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110-563: The area was a site of a border fort of the medieval Polish state. During the reign of Bolesław III Wrymouth it was raised to the rank of a castellany . During the period of feudal fragmentation of Poland it was initially part of the Duchy of Greater Poland and then subject of fighting between the Duchy and the Margraviate of Brandenburg , which took control of it after 1296. It was sold by

220-481: A broadened range of days, the investigator determined the birth of Boleslaw in the feast of Saint Stephen (26 December). For this reasons, the date of 1085 given by Bielowski is correct according to him. However, Jasiński pointed the weaknesses of the argument of Szafrański because Gallus has written about the Octave, but specifically about Christmas night, but the investigator didn't consider all other sources, as well as

330-463: A consequence he remained the only legitimate son and heir. It is believed that the new Duchess was actively aiding Sieciech in his schemes to take over the country and that she became his mistress. In 1090 Polish forces under Sieciech's command managed to gain control of Gdańsk Pomerania , albeit for a short time. Major towns were garrisoned by Polish troops, and the rest were burned in order to thwart future resistance. Several months later, however,

440-557: A different series of paintings including one in the chancel, depicting the torment of Jerzy Krassowski who was allegedly strangled by the Jews. Discussion on these pictures has taken place with the participation of the Polish Jewish Community."The Polish Council of Christians and Jews has offered to finance a plaque with explanations of the painting and information about the official statements by various Popes". This plaque

550-784: A difficult political situation. At first, he supported the pretender Álmos , and marched to Hungary to help him. However, during the siege of Abaújvár in 1104, Álmos changed his mind and made peace overtures to his brother and rival King Coloman , at that point Zbigniew's ally. Bolesław then retired his troops from Hungary and in 1105 made a treaty with Coloman. In addition, the Hungarian King broke his agreements with Bohemia. The dynastic dispute in Prague between Bořivoj II and his cousin Svatopluk prompted Bolesław and his new ally King Coloman to intervene in support of Svatopluk. However,

660-621: A few hundred to a labor camp, and escorted the rest to the railway station, shooting hundreds en route. The trains took the prisoners to Treblinka where they were murdered by gas the same day. Poles who were not sent to camps were persecuted for helping Jews , some were even imprisoned for barely "transporting Jews illegally". The city was captured by the Red Army in August 1944. No major industrial development took place in Sandomierz during

770-714: A fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland . Over centuries, Sandomierz was in competition with the nearby town of Opatòw for the seat of regional administrations. In 1570 an alliance of non-Catholic Polish Churches, the Lutherans, the Reformed , and the Bohemian Brethren , drew up what is known as the Sandomierz Agreement , effecting a confederation of the work in order to stave off defeat at the hands of

880-521: A fire. In 1701 it became part of Prussia . During the Seven Years' War , from 1758 to 1762, the town was occupied by the Russians, who imposed high contributions on the inhabitants. As a result, some of the residents escaped, some were executed, and the Russians burned some of the buildings. A typhus epidemic also broke out. After the war, the destroyed parts of the fortifications were dismantled and

990-557: A great migration of Jews from Western Europe to Poland began circa 1096, around the time of the First Crusade . The tolerant rule of Władysław I Herman attracted the Jews who were permitted to settle throughout the entire kingdom without restrictions. The Polish duke took great care of the Hebrew Diaspora, as he understood its positive influence on the growth of the country's economy. The new Jewish citizens soon gained

1100-484: A legend, Boleslaw slammed his face against a wall after watching his father's subservience towards the Germans and Czechs. According to Jan Długosz, the duke in his youth had an ulcer, which caused the deformity of his face. According to older historiography, he received the nickname Wrymouth for his perjury. Following Bolesław's birth the political climate in the country changed. The position of Bolesław as an heir to

1210-477: A monk, and therefore depriving him of any chance of succession. This eliminated two pretenders to the Polish throne, secured young Bolesław's inheritance as well as diminished the growing opposition to Wladyslaw I Herman among the nobility. Shortly after his ascension, however, Władysław I Herman was forced by the barons to give up the de facto reins of government to Count Palatine Sieciech . This turn of events

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1320-799: A new rebellion by Álmos forced Coloman and his army to return to Hungary. Bolesław also decided to retreat. Svatopluk tried to capture the city alone, but suffered a complete defeat and so his attempt to seize power in Bohemia was unsuccessful. Also in 1105, Bolesław entered into an agreement with his half-brother, similar to that entered just a few years before with their stepmother Judith-Sophia, which, in exchange for abundant dower lands, secured her neutrality in Bolesław's political contest with Zbigniew. The treaty, signed in Tyniec , dealt with foreign policy, albeit with no agreement about Pomerania. One year later,

1430-648: A political crisis in Poland. Bolesław once again gained the favor of his subjects with public penance, and made a pilgrimage to the monastery of his patron, Saint Giles , in Hungary . Bolesław, like Bolesław II the Generous , based his foreign policy on maintaining good relations with neighboring Hungary and Kievan Rus , with whom he forged strong links through marriage and military cooperation in order to break Poland's political dependence on Germany and Henry's vassal,

1540-428: A political role again. He may have been blinded. Władysław I Herman died on 4 June 1102. The country was divided into two provinces, each administered by one of the late duke's sons. The extent of each province closely resembled the provinces that the dukes were granted by their father three years earlier, the only difference being that Zbigniew also controlled Mazovia with its capital at Płock , effectively ruling

1650-570: A popular assembly or Wiec organized in Wrocław by a magnate named Skarbimir of the Awdaniec family. There it was decided to remove the current guardian of Bolesław, a noble named Wojslaw who was a relative of Sieciech , and arrange for an expedition against the Palatine. Subsequently, in 1099, the armies of Sieciech and duke Herman encountered the forces of Zbigniew and Bolesław near Żarnowiec by

1760-490: A rapprochement with Bohemia in 1106. Bolesław managed to bribe Bořivoj II to join his side in the contest against Zbigniew and shortly after formally allied himself with Coloman of Hungary. With the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies Bolesław attacked Zbigniew's territory, beginning a civil war. The allied forces of Bolesław easily took control of most important cities, including Kalisz , Gniezno , Spycimierz and Łęczyca , in effect taking half of Zbigniew's lands. Through

1870-475: A rebellion of native elites led to the restoration of the region's independence from Poland. The following year a punitive expedition was organized, in order to recover Gdańsk Pomerania. The campaign was decided at the battle of the Wda River , where the Polish knights suffered a defeat despite the assistance of Bohemian troops. Duke Bolesław's childhood happened at a time when a massive emigration from Poland

1980-515: A series of paintings built into the church's wooden panelling depicting the Martyrologium Romanum . The third painting shows the scene which, it is claimed: "...depicts ritual murders committed in Sandomierz by Jews on Christian children. The inscription above the painting reads filius apothecary ab infidelibus judaeis sandomiriensibus occisus (son of an apothecary, by infidel Sandomierz Jews killed) The St Paul's Church contains

2090-410: A sword carried before him, an exclusive prerogative of the ruler. As he had recognized Bolesław as his overlord in Łęczyca in 1107, Boleslaw considered this an act of treason, causing a definitive breach in their relationship. Probably for these reasons, Zbigniew was blinded on Bolesław's orders in 1112. The blinding of Zbigniew caused a strong negative reaction among Bolesław's subjects. Unlike in

2200-600: A vassal by failing to provide military aid to Bolesław for a campaign against the Pomeranians. Bolesław's forces attacked Mazovia and quickly forced Zbigniew to surrender. Following this, Zbigniew was banished from the country and, with his followers, took refuge in Prague, where he gained the support of Svatopluk. From then Bolesław was the sole lord of the Polish lands, though in fact his over-lordship began in 1107 when Zbigniew paid him homage as his feudal lord. In 1108

2310-554: A war party into Pomerania during which his forces sacked Białogard . The Pomeranians sent retaliatory war parties into Polish territory, but as Pomerania bordered Zbigniew's territory these raids ravaged the lands of the duke who was not at fault. Therefore, in order to put pressure on Bolesław, Zbigniew allied himself with Bořivoj II of Bohemia, to whom he promised to pay tribute in return for his help. By aligning himself with Bolesław's southern neighbor Zbigniew wished to compel Bolesław to cease his raids into Pomerania. Bolesław, on

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2420-631: Is now displayed in the St Paul's Church next to the picture in question. The city again suffered damage during World War I . In 1918, it again became part of independent Poland. In the 1930s, due to the massive public works project known as the Central Industrial Area , Sandomierz began to grow quickly. It was projected to become capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship , and local authorities planned fast development of

2530-527: The Arpad dynasty . Following his return to Poland, Bolesław even traveled to Gniezno to pay further penance at the tomb of Saint Adalbert of Prague , where poor people and clergy received numerous costly gifts from the duke . Only after this was the excommunication finally lifted. Following his repentance the Polish duke made a vague commitment to the Church. No information survives about Zbigniew's death. In

2640-558: The Auschwitz concentration camp . In May 1942, the Jewish and Polish population were confined to a ghetto area and hundreds of Jews and Poles from around the region were brought there, increasing the population to more than 5000. In October 1942, about 3,000 prisoners were sent to Bełżec where they were immediately gassed. After that deportation, hundreds of Jews came out of hiding and others were sent to Sandomierz from elsewhere. Now

2750-543: The Awdaniec family . They conducted separate policies internally as well as externally. They each sought alliances, and sometimes they were enemies of one another. Such was the case with Pomerania , towards which Bolesław aimed his ambitions. Zbigniew, whose country bordered Pomerania , wished to maintain good relations with his northern neighbor. Bolesław, eager to expand his dominion, organized several raids into Pomerania and Prussia . In Autumn of 1102 Bolesław organized

2860-522: The Battle of Hundsfeld on 24 August 1109, although the existence of this battle is doubted by historians because it was first recorded about a century later. In 1110 Bolesław undertook an unsuccessful military expedition against Bohemia . His intention was to install yet another pretender on the Czech throne, Soběslav I , who sought refuge in Poland. During the campaign he won a decisive victory against

2970-647: The Kronika książąt polskich and Kronika polsko-śląska Bolesław was qualified by the Latin adjective curvus , whose significance remains unclear. According to the 14th-century Kronika o Piotrze Włostowicu the duke was hunchbacked (Latin: gibbosus ) or had a crooked mouth. The 15th-century chronicler Jan Długosz wrote: In March 1972, in the Masovian Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral of Płock , where according to tradition Bolesław

3080-664: The Napoleonic Wars French troops were stationed in the town. In 1831, several columns of Polish officers and soldiers marched through the town, fleeing the Russian Partition of Poland after the failed November Uprising . From 1871 to 1945 the town was part of Germany. After Poland regained independence after World War I , the Polish-German border ran nearby, leaving the town on the German side. In

3190-588: The Pomeranian alliance. During the return of the army, one part, commanded by Żelisław, was defeated by the Bohemians. Bolesław, who commanded the other part, couldn't defeat them. Skarbimir bribed Bořivoj II, who returned to his homeland and concluded a short-lived peace with Bolesław. Then Bořivoj II ended his alliance with Zbigniew. The intervention of Bolesław in a dynastic dispute in Hungary put him in

3300-601: The Rocznik kapituły krakowskiej (24 December 1086) was the same established by Cosmas (25 December 1085). The difference in the year could be explained in the different style of dating followed by Cosmas, who began the year according to the Julian calendar on 1 January and Christmas ( Nativitate in Latin) on 25 December. According to Maleczyński, Kazimierz Jasiński failed to consider this calendar difference, which occurs only during

3410-515: The Salve Regina to Mary, the Tartars broke through the church door. While the Tartars intended to bring death to these Dominicans, they actually brought them great gifts - crowns of martyrdom. Ever since, at the death of every Dominican a song to his Beloved Mother is sung to usher him into her arms - the Salve Regina (or Hail, Holy Queen ). After the re-unification of the Polish lands in

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3520-643: The Thirteen Years' War broke out, the Knights sold it back to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war against Poland. Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon still made peaceful efforts to regain the city, but to no avail. In 1605 the town was transformed into a fortress, which during the Thirty Years' War was besieged by the Swedes, who captured in 1639 and held it until 1650. In 1662 the town suffered

3630-739: The Vistula River near its confluence with the San , in the Sandomierz Basin . It has been part of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Province) since its transfer from the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship in 1999. It is the capital of Sandomierz County . Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a National Monument of Poland in 2017. In

3740-508: The interwar period , the local economy weakened, many residents emigrated to work in western Germany. In addition, attempts to Germanize the Polish population intensified, as a result of which some left for Poland . Economic growth occurred in connection with the militarization of Germany by the Nazis in the 1930s, and during World War II many forced laborers , mostly Poles, were brought to

3850-514: The 13th century the city suffered grievous damage during the raids by Mongols in 1241 , 1260 and 1287. The old wooden buildings of the town were completely destroyed. As a result, in 1286 the High Duke of Poland Leszek II the Black , effectively refounded the city under Magdeburg Law and granted staple right . The city archives preserve the founding document. (An important note: in 1260, as

3960-408: The 13th century: Genealogia płocka (Criwousti) and the Rocznik świętokrzyski młodszy (Crzyvousti) . Probably the origin of this nickname dates back on the 12th century and is related with some physical characteristics of the Polish ruler, who were noticed at the time of his reign. Probably he began to be named in this way after 1114, because Gallus Anonymus in his Chronicle never mentioned it. In

4070-459: The 14th century, the former principality became the Sandomierz Voivodeship , incorporating large areas of southeastern Poland. Until 1474, it was one of two voivodeships (administrative area/province) of Lesser Poland, together with Kraków Voivodeship . In 1474, Lublin Voivodeship was created from eastern part of Sandomierz Voivodeship. At this time Sandomierz had about 3,000 inhabitants and

4180-419: The 19th century. He also upheld the independence of the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno , despite a temporary failure in the 1130s. Although he achieved undoubted successes, he committed serious political errors, most notably against Zbigniew of Poland, his half-brother. The crime against Zbigniew and his penance for it show Bolesław's great ambition as well as his ability to find political compromise. In 1086

4290-591: The Bohemian throne, but was unable to do so owing to the need to divert his forces north to thwart a Pomeranian invasion. In response to Bolesław's aggressive foreign policy, the Holy Roman Emperor , Henry V , undertook a punitive expedition against Poland in 1109, assisted by Czech warriors provided by Svatopluk of Bohemia. The alleged casus belli was to restore Zbigniew to his former position. The Emperor gave Bolesław an ultimatum: he would abandon

4400-680: The Brandenburgians to the Monastic Order of the Teutonic Knights in 1317, under the authority of the knights Burkhard and Heinrich von der Osten. However, in 1365 it became part of the Kingdom of Poland , during the rule of King Casimir III the Great , to be lost again to the Teutonic Knights in 1408. The town was neglected by the Teutonic Knights, the castle burned down, and parts of the town walls collapsed. In 1455, after

4510-662: The Czechs at the Battle of Trutina on 8 October 1110; however, following this battle he ordered his forces to withdraw. The reason for this is speculated to be the unpopularity of Soběslav I among Czechs as well as Bolesław's unwillingness to further harm his relations with the Holy Roman Empire. In 1111 a truce between Poland and the Empire was signed, stipulating that Soběslav I would be able to return to Bohemia while Zbigniew would be able to return Poland. Bolesław's assent

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4620-536: The King of Bohemia, who in moments of weakness of Polish policy was forced to pay tribute in Silesia. These alliances had allowed Bolesław to effectively defend the country from invasion in 1109. Several years later, Bolesław skillfully took advantage of the dynastic disputes in Bohemia to ensure peace on the south-west border. Bolesław devoted the second half of his rule to the conquest of Pomerania . In 1113 he conquered

4730-535: The Polish border on the Noteć river line, and subjugate Pomerania. He intended to exercise Polish political overlordship but not actually incorporate Pomerania with the exception of Gdańsk Pomerania and a southern belt north of the River Noteć . By 1113 the northern border had been strengthened, including the fortification of Santok , Wieleń , Nakło , Czarnków , Ujście and Wyszogród . Some sources report that

4840-669: The Roman Church. Thanks to the efforts of the local starost Hieronim Gostomski, the Jesuits settled in the city and founded the Collegium Gostomianum , one Poland's oldest high schools , at the beginning of the 17th century. The early modern period, running until the middle of the 17th century, was quite prosperous for the city. The most important historical buildings were built during this period. This golden age came to an end in 1655 when Swedish forces captured

4950-461: The Tartars invaded Christian Sandomir, a community of Dominicans was praying Matins while a novice read the martyrology for the next day: " the 49 martyrs of Sandomir ". When the friars realized they were being warned of their death, they spent the remainder of the night and all the next day preparing to meet the Lord. At last, after the brethren had finished praying Compline, and as they processed singing

5060-494: The absence of Sieciech and Bolesław, who were captured by Hungarians, duke Władysław I then undertook a penal expedition to Silesia, which was unsuccessful and subsequently obliged him to recognize Zbigniew as a legitimate heir. In 1093 Władysław I signed an Act of Legitimization which granted Zbigniew the rights of descent from his line. Zbigniew was also granted the right to succeed to the throne. Following Sieciech and Bolesław's escape from Hungary , an expedition against Zbigniew

5170-472: The achievements of research in genealogy. Marian Plezia argued that Bolesław was born on 2 September 1085 or 1086. According to Gallus, the day of King Stephen of Hungary was also celebrated on 2 September. Jasiński considered this theory unfounded. In Poland the feast of King Stephen of Hungary is pointed by the Kalendarz krakowski and the kalendarz Kodeksu Gertrudy on 20 August. Besides, if Bolesław

5280-543: The antiquated given name Sędzimir, once popular in several Slavic languages. Sandomierz is known in Latin as Sandomiria and in Yiddish as צויזמיר ( Tzoyzmir ). Sandor is short form of Aleksander. “Mierz” means measure in Polish language. In conclusion this land is named Sandor’s measure, or Sandor’s Land. Sandomierz is one of the oldest and historically most significant cities in Poland. Archeological finds around

5390-455: The balance of power in Europe changed. Svatopluk decided to pay homage to Emperor Henry V and in exchange received from him the formal investiture of Bohemia. At the same time King Coloman of Hungary was under attack from the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia. Svatopluk, joined by Zbigniew and his followers, also attacked Poland. Bolesław avoided a direct confrontation because he

5500-513: The border began at the mouth of the rivers Warta and Oder in the west, running along the Noteć all the way to the Vistula . Sandomierz Sandomierz ( pronounced: [sanˈdɔmjɛʂ] ; Latin : Sandomiria , Yiddish : צויזמר, צוזמיר , romanized :  Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer ) is a historic town in south-eastern Poland with 23,863 inhabitants (as of 2017 ), situated on

5610-637: The city in the course of the Deluge . After briefly holding out in the city, the withdrawing Swedes blew up the castle and caused heavy damage to other buildings. In the next 100 years the economy of Poland suffered a decline, which also affected the city. A great fire in 1757 and the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, which placed Sandomierz in Austria , further reduced its status. As a result, Sandomierz lost its role as an administrative capital. In 1774,

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5720-444: The city indicate that humans have inhabited the area since neolithic times. The city came into existence in the early Middle Ages , taking advantage of an excellent location at the junction of Vistula and San rivers, and on the path of important trade routes. The first known historical mention of the city comes from the early 12th-century, when the chronicler Gallus Anonymus ranked it together with Kraków and Wrocław as one of

5830-646: The city. The Greater Sandomierz was to turn in the 1940s into a city of 120,000. In September 1939, following the German invasion of Poland , the city was occupied by Germany and made part of the General Government . The Polish and Jewish population were subjected to various crimes . Poles expelled in late 1939 by the Germans from Złoczew , which was directly annexed by Germany, were deported to Sandomierz. Others were conscripted for forced labour and many were sent to labor camps. The largest mass arrests of Poles, including teachers, local officials and activists, were carried out in March 1940. Poles were then held in

5940-439: The communist era, thus preserving its look of a charming, small city full of historical monuments among the unspoiled landscape. The city experiences a humid continental climate with notably warm summers ( Köppen : Dfb ), much more consistently pronounced in eastern Poland . Precipitation, especially in the form of rains, is concentrated in the summer, reducing until the end of winter. Sandomierz has four well defined seasons of

6050-416: The coronation of Vratislav II as King of Bohemia , and his alignment with László I , King of Hungary , threatened the position of the Polish ruler, duke Władysław I Herman . Therefore, that same year Władysław I was forced to recall from Hungarian banishment the only son of Bolesław II the Bold and a rightful heir to the Polish throne, Mieszko Bolesławowic . Upon his return young Bolesławowic accepted

6160-407: The coronation of Vratislav II, the one given by Cosmas. However, most researchers indicate that the coronation took place on 15 June 1085, so Judith could have been called Queen a year earlier. Karol Maleczyński determined that the death of Judith took place on the night between 24 and 25 December 1085, and Bolesław was born four months before, on 20 August. Researchers found that the date given by

6270-469: The country in 1101, after several years of fighting. After the death of Władysław I Herman in 1102, two independent states were created, ruled by Bolesław and Zbigniew. Bolesław sought to gain Pomerania which caused an armed conflict between the brothers, and forced Zbigniew to flee the country and seek military help from King Henry V of Germany . Bolesław punished Zbigniew by blinding him. This action caused outrage among supporters of Zbigniew, resulting in

6380-518: The country under Bolesław and Zbigniew's co-rule greatly alarmed Sieciech , who then began preparing to dispose of the brothers altogether. Sieciech understood that the division of the country would undermine his position. He initiated a military settlement of the issue and he gained the duke's support for it. The position of Władysław I is seen as ambiguous as he chose to support Sieciech's cause instead of his sons'. In response to Sieciech's preparations Bolesław and Zbigniew entered into an alliance at

6490-418: The customary penance that would reconcile him with the high priesthood. According to Gallus Anonymus , Bolesław first fasted for forty days and made gifts to the poor: It is possible that Bolesław decided to do this to rebuild his weakened authority and gain the favor of Zbigniew's supporters. Blinding his half-brother might have been perceived by Polish society as a breach of the principle of solidarity among

6600-402: The death of Judith. Gallus wrote that Judith died shortly after giving birth to a son. Later sources interpret this as a death in childbirth and Cosmas of Prague followed this fact, though he didn't receive the information firsthand. Hence, his mistake would result in this point. In contrast, the correct date of birth of Bolesław would be 20 August, as indicated by Gallus. In the medieval tradition

6710-429: The death of his mother two days later, on 28 December. According to him Gallus Anonymus committed two errors. First, instead of "the Sunday after the Nativity of the Lord", he wrote incorrectly "in the Sunday of the Nativity". Secondly, he mistook the day of Saint Stephen (26 December) for the festivities of King Stephen of Hungary (20 August). Both corrections lead to the birth date of Bolesław on 26 December. This theory

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6820-425: The duke sought to restore diplomatic relations with his western neighbor. His last, and perhaps most momentous act, was his will and testament known as "The Succession Statute" in which he divided the country among his sons, leading to almost 200 years of feudal fragmentation of the Polish Kingdom. Bolesław III Wrymouth has been recognized by historiography as a symbol of Polish political aspirations until well into

6930-401: The east, blinding in medieval Poland was accomplished not by burning the eyes out with a red hot iron rod or knife, but employed a much more brutal technique in which the condemned's eyes were pried out using special pliers. The condemned was then made to open his eyes and if he did not do so, his eyelids were also removed. Contemporary sources don't provide clear information on whether Bolesław

7040-434: The expedition only if Bolesław gave Zbigniew half of Poland to rule, formally recognized Henry as overlord and paid 300 pieces of fine silver as a regular tribute. Bolesław rejected Henry's demands. During the negotiations between the Empire and Poland, the Polish ruler was in the middle of a war against Pomerania. On the west side of the Oder river, Henry V hurriedly gathered knights for his expedition against Poland. Before

7150-416: The fight ended in Pomerania, the German troops were able to approach Głogów . The military operations mainly took place in Silesia in southwestern Poland, where Henry V's army laid siege to the major cities of Głogów, Wrocław and Bytom Odrzański . In addition to defending the towns, Bolesław conducted a guerrilla war against the Holy Roman Emperor and his allies. He reportedly defeated the expedition at

7260-442: The hero of his Chronicles. The defenders of the hypothesis argue that the work of Gallus has the characteristics of a panegyric in honor of Bolesław, because the chronicler did not mention his physical infirmities. It is also speculated that the bone damage occurred as a result of childbirth complications, which led to the death of his mother a few months later. The nickname of Boleslaw was also explained in other ways. According to

7370-406: The local prison and deported to Nazi concentration camps . In June 1940 in Brzask Forest, Germans murdered 760 Poles as part of the German AB-Aktion in Poland directed to exterminate Polish intelligentsia . Bodies were buried in an unnamed mass grave. That was the largest massacre in the Kielce Region. At the same time, the nearby village of Góry Wysokie was the site a massacre of 117 Poles from

7480-402: The main cities of Poland. The testament (ca 1115–1118) of Bolesław III Wrymouth , in which he divided Poland among his sons, designated Sandomierz as the capital of one of the resulting principalities, the Duchy of Sandomierz . In the early 13th century, the second oldest Dominican monastery in Poland (after Kraków ) and one of the oldest in Europe was founded in Sandomierz. In the course of

7590-435: The marriage of Bolesław and Zbyslava. He saw this union and the alliance with Kiev as a serious threat. He bribed his ally, Bořivoj II of Bohemia, to invade Bolesław's province, ostensibly to claim the Polish crown. Bolesław retaliated with expeditions into Pomerania in 1103 (including the battle of Kołobrzeg , where he was defeated ) and Moravia in 1104–05, which brought the young duke not only loot, but also effectively ended

7700-424: The mediation of Baldwin, Bishop of Kraków , a peace treaty was signed at Łęczyca , in which Zbigniew officially recognized Bolesław as the Supreme Duke of all Poland. However, he was allowed to retain Masovia as a fief. In 1107 Bolesław III along with his ally King Coloman of Hungary invaded Bohemia in order to aid Svatopluk in gaining the Czech throne and to secure Polish interests to the south. The expedition

7810-456: The members of the ruling dynasty, a key foundation of public order. According to Gallus, Bolesław also sought and received forgiveness from his half-brother. In the next part of his penance, the duke made a pilgrimage to Hungary to the Abbeys of Saint Giles in Somogyvár and Saint Stephen I in Székesfehérvár . The pilgrimage to the Abbey of Saint Giles also had a political goal; Bolesław strengthened his ties of friendship and alliance with

7920-459: The missing Rocznika kapituły krakowskiej , and the next known text of this source refers to events in 1086. Cosmas, writing his chronicle a few decades later, probably benefited from oral tradition and could make a mistake when he placed the year. His reports who placed the birth of Bolesław three days before the death of his mother denoted a quite short time. Today is widely recognized the view of both Jasiński and Balzer, that Bolesław most likely

8030-528: The newly annexed lands enabled Bolesław to build churches and begin the process of converting Pomerania . Bishop Otto of Bamberg confirmed the Christianization of Pomerania from 1123 onward. In the 1130s Bolesław participated in the dynastic dispute in Hungary. After an unexpected defeat, he was forced to make an agreement with Germany. The Congress of Merseburg of 1135 addressed the issues of Pomerania, Silesian (probably also Polish) sovereignty and

8140-428: The northern cities along Noteć , which strengthened the border with the Pomeranians. In subsequent years, he took further steps toward the conquest of Pomerania. The resolution of the conflict with the Holy Roman Empire allowed Bolesław to subordinate Western Pomerania and incorporate Gdańsk Pomerania . The expeditions, carried out in three stages, ended in the 1120s with military and political successes. Integration of

8250-482: The northern part of the kingdom, while his younger half-brother Bolesław ruled its southern portion. In this way two virtually separate states were created. According to some historians, Zbigniew tried to play the role of princeps or overlord, because at that time Bolesław was only 16 years old. Because he was still too inexperienced to independently direct his domains, the local nobility had great influence over political affairs, including his teacher, Skarbimir , from

8360-621: The obituary of the Benedictine monastery in Lubiń dated 8 July 1113 was reported the death of a monk in Tyniec called brother Zbigniew . Historians believed that he could be Bolesław's half-brother. The information marked that his burial place was in the Benedictine monastery of Tyniec . The loss of Pomerania during the reign of Casimir I the Restorer weakened the Polish state, and, during

8470-578: The oldest extant Polish piano was constructed in Sandomierz. The 3rd Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Sandomierz in 1792. Fighting of the Austro-Polish War of 1809 caused damage to the city. Following the Polish victory, it became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and after 1815 it found itself in the Russian Empire ( Congress Poland ). At this point it had just 2640 inhabitants. This cathedral contains

8580-574: The other hand, allied himself with Kievan Rus and Hungary . His marriage to Zbyslava , the daughter of Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich in 1103, was to seal the alliance between himself and the prince of Kiev . However, Bolesław's first diplomatic move was to recognize Pope Paschal II , which put him in strong opposition to the Holy Roman Empire . A later visit of papal legate Gwalo, Bishop of Beauvais, put church matters into order and increased Bolesław's influence. Zbigniew declined to attend

8690-404: The over-lordship of his uncle and gave up his hereditary claim to the crown of Poland in exchange for becoming first in line to succeed him. In return, Władysław I Herman granted his nephew the district of Kraków . The situation was further complicated for Władysław I Herman by a lack of a legitimate male heir, as his first-born son Zbigniew came from a union not recognized by the church. With

8800-650: The past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of Lesser Poland , but also of the whole country. It was a royal city of the Polish Crown and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the High Middle Ages to the 19th century. The name of the city might have originated from the Old Polish Sędomir , composed of Sędzi- (from the verb sądzić "to judge") and mir ("peace"), or more likely from

8910-493: The period of 25–31 December. Archaeologist Wojciech Szafrański reassumed the theory of Bielowski: Judith of Bohemia died on 28 December 1085, and Bolesław was born two days before, on 26 December. According to Szafrański Cosmas used the term VIII Calends of January , with no specific date. However, in the Chronicle of Gallus should read that Judith died on Christmas Day , but on Sunday in the Octave of Christmas . Using such

9020-574: The population was more than 6000 confined to another ghetto where as many as twelve people shared each room and some lived in the streets. Sanitary conditions were horrid and many became ill. Those who reported to the hospital were usually shot after a few days. Some prisoners during this time were sent to labor camps, but in January 1943, the SS and German police, surrounded the ghetto, set some houses on fire and bombed others. They rounded up 7,000 people, send

9130-472: The region. Despite this, the Polish underground resistance movement was active in Sandomierz, and in late 1940 it even launched a secret printing house in Sandomierz and issued the Polish underground newspaper Odwet , which was also distributed to nearby villages. In March 1942, the Germans carried out mass arrests of around 150 members of the Polish resistance. Among those arrested was local Polish writer Roman Koseła, one of several Polish writers murdered in

9240-486: The return of Mieszko Bolesławowic to Poland, Władysław I normalized his relations with the kingdom of Hungary as well as Kievan Rus (the marriage of Mieszko Bolesławowic to a Kievan princess was arranged in 1088). These actions allowed Herman to strengthen his authority and alleviate further tensions in international affairs. The lack of a legitimate heir, however, remained a concern for Władysław I and in 1085 he and his wife Judith of Bohemia sent rich gifts, among which

9350-428: The river Pilica . There the forces of Bolesław and Zbigniew defeated Sieciech's army, and Władysław I Herman was obliged to permanently remove Sieciech from the position of Count Palatine . In the same year, at Christmas, Bolesław concluded a short-lived peace with Bohemia in Žatec . According to Cosmas, Bolesław was appointed Miecznik (en: Sword-bearer ) of his uncle Bretislaus II, Duke of Bohemia . In addition,

9460-515: The second half of the 11th century, subsequent rulers were not able to recover all the lands that once belonged to Mieszko I and Bolesław I the Brave . Only after defeating Zbigniew and successfully opposing Bohemian claims against Silesia in 1109 was Bolesław III able to expand to the West. The conquest of Pomerania had been a lifelong pursuit for Bolesław. His political goals were twofold: strengthen

9570-586: The supremacy of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg over the Polish Church. Bolesław was married twice. His first marriage, to the Kievan princess Zbyslava , gave him an excuse to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Rus'. After her death, Bolesław married a German noblewoman, Salomea of Berg , which in some way was the cause of changes in Polish foreign policy: in the second half of his rule,

9680-563: The throne was threatened by the presence of Mieszko Bolesławowic , who was already seventeen at the time and was furthermore, by agreement with Władysław I Herman himself, the first in line to succeed. In all likelihood it was this situation that precipitated the young duke Mieszko's demise in 1089. In that same year Wladyslaw I Herman's first-born son Zbigniew was sent to a monastery in Quedlinburg , Saxony . This suggests that Wladyslaw I Herman intended to be rid of Zbigniew by making him

9790-562: The town was repopulated by settlers from Poland , the Dutch Republic and German states. After repopulation and the arrival of merchants from Poznań and Hamburg , the town prospered as a trade center. In 1775 the town received a privilege from the Polish Crown , allowing the sale of foreign silk fabrics to Poland. Other goods were also sold there, including oxen from Poland, Hungarian wine and colonial products. During

9900-548: The town. After the war the town became again part of Poland, in accordance to the Potsdam Conference . See twin towns of Gmina Drezdenko . Boles%C5%82aw III Wrymouth Bolesław III Wrymouth ( Polish : Bolesław III Krzywousty ; 20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), also known as Boleslaus the Wry-mouthed , was the duke of Lesser Poland , Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over

10010-458: The treaty ended when Zbigniew refused to help his half-brother in his fight against Pomerania. While hunting, Bolesław was unexpectedly attacked by them . In the battle, the young duke almost died. Bohemia, using the involvement of Bolesław in Pomeranian affairs as an excuse, attacked Silesia. The duke tried to re-establish the alliance with his half-brother, but without success, and so reached

10120-429: The trust of the gentiles during the rule of Bolesław III. In view of his father's disapproval, and after discovering the plans of Sieciech and Duchess Judith-Sophia to take over the country Zbigniew gained an ally in the young duke Bolesław. Both brothers demanded that the reins of government be handed over to them. It is difficult to believe, however, that Bolesław was making independent decisions at this point as he

10230-553: The whole of Poland between 1107 and 1138. He was the only child of Duke Władysław I Herman and his first wife, Judith of Bohemia . Bolesław began to rule in the last decade of the 11th century, when the central government in Poland was significantly weakened. Władysław I Herman fell under the political dependence of the Count palatine Sieciech , who became the de facto ruler of the country. Backed by their father, Boleslaw and his half-brother Zbigniew finally expelled Sieciech from

10340-503: The year began on 25 December. In that case, the reports of Cosmas allow us to conclude that Bolesław was born in 1085. This information, however, was contradicted by the Kalendarz krakowski , which gave the year as 1086. Judith was styled by the authors of the Kalendarz as "regina Polonia" ( Queen of Poland in Latin), and this title could be associated with her father's coronation as King of Bohemia and Poland on 15 June 1086 (according to Cosmas). Karol Maleczyński refuted Balzer's date for

10450-508: The young duke would be paid the amount of 100 pieces of fine silver and 10 talents of gold annually as a tribute to Bohemia (it was about the land of Silesia, for which he paid tribute to Władysław I). The rebel forces then headed to Sieciechów , where the Palatine took refuge. Unexpectedly, duke Władysław came to the aid of his besieged favorite with a small force. At this point, the dukes decided to depose their father. The opposition sent Zbigniew with an armed contingent to Masovia , where he

10560-441: Was a complete success: on 14 May 1107 Svatopluk was made Duke of Bohemia in Prague . In the winter of 1107–08, with the help of Kievan and Hungarian allies, Bolesław undertook a punitive expedition against his brother Zbigniew. One reason for this was that Zbigniew had not followed his orders and had refused to burn down one of the fortresses of Kurów near Puławy . Another reason was that Zbigniew had not performed his duties as

10670-579: Was a life size statue of a child made of gold, to the Benedictine Sanctuary of Saint Giles in Saint-Gilles , Provence begging for offspring. The Polish envoys were led by the personal chaplain of Duchess Judith, Piotr. The date of birth of Bolesław is closely linked with the death of his mother Judith. This fact is evidenced by contemporary sources: Historian August Bielowski established Bolesław's birth on 26 December 1085 and

10780-423: Was born in the day of King Stephen of Hungary, 20 August 1086. According to Cosmas of Prague, Bolesław was named after his uncle, Bolesław II the Generous . Władysław I Herman had no reason to named his first-born legitimate son after his brother, but probably in this way tried to placate the former allies of his predecessor. Bolesław's nickname "Wrymouth" (pl: Krzywousty ) appeared in Polish and Latin sources of

10890-472: Was born on 2 September, Gallus probably would be noted that this was the day after the celebration of Saint Giles (1 September), which was attributed to be the intercessor of his birth. Kazimierz Jasiński placed the death of Judith in the night between 24 and 25 December 1086 and the birth of Bolesław four months before, on 20 August. In this point he agrees with the findings of Balzer. He supported his views with additional arguments: All sources are based in

11000-427: Was buried, an archaeological research project was conducted. A coffin was discovered containing the bones of 16 men and women. One of the skulls, of a man who died aged 50, had a deformed mandible. There is a hypothesis that these remains belonged to Bolesław. Opponents of this theory suggest that the duke was named in this way many years after his death, and his contemporary Gallus did not mention any physical defect in

11110-600: Was busy fighting Pomerania. The Polish-Hungarian coalition gave aid and shelter to Bořivoj II. Later that year, Bolesław and Coloman sent a new expedition to Bohemia, prompted by the invasion of Hungary by the German-Bohemian coalition (during which Pozsony Castle was put under siege) and the fact that Svatopluk, who owed Bolesław his throne, didn't honor his promise to return Silesian cities seized from Poland ( Racibórz , Kamieniec, Koźle among others) by his predecessors. Bolesław then decided to restore Bořivoj II to

11220-498: Was excluded from the community of the Church. It is generally believed that Archbishop Martin I of Gniezno (who was a strong supporter of Zbigniew) excommunicated Bolesław for blinding his half-brother. The excommunication exempted all Bolesław's subjects from their oaths of obedience. The duke was faced with a real possibility of an uprising of the sort that deposed Bolesław the Bold. Recognizing his precarious situation, Bolesław sought

11330-463: Was likely due to the fact that Herman owed the throne to the barons, the most powerful of whom was Sieciech . Around this time Władysław I Herman married again. The chosen bride was Judith-Maria , daughter of Emperor Henry III and widow of King Solomon of Hungary , who after her wedding took the name Sophia in order to distinguish herself from Władysław I Herman's first wife. Through this marriage Bolesław gained three or four half-sisters, and as

11440-455: Was likely under pressure from the many supporters of the exiled duke in 1108, who, according to the reports of Gallus Anonymus, was surrounded by bad advisers (probably including Martin I, Archbishop of Gniezno ). Once in Poland, his advisers persuaded Zbigniew to claim sovereignty over his previous domains. The first step was his presence at the Advent ceremonial, surrounded by attendants, with

11550-600: Was mounted by the Count Palatine. Its aim was to nullify the Act of Legitimization. The contestants met at the battle of Gopło in 1096, where Sieciech's forces annihilated the supporters of Zbigniew. Zbigniew himself was taken prisoner, but regained his freedom a year later, in May 1097, due to the intervention of the bishops. At the same time his rights, guaranteed by the Act of Legitimization, were reinstated. Simultaneously

11660-631: Was one of the largest Polish cities. In the middle of the 14th century the city was burned again during a raid by the Lithuanians . It was rebuilt during the rule of king Casimir III of Poland , who extended its privileges. The layout of the city has survived practically unchanged since that time until the present day. In 1389 in Sandomierz the newly appointed prince of the Novgorod Republic , Lithuanian prince Lengvenis , paid homage to Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło , thus making Novgorod

11770-707: Was only 12 years of age. It is postulated that at this stage he was merely a pawn in service of the Baron's power struggle. Władysław I Herman , however, agreed to divide the realm between the brothers, each to be granted his own province while the duke – Władysław I himself – kept control of Mazovia and its capital at Płock . Władysław also retained control of the most important cities, i.e. , Wrocław , Kraków and Sandomierz . Zbigniew's province encompassed Greater Poland including Gniezno , Kuyavia , Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land. Bolesław's territory included Lesser Poland , Silesia and Lubusz Land . The division of

11880-432: Was supported by the fact that, in 1085, 28 December fell on a Sunday. Oswald Balzer refuted Bielowski's theory, arguing that Judith's death was on the night of 24/25 December 1086, and the birth of Bolesław was four months before, on 20 August. According to him, this timing of Judith's death gives rise to possible discrepancies in determining the exact date of Bolesław's birth, but corroborates all known sources who placed

11990-473: Was taking place due to Sieciech's political repression. Most of the elites who became political refugees found safe haven in Bohemia. Another consequence of Sieciech's political persecution was the kidnapping of Zbigniew by Sieciech's enemies and his return from abroad in 1093. Zbigniew took refuge in Silesia , a stronghold of negative sentiment for both Sieciech and his nominal patron Władysław I Herman. In

12100-527: Was to take control of Płock , while Bolesław was directed to the South to encircle Władysław's forces. Władysław, however, predicted this maneuver and sent his forces back to Masovia. In the environs of Płock the battle was finally joined and the forces of Władysław I were defeated. The duke was thereafter forced to send Sieciech into exile. The Palatine left Poland around 1100/1101 and spent time in German territory. He eventually returned to Poland but never played

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