Misplaced Pages

#709290

32-642: As of 2023, 3% of the world's farmers use drip irrigation. Primitive drip irrigation has been used since ancient times. Fan Shengzhi shu , written in China during the first century BCE , describes the use of buried, unglazed clay pots filled with water, sometimes referred to as Ollas , as a means of irrigation. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting with subsurface irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. The research

64-450: A timer , hose , and emitter. Hoses that are 4 mm (0.16 in) in diameter are used to irrigate flower pots. Fan Shengzhi shu Fan Shengzhi shu ("Fan Shengzhi's book" or "Fan Shengzhi's manual") was a Chinese agricultural text from the Han dynasty , written by Fan Shengzhi in the first century BC. The book was lost in the 11th- or 12th-century Song dynasty , possibly during

96-531: A drop in greenhouse gases like carbon and methane from 50% to 85% as well as water savings of 50%. In the United States, the first drip tape , called Dew Hose , was developed by Richard Chapin and Jaime Leal-Diaz of Chapin Watermatics in the early 1960s. The evolution of drip tape which made large-scale adoption and use possible was the introduction of T-Tape in 1987 by Plastro Irrigation , that had

128-403: A part-circle head, two limiting collars can easily be adjusted with the fingers, to achieve the area of coverage desired. The uninterrupted flow path of impact heads makes them less vulnerable to damage and clogging by dirt and sand in the water. Thus, they are suitable for systems fed by well water. One defining feature of impact heads is they almost always have male pipe threads, as opposed to

160-429: A small area, instead of dripping emitters. These are generally used on tree and vine crops with wider root zones. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) uses permanently or temporarily buried dripperline or drip tape located at or below the plant roots. It is becoming popular for row crop irrigation, especially in areas where water supplies are limited, or recycled water is used for irrigation. As of 2012, China and India were

192-493: Is a circular device which evenly distributes water around the base of a tree or shrub. Connected to a water supply by a garden hose or tubing adapter fitting, trickle rings may be integrated into an irrigation network which waters many plants at the same time. By regulating the flow of water through the trickle ring, soil can be saturated at a rate which conserves water by minimizing wasteful surface runoff and losses due to evaporation. Modern drip irrigation has arguably become

224-457: Is already filtered at the water treatment plant. Virtually all drip irrigation equipment manufacturers recommend that filters be employed and generally will not honor warranties unless this is done. Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the intermediate lines. Drip and subsurface drip irrigation

256-819: Is called fertigation ; fertigation and chemigation (application of pesticides and other chemicals to periodically clean out the system, such as chlorine or sulfuric acid ) use chemical injectors such as diaphragm pumps , piston pumps , or aspirators . The chemicals may be added constantly whenever the system is irrigating or at intervals. Fertilizer savings of up to 95% are being reported from recent university field tests using drip fertigation and slow water delivery as compared to timed-release and irrigation by micro spray heads. Properly designed, installed, and managed, drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by reducing evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be more precisely applied to

288-509: Is sometimes used to decrease the amount of water delivered to the plant at any one time, thus reducing runoff or deep percolation. Pulsed systems are typically expensive and require extensive maintenance. Therefore, the latest efforts by emitter manufacturers are focused on developing new technologies that deliver irrigation water at ultra-low flow rates, i.e. less than 1.0 L (2.1 US pints; 1.8 imperial pints) per hour. Slow-and-even delivery further improves water use efficiency without incurring

320-420: Is used almost exclusively when using recycled municipal wastewater. Regulations typically do not permit spraying water through the air that has not been fully treated to potable water standards. Because of the way the water is applied in a drip system, traditional surface applications of timed-release fertilizer are sometimes ineffective, so drip systems often mix liquid fertilizer with the irrigation water. This

352-649: The Jurchen invasion . Several fragments of the text have survived as quotations in other books including Qimin Yaoshu , Beitang Shuchao  [ de ] , Yiwen Leiju , and Taiping Yulan . Fan Shengzhi was a Han dynasty official, possibly from Shandong , who served in the Guanzhong region first as court gentleman for consultation (議郎), then as agricultural development commissioner (勸農使) and commissioner of charioteers (輕車使者). The highest office he attained

SECTION 10

#1732787388710

384-545: The design: Already in the original invention, the actuator plate onto which the stream of water pushes, is shaped so that the jet of water is temporarily broken up, in order to irrigate the portion of the field near the sprinkler. In the later "part-circle heads", which intentionally only cover a chosen sector of a circle, the close range watering coverage role is provided by the rapid "return cycle", while some modern "full-circle heads" feature an additional, opposing, short range "spreader" nozzle (see image) for that purpose. On

416-678: The emitter. The advantages of drip irrigation are: The disadvantages of drip irrigation are: Drip tape is a type of thin-walled dripper line used in drip irrigation. The first drip tape was known as "Dew Hose". Drip tape duct tape is made of polyethylene and sold flat on reels. The wall thickness typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 mm (4 to 25 mils ). Thicker-walled tapes are commonly used for permanent subsurface drip irrigation, and thinner-walled tapes for temporary throw-away systems in high-value crops. Water exits from tape through emitters or drippers. The typical emitter spacing ranges from 150 to 610 mm (6 to 24 inches). In some products,

448-464: The emitters are manufactured simultaneously with the tape and formed as part of the product. In others, the emitters are manufactured separately and installed during production. Some products are not tape but a thin-walled dripper line, but in popular parlance, both types of products are called tapes. Typical tape diameters are 16 mm ( 5 ⁄ 8  in), 22 mm ( 7 ⁄ 8  in), and 35 mm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 8  in), with

480-440: The expense and complexity of pulsed delivery equipment. An emitting pipe is a type of drip irrigation tubing with emitters pre-installed at the factory with specific distance and flow per hour as per crop distance. An emitter restricts water flow passage through it, thus creating head loss required (to the extent of atmospheric pressure) to emit water in the form of droplets. This head loss is achieved by friction/turbulence within

512-508: The fastest expanding countries in the field of drip- or other micro-irrigation, while worldwide well over ten million hectares used these technologies. Still, this amounted to less than 4 percent of the world's irrigated land. That year, Israel's Netafim was the global market leader (a position it maintained in 2018), with India's Jain Irrigation being the second-biggest micro-irrigation company. In 2017 Rivulis bought Eurodrip and became

544-521: The female threads found on virtually all other sprinkler types. The sprinkler head has traditionally been manufactured from cast metal. Since the 1970s some smaller models also use thermoplastics for improved corrosion resistance. The impact sprinkler's long spray radius and uniform water distribution re-creates the effect of natural rainfall. The device provides an above-ground alternative to furrow irrigation , in which trenches are dug between rows of crops and flooded. An underground pop-up version of

576-547: The first slit outlet and a laminar flow track which later evolved into a turbulent flow regulating flow track. Chapin Watermatics was acquired by Jain Irrigation in 2006 and is housed under its US subsidiary Jain Irrigation Inc, USA. First introduced in California in the late 1960s, only 5% of irrigated land used this system as of 1988. By 2010, 40% of irrigated land in California used this system. A trickle ring

608-461: The impact sprinkler was introduced as a way to avoid the problem of having to carefully and time consumingly mow around overground sprinkler heads. When not in operation, these sprinklers disappear out of sight below turf level. Although these variants provide regular convenience, malfunctioning sprinkler heads that fail to recede may become damaged by an inattentive landscaper mowing over them. Although largely replaced by gear-driven "rotor heads" by

640-666: The larger diameters more commonly used on permanent installations with longer runs. Drip tape is a recyclable material and can be recycled into viable plastic resins for reuse in the plastics manufacturing industry. Drip irrigation is used in farms, commercial greenhouses , and residential gardens. Drip irrigation is adopted extensively in areas of acute water scarcity and especially for crops and trees such as coconuts , containerized landscape trees, grapes, bananas, ber , eggplant , citrus , strawberries , sugarcane , cotton, maize, and tomatoes. Drip irrigation kits for home gardens are increasingly popular for homeowners and consist of

672-454: The plant roots. In addition, drip can eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with the foliage. Finally, in regions where water supplies are severely limited, there may be no actual water savings, but rather simply an increase in production while using the same amount of water as before. In very arid regions or on sandy soils , the preferred method is to apply the irrigation water as slowly as possible. Pulsed irrigation

SECTION 20

#1732787388710

704-545: The production of several crops." Netafim developed technology to specifically water rice. Rice paddies which produce 10% of global methane emissions, the equivalent of 400 million cars. This technology was first introduced in Italy, Turkey and India. Agritech firm N-Drip developed smart drip irrigation for rice paddies. In the TOI article it was reported that N-Drip system led to yield increases of up to 33%, fertilizer reduction of 50%,

736-482: The soil surface worked exceptionally well in producing vegetable crops, even with saline water (Elfving, 1989). The system...was responsible for the greening of formerly unproductive environment". Replacing sub-surface system with on surface system solved the disadvantage of clogging the subsurface system. Their improvement prevailed: "Drip irrigation is presently the most efficient means to apply water to crops (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... There are two variations of

768-413: The sprinkler arm on a circular motion. The arm, which is weighted for a particular speed of operation, is pushed back in to the stream of water by a return-spring. At the end of its travel it impacts a part of the sprinkler-head structure. The angular momentum of the arm is thereby transferred onto the head, so that the whole assembly turns slightly. Uniform coverage of the watered area was a key point of

800-482: The technology: surface and subsurface. The most common is surface drip irrigation, first developed in Israel (Goldberg and Shmueli 1970)... Due to the need to improve irrigation efficiency, as a measure toward sustainable use of water resources, there is wide interest in drip irrigation (Scanlon et al. 2012; Steward et al. 2013; Schaible and Aillery 2017) and is highlighted by numerous studies to evaluate its performance for

832-497: The world's most valued innovation in agriculture since the invention in the 1930s of the impact sprinkler , which offered the first practical alternative to surface irrigation. Careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, soil, water, crop and agro-climatic conditions are needed to determine the most suitable drip irrigation system and components to be used in a specific installation. Drip irrigation may also use devices called micro-spray heads, which spray water in

864-544: The world's second largest irrigation systems manufacturer. Components used in drip irrigation (listed in order from water source) include: In drip irrigation systems, pump and valves may be manually or automatically operated by a controller . Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter flow path by small waterborne particles. New technologies are now being offered that minimize clogging. Some residential systems are installed without additional filters since potable water

896-471: Was invented in 1933 and patented in 1935 by Glendora, California citrus grower Orton Englehart. He later sold it to Clem and Mary La Fetra who manufactured and marketed it under the brand name Rain Bird . The basic design operates as follows: The sprinkler base is fixed to the water pipe with a threaded attachment nut. The head can pivot on a bearing above the base. The force of the outgoing water flings

928-541: Was invented in Israel in the 1960s, such irrigation also improved the efficiency of fertilizer use as well as water. The introduction of this technology was revolutionary according to the Times of Israel and could save 70% of water usage in the growth of rice. Goldberg and Shmueli (1970) developed a significant improvement: "in the Arava desert in southern Israel [Shmueli] demonstrated that a trickle-irrigation system installed on

960-463: Was later expanded in the 1920s to include the application of perforated pipe systems. The usage of plastic to hold and distribute water in drip irrigation was later developed in Australia by Hannis Thill. Usage of a plastic emitter in drip irrigation was developed in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu. Instead of releasing water through tiny holes easily blocked by tiny particles, water

992-399: Was released through larger and longer passageways by using friction to slow water inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type was established in 1959 by Blass, who partnered later (1964) with Kibbutz Hatzerim to create an irrigation company called Netafim . Together they developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. Modern drip irrigation

Drip irrigation - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-670: Was that of censor-in-chief (御史). This Chinese literature-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Impact sprinkler An impact sprinkler (sometimes called an impulse sprinkler ) is a type of irrigation sprinkler in which the sprinkler head, driven in a circular motion by the force of the outgoing water, pivots on a bearing on top of its threaded attachment nut. Invented in 1933 by Orton Englehart, it quickly found widespread use. Though it has in many situations been replaced by gear-driven "rotor heads", many varieties of impact sprinkler remain in use. The original horizontal action impact drive sprinkler

#709290