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56-437: The Driglam Namzha traces its roots directly back to the 17th-century pronouncements of Ngawang Namgyal , the first Zhabdrung Rinpoche , a Tibetan lama and military leader who sought to unify Bhutan not only politically but also culturally. He established guidelines for dzong architecture , the characteristic monastery-fortresses of Bhutan. He also established many of the traditions of the tshechu "district festival" such as

112-483: A kabney is worn by commoner men from the left shoulder to opposite hip, as other colors are reserved for officials and monks. Women wear a rachu , a narrow embroidered cloth draped over the left shoulder. The Driglam Namzha codifies the traditional rules for the construction of the religious, military, administrative, and social centers of Bhutan, which are amalgamated into fortresses known as dzongs. No plans are drawn up nor are nails allowed in their construction. Under

168-491: A tertön or "finder of spiritual relics", he discovered the text of the Six Equal Tastes , previously hidden by Rechung Dorje Drakpa , the student of Milarepa . While on a pilgrimage, Tsangpa Gyare and his disciples witnessed a set of nine dragons ( Tibetan : druk ) roaring out of the earth and into the skies, as flowers rained down everywhere. From this incident they named their sect Drukpa. Also important in

224-510: A compassionate and intelligent host, of high energy and fond of art and writing. In keeping with his position as a high lama , he was also meditative, and had just completed a three-year, silent retreat. The Zhabdrung was proud to have the Jesuits as guests of his court, and was reluctant to grant them permission to leave—offering to support their proselytizing efforts with manpower and church-building funds—but they pressed on to Tibet in search of

280-516: A distinct Bhutanese cultural identity separate from the Tibetan culture from which it was derived. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal was born at Ralung ( Wylie : rwa lung ) Monastery, Tibet as the son of the Drukpa Kagyu lineage-holder Mipham Tenpa'i Nyima ( Wylie : ' brug pa mi pham bstan pa'i nyi ma , 1567–1619), and Sönam Pelgyi Butri ( Wylie : bsod nams dpal gyi bu khrid ), daughter of

336-436: A highly realized yogi who had many disciples. His main disciples were Orgyenpa Rinchenpel ( Wylie : o rgyan pa rin chen dpal , 1230—1309), Yanggönpa ( Wylie : yang dgon pa ), Chilkarpa ( Wylie : spyil dkar pa ) and Neringpa. Orgyenpa, who was also a disciple of Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama , became a great siddha who traveled to Bodhgaya , Jalandhar , Oddiyana and China. In Oddiyana he received teachings related to

392-659: A member of the branch of the Drukpa lineage descended from Tsangpa Gyare's brother Lhambum Wylie : lha 'bum ). The lineage passed to Sengge Sherap's brother Sengge Rinchen ( Wylie : seng ge rin chen , 1258-1313), who was succeeded in turn by his son Sengge Gyelpo ( Wylie : seng ge rgyal po , 1289-1326), grandson Jamyang Künga Senggé ( Wylie : ' jam dbyangs kun dga' seng ge , 1289-1326), great-grandson Lodrö Sengge ( Wylie : blo gros seng ge , 1345–90) and great-great-grandson Sherap Sengge ( Wylie : shes rab seng ge , 1371–92). These first nine holders of Tsangpa Gyare's lineage were known as

448-488: A policy which exists, in modified form, to this day. Sengge Namgyal , who ruled Ladakh from 1616 to 1623 and 1624 to 1642, was a devotee of the Ralung lineage of the Drukpa school. Like Bhutan, Ladakh then had differences with the new Gaden Photrang government of Tibet established by the fifth Dalai Lama , which attempted to annex Ladakh. An invitation was sent to Bhutan requesting that Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal become

504-633: Is a branch of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism . The Kagyu school is one of the Sarma or "New Translation" schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Drukpa lineage was founded in the Tsang region of Tibet by Tsangpa Gyare (1161–1211), and later became influential in Ladakh and Bhutan. It is one of several lineages known as " Red Hat sects ". Within the Drukpa lineage, there are further sub-schools, most notably

560-401: Is said that the chief guardian deities of Bhutan offered him a home), Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal left Tibet to establish a new base in western Bhutan through Gasa Dzongkhag, founding Cheri Monastery at the head of Thimphu valley . In 1629, he built Simtokha Dzong at the entrance to Thimphu valley; from this dzong , he could exert control over traffic between the powerful Paro valley to

616-471: The Cham dance . The guidelines were intentionally codified to encourage the emergence of a distinctively-Bhutanese identity. In 1989, the government elevated the status of the dress code from recommended to mandatory. All citizens were then required to observe the dress code in public during business hours. The decree was resented by Lhotshampas in the southern lowlands, who complained about being forced to wear

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672-634: The Life of Milarepa , the Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa , the Life of Rechungpa , and compiler of the Demchog Khandro Nyengyud ; Drukpa Kunley (1455-1529); and Ünyön Künga Zangpo ( Wylie : dbus smyon kun dga' bzang po , 1458-1532). All three were disciples of the 4th Gyalwang Drukpa. Following the death of the 4th Gyalwang Drukpa, two incarnations were recognized: Paksam Wangpo ( Wylie : dpag bsam dbang po ), who

728-407: The "Incomparable Nine Lions" ( Wylie : mnyam med seng ge dgu ). Sherap Sengge, who died at the age of 21, was succeeded on the throne of Ralung by his elder brother Yeshe Rinchen ( Wylie : ye shes rin chen , 1364-1413) and he by his sons Namkha Pelzang ( Wylie : nam mkha' dpal bzang , 1398-1425) and Sherap Zangpo ( Wylie : shes rab bzang po , 1400–38). These three were considered the emanations of

784-484: The 'Middle Drukpas'. After the death of 4th Gyalwang Drukpa , Kunkhyen Pema Karpo , in 1592, there were two rival candidates for his reincarnation. Gyalwang Pagsam Wangpo , one of the candidates, was favored by the King of Tsang and prevailed. His rival, Ngawang Namgyal , was then invited to Western Bhutan and eventually he unified the entire country and established Drukpa as the preeminent Buddhist school from Haa all

840-475: The (Chinese-recognized) Karmapa , Ogyen Trinley Dorje . The Gyalwang Drukpa stated, "They are using (the Karmapa's) name, but I don't think he is responsible." The office of Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje quickly replied, saying, "His Holiness does not believe in (forced) conversion. He has a broad outlook, and there is no conversion plan. He believes in harmony and dialogue between all sects, and we all belong to

896-554: The 12th Gyalwang Drukpa was released where the Drukpa discussed his views on trees and religion. He believes that trees , plants , and nature communicate with Buddhists , Christians , and those of every religion and lack thereof . On 14 May 2014, the Department of Posts celebrated Buddha Purnima with the release of a commemorative stamp on the Drukpa Buddhists, a rare and perhaps the first recognition given by

952-675: The Guinness World Record twice for most trees planted simultaneously. The first in October 2010, 9,313 volunteers planted 50,033 trees within half an hour, breaking their first Guinness World Records for the "Most Trees Planted" category. In October 2012, they broke again the Guinness World Records for the same category, with over 9,800 volunteers planted nearly 100,000 trees, safeguarding villages from mudslides and cleaning polluted air. The Drukpa lineage under

1008-661: The Gyalwang Drukpa incarnation. Lhatsewa and supporters of the Chongje king conducted an enthronement ceremony of Pagsam Wangpo as the incarnation of Künkhyen Pema Karpo and Gyalwang Drukpa at Tashi Thongmen monastery. The Chongje king then persuaded the king of Tsang (or Depa Tsangpa ), one the most powerful local kings in Tibet and patron of the rival Karma Kagyu sect, to support the recognition of Pagsam Wangpo as Gyalwang Drukpa and incarnation of Künkhyen Pema Karpo. By 1612,

1064-588: The Himalayas and the first 12,000 biodegradable balloons sent to the sky, was covered by international media In 2010, the Gyalwang Drukpa launched an initiative to plant one million trees in Ladakh, as part of the 'one million trees' campaign initiated by Wangari Maathaï, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. As part of this initiative, the Gyalwang Drukpa led the Live to Love volunteers to break

1120-632: The Indian government to a particular Buddhist lineage. On 10 September 2014, the Gyalwang Drukpa issued an official statement accusing Beijing of fanning intra-sect rivalries by using the Chinese-led subset-under-occupation of the Karma Kagyu to forcibly take over Drukpa monasteries in the holy Mount Kailash area of Tibet, with Drukpa monks and yogis being forced out of their monasteries, and photographs of Drukpa masters replaced with photographs of

1176-773: The Six Branch Yoga of the Kalachakra system known as the "Approach and Attainment of the Three Adamantine States" ( Wylie : rdo rje gsum gyi bsnyen sgrub ) and, after returning to Tibet, founded the Orgyen Nyendrup tradition and wrote many works including a famous guide to the land of Oddiyana. Ogyenpa had many disciples including Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama , Kharchupa ( Wylie : mkhar chu pa , 1284—1339) and Tokden Daseng ( Wylie : rtogs dan zla seng ). Barawa Gyeltsen Pelzang (1255-1343)

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1232-557: The Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal ( Wylie : karma phun tshogs rnam rgyal ), had gained control over the Tibetan regions of Ü and Tsang . For a time, Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal continued to live at the main Drukpa seat of Ralung, as—irrespective of who was entitled to be considered as the true incarnation of Kunkhyen Pema Karpo—Ngawang Namgyal was the main Drukpa hereditary lineage–holder and legitimate throne-holder at Ralung Monastery,

1288-782: The Tsangpa ruler. Due to those events, the Central Drukpa split into the Southern Drukpa led by the Zhabdrung and his successors in Bhutan and the Northern Drukpa led by Gyalwang Pagsam Wangpo and the successive Gyalwang Drukpa tulkus in Tibet. The Lower Drukpa ( Wylie : smad 'brug ) was founded by Tsangpa Gyare's disciple Loré Wangchuk Tsöndrü ( Wylie : lo ras dbang phyug brtson 'grus , 1187-1250). Lorepa built

1344-638: The ancient, Nyingma sect to continue in central and eastern Bhutan (today the Nyingmapa comprise approximately thirty percent of Bhutan's monks, even though they are privately funded while the Southern Drukpa Kagyu is supported as the established state religion of Bhutan). In 1627, the first European visitors to Bhutan—the Portuguese Jesuits Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral —found the Zhabdrung to be

1400-583: The apostate church said to be isolated in the heart of central Asia (see Nestorian Stele ). The Zhabdrung also established Bhutan's distinctive dual system of government under the Tsa Yig legal code, by which control of the country was shared between a spiritual leader (the Je Khenpo ) to preside over the religious institutions, and an administrative leader (the Druk Desi ) as head of secular affairs,

1456-533: The broad Buddhist tradition." Spokesperson Kunzang Chunvyalp added that the Karmapa has urged that Drukpa monasteries which have been desecrated "be restored because they are very sacred." In 2018 BBC reported on the Kung Fu Nuns from the Drukpa Kagyu school who are mostly black belts in kung fu . After a visit to Vietnam where the Gyalwang Drukpa saw nuns receiving combat training, he decided to bring

1512-469: The chief monasteries and succession of Gyalwang Drukpa Tsangpa Gyare passed to his nephew, Önre Darma Senge, at Ralung Monastery; this lineage was known as the Central Drukpa. This lineage of hereditary "prince-abbots" of Ralung continued until 1616, when Ngawang Namgyal , the Zhabdrung Rinpoche , fled to Bhutan due to a dispute over the incarnation of the 4th Gyalwang Drukpa and the enmity of

1568-579: The clothing of the Ngalop people . Under the Driglam Namzha, men wear a heavy knee-length robe tied with a belt, called a gho , which is folded in such a way to form a pocket in front of the stomach. Women wear long-sleeved blouses called wonju made of silk, polyester, or lightweight cotton, over which they fold and clasp a large rectangular cloth called a " kira ," thereby creating an ankle-length dress. A short silk jacket or toego may be worn over

1624-611: The country, after which the country became known as Drukyül in Standard Tibetan and Dzongkha . The Southern Drukpa are led by the Je Khenpo (an elected office, not a tulku lineage), who is the chief abbot of the Dratshang Lhentshog of Bhutan. The Northern Drukpa are led by the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa or incarnation of the Gyalwang Drukpa . In Kham , Khamtrul Rinpoche traditionally has been

1680-412: The direction of an inspired lama , citizens build dzongs as part of their tax obligation to the state . As recently as 1998, by decree , all buildings must be constructed with varicolored wood frontages, small arched windows, and sloping roofs. Ngawang Namgyal Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651), known colloquially as The Bearded Lama , was a Tibetan Buddhist Drukpa Kagyu school Rinpoche , and

1736-514: The eastern Kham tradition and middle Drukpa school which prospered in Ladakh and surrounding areas. In Bhutan the Drukpa lineage is the dominant school and state religion. The Drukpa lineage was founded in the Tsang region of Tibet by Tsangpa Gyare (1161–1211), a student of Ling Repa, who mastered the Vajrayana practices of the mahamudra and Six Yogas of Naropa at an early age. As

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1792-439: The first Gyalwang Drukpa , may be divided into two categories: blood relatives and spiritual sons. His nephew, Onre Darma Sengye (1177–1237), ascended the throne at Ralung , the main seat of the Drukpa lineage. Darma Sengye guided the later disciples of Tsangpa Gyare, such as Gotsangpa Gonpo Dorje (1189–1258), onto the path of realization, thus becoming their guru as well. Darma Sengye's nephew and their descendants held

1848-422: The fourth Drukchen, the "Omniscient" Kunkhyen Pema Karpo ( Wylie : kun mkhyen pad ma dkar po , 1527–1592). His recognition and enthronement at Ralung as the Drukpa incarnation was opposed by Lhatsewa Ngawang Zangpo, an influential student of Drukpa Pema Karpo who promoted the recognition of a rival candidate— Gyalwang Pagsam Wangpo , an illegitimate son of the Chongje king (Chongje Depa), Ngawang Sönam Dragpa—as

1904-747: The governors conspired to keep the death of the Zhabdrung secret for fifty-four years; during this time, they issued orders in his name, explaining that he was on an extended, silent retreat. The anniversary of the death of the Zhabdrung is nowadays celebrated as a Bhutanese national holiday , falling on the tenth day of the third month of the Bhutanese calendar. Drukpa Lineage Samding Dorje Phagmo New branches: Tantric techniques : Fourfold division: Twofold division: Thought forms and visualisation: Yoga : The Drukpa or Drukpa Kagyu ( Dzongkha : འབྲུག་པ་བཀའ་བརྒྱུད ) lineage, sometimes called Dugpa in older sources,

1960-670: The guidance of its spiritual masters, in particular the Twelfth Gyalwang Drukpa, has established centers across the world, especially in Europe. In 2016, National Geographic Books published the book StarTalk : Everything You Ever Need to Know About Space Travel, Sci-Fi, the Human Race, the Universe, and Beyond , in which a fragment of an interview Neil deGrasse Tyson , Eugene Mirman , and Jason Sudekis had with

2016-470: The kira. Everyday gho and kira are cotton or wool according to the season, patterned in simple checks and stripes in earth tones. For special occasions and festivals, varicolored, patterned silk kira, and, more rarely, gho, may be worn. Additional rules apply when visiting a dzong or a temple, and when appearing before a high-level official. In such cases, Bhutanese will wear the national costume with ceremonial scarves. A white, raw silk sash with fringes called

2072-479: The klo pa", the inhabitants of southeastern Tibet. This monastery, which is located in modern Lhoka Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region near the border with Arunachal Pradesh , India, became the seat of the successive Gyalwang Drukpa incarnations in Tibet and thus the center of the Northern Drukpa. Three great siddhas of Middle Drukpa school were Tsangnyön Heruka (1452-1507), author of

2128-557: The lineage were the root guru of Tsangpa Gyare, Ling Repa and his guru, Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo , who was in turn a principal disciple of Gampopa as well as Dampa Sumpa , one of Rechung Dorje Drakpa's main disciples. A prominent disciple of Tsangpa Gyare's nephew, Onre Darma Sengye, was Phajo Drugom Zhigpo (1208–1276) who in 1222 went to establish the Drukapa Kagyu teachings in the valleys of western Bhutan . The disciples of Tsangpa Gyare Yeshi Dorje (1161–1211),

2184-490: The local king of Kyishö ( Wylie : sde pa skyid shod pa ) in Tibet. On his father's side, Ngawang Namgyal descended from the family line of Tsangpa Gyare (1161–1211), the founder of the Drukpa Lineage . In his youth, Ngawang Namgyal was enthroned as the eighteenth Drukpa or throne-holder and "hereditary prince" of the traditional Drukpa seat and estate of Ralung, and recognized there as the immediate reincarnation of

2240-495: The main seat of the Southern Drukpa Kagyu tradition in Ladakh; this monastery still preserves artifacts and documents related to Bhutan, some of them said to have been gifted by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal died in 1651, and power effectively passed to the penlops (local governors), instead of to a successor Zhabdrung. In order to forestall a dynastic struggle and a return to warlordism ,

2296-534: The most prominent Drukpa lineage master, and still commands a huge following in Kham. Unlike previously where the lineage was divided geographically into Northern, Middle and Southern Drukpa, the Drukpa lineage masters today often cross these traditional borders and communicate to strengthen the lineage and the teachings. In April 2009, the first of a yearly event known as the Annual Drukpa Council (ADC)

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2352-491: The seat at Ralung and continued the lineage. Gyalwa Lorepa, Gyalwa Gotsangpa and his disciple Gyalwa Yang Gonpa, are known as Gyalwa Namsum or the Three Victorious Ones in recognition of their spiritual realization. The followers of Gyalwa Lorepa came to be called the 'Lower Drukpas'. The followers of Gyalwa Gotsangpa came to be called the 'Upper Drukpas'. And the followers of Onre Darma Sengye came to be called

2408-530: The spiritual head of all monasteries in Bhutan, successive Je Khenpos have acted to date as spiritual regents of Bhutan. Several of Tsangpa Gyare's students started sub-schools, the most important of which were the Lower Drukpa founded by Gyalwa Lorepa Wangchug Tsondru and the Upper Drukpa founded by Gyalwa Gotsangpa Gonpo Dorje . This branch further gave rise to several important sub-schools. However

2464-462: The state priest; as the Zhabdrung was occupied confronting an invasion from Tibet and consolidating the new Bhutanese state, he sent Choje Mukzinpa as his representative to the court of Ladakh. Several religious estates were offered to the Bhutanese in present-day Ladakh, Zangskar, and western Tibet (Ngari Korsum [ mga' ris bskor gsum ]), which was then part of Ladakh. One of them, Stakna Monastery or "Tiger's Nose," established by Choje Mukzinpa, became

2520-472: The strengths of the Drukpa lineage and to mend the historical connections of different monasteries and organizations. In July 2007, when the lineage celebrated its 800-plus-years' legacy in Shey , Ladakh, more than 100,000 attended the event that included celebrations and prayers, as well as mask dancing by 300 nuns. This event, boasted of the first firework in the Himalayas, the first 800 sky lanterns being lit in

2576-754: The three mahāsattvas Manjusri , Vajrapani and Avalokiteśvara , respectively. Sherap Zangpo's son was the second Gyalwang Drukpa, Gyelwang Jé Künga Penjor ( Wylie : rgyal dbang rje kun dga' dpal 'byor , 1428–76), who received teachings from the most renowned lamas of his age and became a great author and teacher. From the 2nd Gyalwang Drukpa, the lineage passed to his nephew Ngakwang Chögyel ( Wylie : ngag dbang chos rgyal , 1465-1540), then successively in turns from father to son to Ngak gi Wangchuk Drakpa Gyeltsen ( Wylie : ngag gi dbang phyug grags pa rgyal mtshan , 1517-1554), Mipham Chögyal ( Wylie : mi pham chos rgyal , 1543-1604), Mipham Tenpa'i Nyima ( Wylie : mi pham bstan pa'i nyi ma , 1567-1619) and Ngawang Namgyal, who

2632-793: The traditional seat of the Drukpa Lineage. However, following a misunderstanding Zhabdrung Rinpoche and his party had with an important Karma Kagyu lama , Pawo Tsugla Gyatsho (1568–1630), the Tsang Desi demanded that compensation be paid, and that the sacred religious relics of Ralung—such as the Rangjung Kharsapani—should be surrendered to him so they could be given to the rival Gyalwang Drukpa incarnate, Gyalwa Pagsam Wangpo. The Tsang Desi prepared to send covert armed guards to arrest Zhabdrung Rinpoche and enforce his demands. In 1616, facing arrest and following visions (in which it

2688-404: The unifier of Bhutan as a nation-state. He was later granted the honorific title Zhabdrung Rinpoche , approximately "at whose feet one submits" ( Tibetan : ཞབས་དྲུང་ངག་དབང་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་ , Wylie : zhabs drung ngag dbang rnam rgyal ; alternate spellings include Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel ). In addition to unifying the various warring fiefdoms for the first time in the 1630s, he also sought to create

2744-414: The way to Trongsa . The Drukpa lineage was divided from that time on into the Northern Drukpa ( Dzongkha : བྱང་འབྲུག་ , Wylie : byang 'brug ) branch in Tibet headed by the Gyalwang Drukpa and the Southern Drukpa ( Dzongkha : ལྷོ་འབྲུག་ , Wylie : lho 'brug ) based in Bhutan and headed by the Zhabdrung incarnations. Ever since Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal appointed Pekar Jungne as the 1st Je Khenpo ,

2800-716: The west and Trongsa valley to the east. Zhabdrung Rinpoche consolidated control over western Bhutan, subduing rivals belonging to the Lhapa , a branch of the Drikung Kagyu sect, which had built some of the original dzong s in Bhutan, including Punakha Dzong in 1637–1638. The Drukpa Kagyu, the Lhapa Kagyu, and the Nenyingpa had all controlled parts of western Bhutan since the twelfth century. Later, Zhabdrung Rinpoche would conquer and unify all of Bhutan, but would allow

2856-507: The Üri ( Wylie : dbu ri ) and Sengeri ( Wylie : seng ge ri ) monasteries and visited Bhutan, where he founded Tharpaling Monastery ( Wylie : thar pa gling ) in Jakar . A special transmission of the Lower Drukpa lineage is known as The Five Capabilities ( Wylie : thub pa lnga ), which are: The Upper Drukpa ( Wylie : stod 'brug ) was founded Tsangpa Gyare's disciple Götsangpa Gönpo Dorjé ( Wylie : rgod tshang pa mgon po rdo rje , 1189-1258),

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2912-466: Was a great scholar of the Upper Drukpa succession of Yanggönpa. He established the Barawa sub-school, which for a time was widespread in Tibet and survived as an independent lineage until 1959. For a time this lineage was also important in Bhutan. The Middle Drukpa ( Wylie : bar 'brug ) was the hereditary lineage of Tsangpa Gyare centered at Ralung. Following Tsangpa Gyare, the next holder of this lineage

2968-455: Was held on Druk Amitabha Mountain in Kathmandu , Nepal . More than 40 masters of the lineage from India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet attended this event and over 10,000 lay practitioners and at least 1,000 monks and nuns or more met on this occasion. This was the first time an annual event for the Drukpa lineage involving all the three major branches will be held, as a concerted effort to reunite

3024-544: Was his nephew Darma Sengge ( Wylie : dar ma seng ge , 1177-1237), son of Tsangpa Gyare's brother Lhanyen ( Wylie : lha gnyan ). Darma Sengge was succeeded by his own nephew Zhönnu Sengge ( Wylie : gzhon nu seng ge , 1200–66) and he by his nephew Nyima Sengge ( Wylie : nyi ma seng ge , 1251-1287). The lineage then went to his cousin Dorje Lingpa Sengge Sherap ( Wylie : rdo rje gling pa seng ge shes rab , 1238-1287), son of Wöntak ( Wylie : dbon stag ),

3080-660: Was the great-great-grandson of Ngawang Chögyal. In the Middle Drukpa tradition many great scholars appeared including the fourth Gyalwang Drukpa, Kunkhyen Pema Karpo (kun mkhyen padma dkar po) [1527—1592], Khewang Sangay Dorji (mkhas dbang sangs rgyas rdo rje) [1569—1645] and Bod Khepa Mipham Geleg Namgyal (bod mkhas pa mi pham dge legs rnam rgyal) (1618—1685) who was famed for his knowledge of poetics, grammar and medicine. His collected works fill over twenty volumes in modern editions. He founded Sangngak Chö Monastery ( Wylie : gsang sngags chos gling ) in 1571 to "subdue

3136-472: Was the offspring of the Chongje Depa, and Ngawang Namgyal, who was also the heir to Drukpa lineage of Ralung. Paksam Wangpo gained the backing of the powerful Tsangpa Desi, who was a patron of the Karma Kagyu and hostile to Ngawang Namgyal. The latter subsequently fled to Bhutan, where his lineage already had many followers, established the Southern Drukpa, and became both the spiritual and temporal head of

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