoked the death sentence and sentenced him to life imprisonment on September 29, 2009. Yakuza membership has been steadily declining since

539-481: A structural system in the family. Wakagashira were elected as underbosses to the kumichō and some powerful members were elected as wakagashira-hosa (deputy underbosses). After the death of Taoka, the heir apparent, wakagashira Kenichi Yamamoto ( kumichō of the Yamaken-gumi ), was serving a prison sentence. He died of liver failure shortly afterward. Taoka's wife, Fumiko Taoka, stepped forward to fill

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588-575: Is called The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster ( 阪神・淡路大震災 , Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai ) , often shortened to The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster ( 阪神大震災 , Hanshin Daishinsai ) ( Hanshin refers to the area encompassing Osaka and Kobe). In the scientific literature the earthquake itself is called the 1995 Southern Hyōgo Prefecture Earthquake ( 平成7年(1995年)兵庫県南部地震 , Heisei 7 nen (1995 nen) Hyōgo-ken Nanbu Jishin ) ,

637-782: Is decorated with arches of multicoloured lights that were donated by the Italian government. Amongst the commemorative events held on the anniversary of the earthquake, large "1.17" digits are illuminated in Higashi Yuenchi Park in the early hours of January 17 each year. Approximately 1.2 million volunteers were involved in relief efforts during the first three months following the earthquake. Retailers such as Daiei and 7-Eleven used their existing supply networks to provide necessities in affected areas, while NTT and Motorola provided free telephone service for victims. The organized crime Yamaguchi-gumi yakuza syndicate

686-590: The Brothers' Circle from Russia , the Camorra from Italy , and Los Zetas from Mexico . Great Hanshin earthquake The Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995, at 05:46:53 JST (January 16 at 20:46:53 UTC ) in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan, including the region known as Hanshin . It measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum intensity of 7 on

735-745: The Ichiwa-kai . A bitter rivalry existed between the two groups, which led to an all-out war (the Yama-Ichi War ) after the Ichiwa-kai's 1985 assassination of Takenaka and wakahashira Katsumasa Nakayama. During the war, acting- kumichō Kazuo Nakanishi ( kumichō of the Nakanishi-gumi ) and wakagashira Yoshinori Watanabe ( kumichō of the Yamaken-gumi) briefly took the leadership role until 1989. The Yama-Ichi War ended with

784-622: The JMA Seismic Intensity Scale (XI–XII on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale ). The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The focus of the earthquake was located 17 km beneath its epicenter , on the northern end of Awaji Island , 20 km away from the center of the city of Kobe . At least 5,000 people died as a result of this earthquake; about 4,600 of them were from Kobe. Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million,

833-411: The Kobe earthquake of 1995, the Yamaguchi-gumi started a large-scale relief effort for the earthquake victims, helping with the distribution of food and supplies. This help was essential to the Kobe population, because official support was inconsistent and chaotic for several days. The Yamaguchi-gumi also provided relief in the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami by opening its offices to

882-420: The 1990s. According to the National Police Agency , the total number of registered gangsters fell 14% between 1991 and 2012, to 78,600. Of those, 34,900 were Yamaguchi-gumi members, a decline of 4% from 2010. Its membership had further declined by 2013, with an estimated 28,000 members, and dropped again to 23,400 members in 2014. On August 27, 2015, Japanese police confirmed that powerful factions, including

931-629: The 1995 earthquake had a strike-slip mechanism that accommodated east–west shortening of the Eurasian plate due to its collision with the Philippine Sea plate in central Honshu . The Mj 7.3 earthquake struck at 05:46:53 JST on the morning of January 17, 1995. It lasted for 20 seconds. During this time the south side of the Nojima Fault moved 1.5 meters to the right and 1.2 meters downwards. There were four foreshocks , beginning with

980-800: The Kobe-based Yamaken-gumi , the Osaka-based Takumi-gumi , and the Kyoyu-kai , broke away from the Yamaguchi-gumi and formed a new group called the Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi . Prior to the split, the organization consisted of seventy-two factions. This was the first major split since the forming of Ichiwa-Kai more than thirty years ago. On January 14, 2021, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department arrested Hiroki Sakata,

1029-642: The Osaka-Kobe railway tracks were operational. Daikai Station on the Kobe Rapid Railway line collapsed, bringing down part of National Route 28 above it. Wooden supports collapsed inside supposedly solid concrete pilings under the tracks of the Shinkansen high-speed rail line, causing the entire line to shut down. The railways rebounded quickly after the quake, reaching 80% operability in one month. The Kobe Municipal Subway resumed operation

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1078-488: The accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. Earthquakes of these types are especially frequent in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan. The Great Hanshin earthquake belonged to a third type, called an "inland shallow earthquake". Earthquakes of this type occur along active faults . Even at lower magnitudes, they can be very destructive because they often occur near populated areas and because their hypocenters are located less than 20 km below

1127-471: The affected areas. People were forced to wait in corridors due to the overcrowding and lack of space. Some people had to be operated on in waiting rooms and corridors. To help speed the recovery effort, the government closed most of the Hanshin Expressway network to private vehicles from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm daily and limited traffic to buses, taxis and other designated vehicles. To keep

1176-402: The buildings in the worst-hit areas were completely destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. About 22% of the offices in Kobe's central business district were rendered unusable, and over half of the houses in that area were deemed unfit for occupancy. Although some were destroyed and others suffered severe damage, high-rise buildings that were built in compliance with the 1981 building code suffered to

1225-549: The capital. Tsukasa was imprisoned in December 2005 for illegal gun possession, and was released in April 2011 after serving nearly six years in jail. In February 2012 the U.S. Treasury Department announced a freeze on American-owned assets controlled by the organization and its top two leaders. The Obama administration imposed sanctions on the Yamaguchi-gumi as one of four key transnational organized crime groups, along with

1274-546: The cities of Kobe , Ashiya , Nishinomiya and Takarazuka . Tremors were valued at seismic intensity of Levels 4 to 6 at observation points in Kansai , Chūgoku , Shikoku and Chūbu regions: Damage was widespread and severe. Structures irreparably damaged by the earthquake included nearly 400,000 buildings, numerous elevated road and rail bridges, and 120 of the 150 quays in the port of Kobe. The quake triggered approximately 300 fires, which raged over large portions of

1323-462: The city. Disruptions of water, electricity and gas supplies were common. Residents feared returning home because of aftershocks that lasted several days (74 of which were strong enough to be felt). The majority of deaths (over 4,000) occurred in cities and suburbs in Hyōgo Prefecture . A total of 68 children under the age of 18 were orphaned, while 332 children lost one parent. One in five of

1372-522: The collapsed structures were constructed properly according to the building codes in force in the 1960s. The steel-reinforcement specifications in the 1960s regulations had already been discovered to be inadequate and revised several times, the latest revision being in 1981, which proved effective but only applied to new structures . Ten spans of the Kobe Route elevated expressway were knocked over in three locations across Kobe and Nishinomiya, blocking

1421-503: The day after the earthquake with limited service between Seishin-Chuo and Itayado stations (along with the Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway between Tanigami and Shin-Kobe ). Service resumed across the entire line on February 16, 1995, with full service resuming a month later after repairs were completed. Trains continued to operate with speed restrictions until July 21, 1995. Artificial islands, such as

1470-419: The epicenter, and because it was built to the latest standards. The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge , under construction near the earthquake's epicenter, was undamaged but was reportedly lengthened by a full meter due to horizontal displacement along the activated tectonic fault. Outside Japan the earthquake and disaster are commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake; in Japan, the earthquake and the disaster caused by it

1519-688: The largest (Mj 3.7) at 18:28 on the previous day. It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity ( shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the scale of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996). An on-the spot investigation by JMA concluded that tremors by this earthquake were at seismic intensity of Level 7 in particular areas in northern Awaji Island (now Awaji City ) and in

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1568-541: The leadership void until a new kumichō could be selected by a council of eight top-level bosses. In 1984, the elders chose Masahisa Takenaka ( kumichō of the Takenaka-gumi ) to be the fourth kumichō of Yamaguchi-gumi. One of the other contenders, Hiroshi Yamamoto ( kumichō of the Yamahiro-gumi ), broke away from Yamaguchi-gumi with many of its powerful members and more than 3,000 of its soldiers to form

1617-439: The modern Rokkō Island and especially Port Island in Kobe, suffered severe subsidence due to liquefaction . Water breaking through the surface and flooding those islands was initially believed to have seeped in from the sea, but in fact had been forced out of the soil used to build the islands. The newly completed artificial island supporting Kansai International Airport was not significantly affected, due it being further from

1666-539: The name given to it by the Japan Meteorological Agency the week after the main shock. The quake ravaged many of the facilities of what was then the world's sixth-largest container port and the source of nearly 40% of Kobe's industrial output. The sheer size of the earthquake caused a major decline in Japanese stock markets, with the Nikkei 225 index plunging by 1,025 points on the day following

1715-527: The position of the 6th kumichō of the Yamaguchi-gumi. Watanabe retired to private life—rather uncommon in yakuza circles, as bosses usually do not retire until their deaths. Under Tsukasa's leadership, the 6th Yamaguchi-gumi has resumed expansion. Kiyoshi Takayama , kumichō of the Kodo-kai , was elected as wakagashira . They absorbed the Tokyo-based gang Kokusui-kai , acquiring lucrative turf in

1764-488: The public and by sending supplies to affected areas. In an effort to boost morale, the Yamaguchi-gumi launched an eight-page newsletter in July, 2013. However, it was only distributed to full members. The publication bridges communication gaps and includes articles on the group's opinion and traditions, as well as columns on angling , with an editorial section written by Kenichi Shinoda . On April 17, 2007, Tetsuya Shiroo ,

1813-561: The quake was an important event in the history of volunteerism in Japan. The year 1995 is often regarded as a turning point in the emergence of volunteerism as a major form of civic engagement. In December 1995, the government declared January 17 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Day", and the week from January 15 to 21 a national "Disaster Prevention and Volunteerism Week", to be commemorated with lectures, seminars, and other events designed to encourage voluntary disaster preparedness and relief efforts. The earthquake proved to be

1862-440: The quake. This financial damage was the immediate cause for the collapse of Barings Bank due to the actions of Nick Leeson , who had speculated vast amounts of money on Japanese and Singaporean derivatives. Discussions of Japan's " Lost Decade " tend towards purely economic analysis, and neglect the impact of the earthquake on the Japanese economy which at the time was already suffering from recession. Despite this devastation in

1911-577: The relationship. On October 21, 2006, Pride held its first MMA event in USA, Pride 32: The Real Deal ' took place at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas . It was the first Pride event to be held outside Japan, and in front of an audience of 11,727. A buyout of the company by Zuffa , the operators of UFC , had been rumored since late 2006, but on 26 March 2007, Dana White and Lorenzo Fertitta held

1960-459: The retirement of Hiroshi Yamamoto, which was arbitrated by one of the most respected bosses, Seijo Inagawa . After that, the clan elected wakagashira Yoshinori Watanabe as 5th kumichō of the organization. Masaru Takumi ( kumichō of Takumi-gumi) was elected as wakagashira . He was so powerful and respected within the organization that his influence overshadowed that of kumichō to some extent. In 1997, then-powerful wakagashira Masaru Takumi

2009-556: The roads and surrounding buildings so as to keep them as intact as possible in the event of another earthquake. Hyōgo's prefectural government invested millions of yen in the following years to build earthquake-proof shelters and supplies in public parks. The Kobe Luminarie is an event held for approximately two weeks every December. A street leading from the Daimaru store in Motomachi to Higashi Yuenchi Park (next to Kobe city hall)

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2058-584: The second round of the Pride Open Weight Grand Prix, both scheduled for the Saitama Super Arena , would be broadcast live to millions of homes across Japan. It is important to note that SKY PerfectTV! executives mentioned the decision to carry DSE events was not final and any future problems regarding the alleged connection between DSE and Japanese mafia, as reported by Shukan Gendai , might be reason enough to discontinue

2107-428: The stylistic flourishes and personnel from Pride FC broadcasts, including fight announcer Lenne Hardt and veteran referee Yuji Shimada . Yamaguchi-gumi The Sixth Yamaguchi-gumi ( 六代目山口組 , Rokudaime Yamaguchi-gumi , Japanese: [ɾokɯdaime jamaɡɯt͡ɕi ɡɯmi] ) is Japan 's largest yakuza organization. It is named after its founder Harukichi Yamaguchi . Its origins can be traced back to

2156-565: The surface. The Great Hanshin earthquake began north of the island of Awaji, which lies just south of Kobe. It spread toward the southwest along the Nojima Fault on Awaji and toward the northeast along the Suma and Suwayama faults, which run through the center of Kobe. Observations of deformations in these faults suggest that the area was subjected to east–west compression, which is consistent with previously known crustal movements. Like other earthquakes recorded in western Japan between 1891 and 1948,

2205-520: Was actively involved in the relief effort from the beginning, distributing substantial amounts of food and supplies to needy victims. Aid provided by the Yamaguchi-gumi was particularly crucial in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, due to the failure of the Japanese government to organize effective relief to the area initially. Local hospitals struggled to keep up with demand for medical treatment, largely due to collapsed or obstructed "lifelines" (roads) that kept supplies and personnel from reaching

2254-539: Was assassinated by underlings of then- wakagashira-hosa (deputy underboss) Taro Nakano. After this assassination, they were unable to choose a new wakagashira for more than eight years. As a result, leadership of the organization became weaker. Finally, in 2005, wakagashira-hosa Shinobu Tsukasa (then kumichō of the Hirota-gumi) was chosen as new wakagashira and shortly afterward, in August 2005, Tsukasa inherited

2303-418: Was closed during the day until February 17, 1995, so that emergency vehicles could easily access the hardest-hit areas to the west. It was not until July 29 that all four lanes were opened to traffic along one section. Many surface highways were clogged for some time due to the collapse of higher-capacity elevated highways. Most railways in the region were damaged. In the aftermath of the earthquake, only 30% of

2352-415: Was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's second deadliest earthquake in the 20th century after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake , which claimed more than 105,000 lives. Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by subduction of the Philippine Sea plate or Pacific plate , with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or

2401-483: Was the most graphic image of the earthquake, and images of the collapsed elevated Kobe Route of the Hanshin Expressway appeared on front pages of newspapers worldwide. Most people in Japan believed those structures to be relatively safe from earthquake damage because of the steel-reinforced concrete design. Although the initial belief was that construction had been negligent, it was later shown that most of

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