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64-611: Drowned Land is a 1912 oil sketch by the 20th-century Canadian painter Tom Thomson . The work was painted in the fall of 1912, possibly on the Mississagi River . It depicts an area desolate and damaged due to flooding via damming. It was purchased by the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto in 1937 and has remained in the collection ever since. It was produced near the beginning of Thomson's short art career, just as he

128-407: A " size " to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint. Traditionally, the canvas was coated with a layer of animal glue (modern painters will use rabbit skin glue) as the size and primed with lead white paint, sometimes with added chalk. Panels were prepared with a gesso , a mixture of glue and chalk. Modern acrylic " gesso " is made of titanium dioxide with an acrylic binder. It

192-472: A canvas and can also be used for application. Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists' materials, enabling the artist to change the color, texture, or form of the figure. At times, the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped off. Oil paint dries by oxidation , not evaporation , and

256-500: A complicated and rather expensive process with the panel constructed from several pieces of wood, although such support tends to warp. Panels continued to be used well into the 17th century, including by Rubens , who painted several large works on wood. The artists of the Italian regions moved towards canvas in the early 16th century, led partly by a wish to paint larger images, which would have been too heavy as panels. Canvas for sails

320-446: A difference. For example, a "round" is a pointed brush used for detail work. "Flat" brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color. "Bright" is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs, used for "scrubbing in". "Filbert" is a flat brush with rounded corners. "Egbert" is a very long, and rare, filbert brush. The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife, which is a flat metal blade. A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from

384-464: A dump in the forty-mile rapids which is near the end of our trip and lost most of our stuff—we only saved 2 rolls of film out of about 14 dozen. Outside of that we had a peach of a time as the Mississauga is considered the finest canoe trip in the world... The weather has been very rotton [ sic ] all through our trip never dry for more than 24 hours at a time and sometimes raining for

448-419: A high degree of finish was the 18th century Venetian Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , whose superb technique is often shown at its best in reducing a huge altarpiece to a lively but precise rendering at this small scale. At roughly the same time Jean Fragonard was producing a series of virtuosic Figures de fantaisie , half-length portraits of imaginary subjects, purporting to have been painted in an hour. By

512-750: A larger scale, and are themselves relatively large and on panel , with examples in the National Gallery, London [1] and Courtauld Institute of Art being 75 and 65 cm tall respectively. Sometimes a number of sketches for the same composition have survived. In the early 17th century the oil sketch became widely used, as it was suited to conveying the drama of Baroque art . Rubens made great use of them, as working studies, and as modelli for clients, his own assistants, engravers and tapestry-makers. Their degree of finish varies accordingly. Rubens' working practices influenced others, such as Anthony van Dyck , who did not normally use oil sketches for

576-499: A more painterly and spontaneous approach, reduced the distinction between a detailed sketch and a finished painting. Sketches by Rubens or Tiepolo, for example, are at least as highly finished as many 20th century oil paintings. Many artists, especially those working in more traditional styles, still use oil sketches today. Francis Bacon is an example of an artist who called many of his most important, and largest, finished works "studies": examples are his Three Studies for Figures at

640-500: A photograph as a memory aid given their "uncanny precision". The painting is especially notable for its skill of composition and precision, especially when compared with some of Thomson's other work from this period, such as The Canoe and Old Lumber Dam, Algonquin Park . These early sketches show how he had not yet established his own form of expression, being particularly dark and dreary compared to his later work. The subject of desolation

704-461: A relatively small range of subjects. He grew up and trained in Genoa , and apparently had contact with both Rubens and Van Dyck during their stays there. He produced a large number of small works, mostly on paper, in a mixture of mediums - drawings or gouaches finished in oil, oils with pen details - in fact, most possible permutations. Detail is typically restricted to a few key points, with much of

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768-507: A studio, because while outside, an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer. Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color (wet-on-wet) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing. When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year, an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine. Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing

832-608: A tactile, almost sculptural quality, was groundbreaking at the time and had a lasting impact on 20th-century movements such as Expressionism and Fauvism. His iconic works like Starry Night (1889) and Sunflowers (1888) showcase his emotional intensity, using exaggerated colors and dramatic compositions to convey psychological depth. Early 20th-century Expressionists, such as Edvard Munch and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , were inspired by Van Gogh’s ability to express inner turmoil and existential angst through distorted forms and vibrant hues. Oil sketch The usual medium for modelli

896-413: A technique by which the oil had been all but removed from the pigment, so that the artist was virtually drawing with pure paint. Seurat made many careful small oil sketches for his larger works. However, with the advent of Impressionism , and then Modernism , the practice of preparatory drawing and painting tended to decline. The abandonment by many artists of a high level of detail and finish in favor of

960-486: A week steady... Thomson's art director while at Grip Ltd. , Albert Robson, identified Drowned Land as being painted on the Mississagi Forest Reserve canoe trip. Art historian David Silcox has suggested that it was perhaps painted on Lake Scugog or near Owen Sound . It was painted with oil on paper , which was further embossed with canvas texture, all mounted on plywood . A similar support

1024-644: A wide range of pigments and ingredients and even include the use of a final varnish layer. The application technique and refined level of the paint media used in the murals and their survival into the present day suggest that oil paints had been used in Asia for some time before the 7th century. The technique used, of binding pigments in oil, was unknown in Europe for another 900 years or so. In Northern Europe, practitioners of Early Netherlandish painting developed oil painting techniques which other Europeans adopted from around

1088-466: Is divided into separate "runs" for figures ( figure ), landscapes ( paysage ), and marines ( marine ) that more or less preserve the diagonal. Thus a 0 figure corresponds in height with a paysage 1 and a marine 2 . Although surfaces like linoleum , wooden panel , paper , slate , pressed wood , Masonite , and cardboard have been used, the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas , although many artists used panel through

1152-461: Is frequently used on canvas, whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas. The artist might apply several layers of gesso, sanding each smooth after it has dried. Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand. One manufacturer makes a "sandable" acrylic gesso, but it is intended for panels only and not canvas. It is possible to make the gesso a particular color, but most store-bought gesso is white. The gesso layer, depending on its thickness, will tend to draw

1216-689: Is made by mixing pigments of colors with an oil medium. Since the 19th century the different main colors are purchased in paint tubes pre-prepared before painting begins, further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities as the painting process is underway. An artist's palette , traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand, is used for holding and mixing paints. Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color, such as sulfides for yellow or cobalt salts for blue. Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants, but many have proven unstable over long periods. Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals. The pigment

1280-417: Is made from linen , but less expensive cotton fabric has been used. The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a "stretcher" or "strainer". The difference between the two names is that stretchers are slightly adjustable, while strainers are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches. The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge. Then the artist applies

1344-719: Is mixed with oil, usually linseed, but other oils may be used. The various oils dry differently, which creates assorted effects. A brush is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint, often over a sketched outline of their subject (which could be in another medium). Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects. For example, brushes made with hog bristles might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures. Fitch hair and mongoose hair brushes are fine and smooth, and thus answer well for portraits and detail work. Even more expensive are red sable brushes ( weasel hair). The finest quality brushes are called " kolinsky sable "; these brush fibers are taken from

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1408-565: Is more subtle as it does not directly display any logging equipment. Instead, it presents the damage caused by logging operations and flooding due to damming. A hopeful recovering growth is apparent in the distance behind the skeleton of trees in the foreground. " Sketch " indicates that the work is a smaller oil work, generally on wood panel . The dimensions are often close to 21.6 × 26.7 cm ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 x 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in.) but sometimes as small as 12.8 x 18.2 cm ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 16 x 7 + 3 ⁄ 16 in.). The painting

1472-614: Is sometimes identified as Roger of Helmarshausen ) gives instructions for oil-based painting in his treatise, De diversis artibus ('on various arts'), written about 1125. At this period, it was probably used for painting sculptures, carvings, and wood fittings, perhaps especially for outdoor use. Surfaces exposed to the weather or of items like shields—both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations—were more durable when painted in oil-based media than when painted in traditional tempera paints. However, early Netherlandish paintings with artists like Van Eyck and Robert Campin in

1536-610: Is usually dry to the touch within two weeks (some colors dry within days). The earliest known surviving oil paintings are Buddhist murals created c.  650 AD in Bamiyan , Afghanistan. Bamiyan is a historic settlement along the Silk Road and is famous for the Bamiyan Buddhas, a series of giant statues, behind which rooms and tunnels are carved from the rock. The murals are located in these rooms. The artworks display

1600-575: The Owen Sound Sun reporting on Thomson's visit to the forest reserve wrote that "technology gave value to the landscape" and placed emphasis on the mineral, forest, water-power, and fish and game resources rather than on any scenic beauty the land possessed. Thomson's transition from commercial art towards his original style of painting began to be apparent around this time. Much of his artwork from this trip, mainly oil sketches and photographs, has been lost due to two canoe spills experienced during

1664-464: The flax seed, a common fiber crop . Linen , a "support" for oil painting (see relevant section), also comes from the flax plant. Safflower oil or the walnut or poppyseed oil or Castor Oil are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they "yellow" less on drying than linseed oil, but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film. Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change

1728-557: The "mosaic" is completed and then left to dry before applying details. Artists in later periods, such as the Impressionist era (late 19th century), often expanded on this wet-on-wet method, blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance-era approach of layering and glazing. This method is also called " alla prima ". This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors, instead of inside

1792-458: The 17th century and beyond. The panel is more expensive, heavier, harder to transport, and prone to warp or split in poor conditions. For fine detail, however, the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage. Some artists are now painting directly onto prepared Aluminium Composite Material (ACM) panels. Others combine the perceived benefits of canvas and panel by gluing canvas onto panels made from ACM, Masonite or other material. Oil paint

1856-464: The 19th century oil sketches, often referred to as "oil studies" if from this period, had become very common, both as preparatory works, and for their own sake. The popularity of the oil sketch engendered the need to formulate distinctions. The esquisse , or oil sketch, tended to be inspirational or imaginative, often originating in literature or art; the etude , or study, tended to represent an observation of nature, painted from life. In academic painting

1920-460: The artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint. Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits , or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower drying. (Because the solvents thin the oil in the paint, they can also be used to clean paint brushes.) A basic rule of oil paint application is ' fat over lean ', meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than

1984-461: The boundaries of traditional representational painting. Artists like Jackson Pollock drew inspiration from Monet’s large-scale canvases and his focus on the physical process of painting, using techniques that emphasized the action of creating art over the final product. Vincent van Gogh's influence on modern art is equally significant, particularly through his emotive use of color and texture. His impasto technique, where thick layers of paint create

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2048-409: The canvas and to cover the white of the gesso. Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition. This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further, an advantage over the "cartooning" method used in fresco technique. After this layer dries, the artist might then proceed by painting a "mosaic" of color swatches, working from darkest to lightest. The borders of the colors are blended when

2112-451: The canvas when necessary. A variety of unconventional tools, such as rags, sponges, and cotton swabs, may be used to apply or remove paint. Some artists even paint with their fingers . Old masters usually applied paint in thin layers known as "glazes" that allow light to penetrate completely through the layer, a method also simply called "indirect painting". This technique is what gives oil paintings their luminous characteristics. This method

2176-490: The early and mid-15th century were the first to make oil the usual painting medium and explore the use of layers and glazes , followed by the rest of Northern Europe, and then Italy. Such works were painted on wooden panels , but towards the end of the 15th century canvas began to be used as a support , as it was cheaper, easier to transport, allowed larger works, and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso (a fine type of plaster). Venice , where sail-canvas

2240-437: The hue of the color. In some regions, this technique is referred to as the drying oil technique. Recent advances in chemistry have produced modern water miscible oil paints that can be used and cleaned up with water. Small alterations in the molecular structure of the oil create this water miscible property. The earliest oil paintings were almost all panel paintings on wood, which had been seasoned and prepared in

2304-480: The late 15th century. From the Renaissance on, oil painting technology had almost completely replaced the earlier use of tempera paints in the majority of Europe. Most European Renaissance sources, in particular Vasari , falsely credit northern European painters of the 15th century, and Jan van Eyck in particular, with the invention of oil paints. However, Theophilus Presbyter (a pseudonymous author who

2368-427: The layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the final painting will crack and peel. The consistency on the canvas depends on the layering of the oil paint. This rule does not ensure permanence; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film. Other media can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins, and varnishes. These additional media can aid

2432-541: The oil paint into the porous surface. Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible on the surface of finished paintings as a change that's not from the paint. Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century. The standards were used by most artists, not only the French, as it was—and still is—supported by the main suppliers of artists' materials. Size 0 ( toile de 0 ) to size 120 ( toile de 120 )

2496-435: The oil painting itself, to enable cleaning and conservation . Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work, preferring the surface unvarnished to avoid a glossy look. Oil painters such as Claude Monet and Vincent van Gogh revolutionized the medium in ways that profoundly shaped the evolution of modern art. Their groundbreaking innovations in technique, color, and form redefined traditional oil painting and set

2560-469: The oil sketch may be used not only to express movement and transient effects of light and color, its gestural nature may even represent a mimetic parallel to the action of the subject. One of the earliest artists to produce oil sketches was Polidoro da Caravaggio , a fine draftsman and pupil of Raphael , but not one who had passed through the traditional Florentine training, with its emphasis on drawing. His are all apparently related to works later done on

2624-605: The oil sketch took the form of the croquis , a small and gestural compositional study, and the ébauche , a dynamic laying-in of paint on the full-scale canvas, a temporary stage of the painting eventually leading to greater elaboration. John Constable made extensive use of sketches for his landscapes, both of intimate scale, often in a sketchbook on paper, and in full-scale sketches for his largest "six-footers", which he used to refine his compositions. Delacroix , Géricault , Manet and Degas are other artists who often used them. For some oil sketches Degas painted in essence ,

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2688-492: The painted surface. Among the earliest impasto effects, using a raised or rough texture in the surface of the paint, are those from the later works of the Venetian painter Giovanni Bellini , around 1500. This became much more common in the 16th century, as many painters began to draw attention to the process of their painting, by leaving individual brushstrokes obvious, and a rough painted surface. Another Venetian, Titian ,

2752-481: The painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint, the sheen of the paint, the density or 'body' of the paint, and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was most often transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes , but there are other methods, including using palette knives and rags. Palette knives can scrape off any paint from

2816-558: The portraits that were the bulk of his output, but did for his print series the Iconographie , and for other works such as a projected series of tapestries and some religious paintings. The Magistrate of Brussels , recognised in England in 2013, may be a Van Dyck portrait oil sketch. Perhaps the first to produce oil sketches as independent works was Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione , an amazingly fecund generator of compositions on

2880-450: The previous method for painting on panel (tempera) had become all but extinct, although Italians continued to use chalk-based fresco for wall paintings, which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates. Renaissance techniques used several thin almost transparent layers or glazes , usually each allowed to dry before the next was added, greatly increasing the time a painting took. The underpainting or ground beneath these

2944-641: The range of painting media . This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the studio . This changed when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter John Goffe Rand 's invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841. Artists could mix colors quickly and easily, which enabled, for the first time, relatively convenient plein air painting (a common approach in French Impressionism ) The linseed oil itself comes from

3008-488: The rest of the world. The advantages of oil for painting images include "greater flexibility, richer and denser color, the use of layers, and a wider range from light to dark". But the process is slower, especially when one layer of paint needs to be allowed to dry before another is applied. The oldest known oil paintings were created by Buddhist artists in Afghanistan and date back to the 7th century AD. Oil paint

3072-434: The same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin , such as pine resin or frankincense , to create a varnish to provide protection and texture. The paint itself can be molded into different textures depending on its plasticity . Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with

3136-508: The stage for various art movements that followed. Their influence extends through Expressionism, Fauvism, Abstract Expressionism, and beyond, fundamentally altering how contemporary artists approach color, texture, and emotional expression. Monet’s works, especially his later series like Water Lilies , are considered a precursor to abstract art. His emphasis on capturing the transient effects of light and his near-abstraction of form in his late works, such as Water Lilies: The Clouds (1920), pushed

3200-417: The subject conveyed in impressionistic fashion. By this time a collectors' market for studies in drawing was well developed, and there was appreciation of their energy and freedom. Castiglione's sketches to some extent seem to trade off this appreciation, and look more unfinished and offhand than they actually are - a concept with a great future. A systematic producer of small modelli sketches on canvas with

3264-601: The tail of the Siberian weasel . This hair keeps a superfine point, has smooth handling, and good memory (it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas), known to artists as a brush's "snap". Floppy fibers with no snap, such as squirrel hair, are generally not used by oil painters. In the past few decades, many synthetic brushes have been marketed. These are very durable and can be quite good, as well as cost efficient . Brushes come in multiple sizes and are used for different purposes. The type of brush also makes

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3328-466: The trip, the first spill being on Green Lake in a rain squall and the second in a series of rapids. In a letter to his friend M. J. (John) McRuer, Thomson wrote: We started in at Bisco and took a long trip on the lakes around there going up the Spanish River and over into the Mississauga [ Mississagi ] water we got a great many good snapshots of game—mostly moose and some sketches, but we had

3392-415: The usual choice. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil , poppy seed oil , walnut oil , and safflower oil . The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the paint , such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. The paint could be thinned with turpentine . Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in

3456-446: Was a leader in this. In the 17th century some artists, including Rembrandt , began to use dark grounds. Until the mid-19th century, there was a division between artists who exploited "effects of handling" in their paintwork, and those who continued to aim at "an even, glassy surface from which all evidences of manipulation had been banished". Before the 19th century, artists or their apprentices ground pigments and mixed their paints for

3520-410: Was beginning a transition from commercial art into full-time painting. In 1912, after Thomson's initial experience of visiting Algonquin Park , he and his colleague William Broadhead went on a two-month expedition up the Spanish River and into Mississagi Forest Reserve (today Mississagi Provincial Park ). Representative of typical Canadian attitudes towards the environment at that time, an article in

3584-465: Was easily available, was a leader in the move to canvas. Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal, especially copper plates. These supports were more expensive but very firm, allowing intricately fine detail. Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose. The increasing use of oil spread through Italy from Northern Europe, starting in Venice in the late 15th century. By 1540,

3648-611: Was first perfected through an adaptation of the egg tempera painting technique (egg yolks used as a binder, mixed with pigment), and was applied by the Early Netherlandish painters in Northern Europe with pigments usually ground in linseed oil . This approach has been called the "mixed technique" or "mixed method" in modern times. The first coat (the underpainting ) is laid down, often painted with egg tempera or turpentine-thinned paint. This layer helps to "tone"

3712-475: Was made in Venice and so easily available and cheaper than wood. Smaller paintings, with very fine detail, were easier to paint on a very firm surface, and wood panels or copper plates, often reused from printmaking , were often chosen for small cabinet paintings even in the 19th century. Portrait miniatures normally used very firm supports, including ivory , or stiff paper card. Traditional artists' canvas

3776-618: Was purchased by the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1937 from Mellors Fine Arts in Toronto and has remained in the AGO's collection ever since. It has been on display in several exhibitions since its purchase. Oil painting Oil painting is a painting method involving the procedure of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder . It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on canvas , wood panel or copper for several centuries, spreading from Europe to

3840-411: Was the drawing , but an oil sketch, even if done in a limited range of colours, could better suggest the tone of the projected work. It is also possible to more fully convey the flow and energy of a composition in paint. For a painter with exceptional technique, the production of an oil sketch may be as rapid as that of a drawing, and many practitioners had superb brush skills. In its rapidity of execution

3904-522: Was uncommon for the time, having not been seen in Canadian painting since the works of topographers in the early-nineteenth century. The painting, like others from this period, depicts ideal fishing territory that Thomson likely would have enjoyed. Many of his paintings were overt in their depictions of the lumber industry, including dams, pointers , alligators and drives , the presence of industry being on his mind from early on. Drowned Land however

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3968-516: Was used by Europeans for painting statues and woodwork from at least the 12th century, but its common use for painted images began with Early Netherlandish painting in Northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance , oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of egg tempera paints for panel paintings in most of Europe, though not for Orthodox icons or wall paintings, where tempera and fresco , respectively, remained

4032-497: Was used for View Over a Lake: Shore with Houses . The painting came right as Thomson was transitioning from commercial art into fine art and indicates his innate talent. It is similar to a sketch from the previous year, Near Owen Sound , in terms of colour, drawing and texture . On display is a "camera-like precision" and his incredible attention to detail in capturing scenes. Indeed, David Silcox has speculated that Drowned Land as well as other paintings may have been completed with

4096-414: Was usually white (typically gesso coated with a primer), allowing light to reflect through the layers. But van Eyck, and Robert Campin a little later, used a wet-on-wet technique in places, painting a second layer soon after the first. Initially, the aim was, as with the established techniques of tempera and fresco , to produce a smooth surface when no attention was drawn to the brushstrokes or texture of

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