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28-812: Coromandel was a governorate of the Dutch East India Company on the coasts of the Coromandel region from 1610, until the company's liquidation in 1798. Dutch presence in the region began with the capture of Pulicat from the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein . Coromandel remained a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1825, when it was relinquished to the British according to

56-537: A Dutch Church and Cemetery with 22 protected tombs dating from 1631 to 1655 and another Dutch Cemetery with 76 tombs and mausoleums protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Dutch architects and scholars now intend to support efforts to restore these early Dutch settlements. The Dutch Hospital building in Pulicat dating from 1640 is to be renovated in the near future. Sadras still features

84-674: A Dutch fort and a cemetery. Although the remains of Fort Vijf Sinnen and the Dutch cemetery in Nagapattinam have almost completely vanished, the Dutch Saint Peter's Church, Nagapattinam still remains standing. Near Masulipatam , there are remnants of the Dutch-built Bandar Fort and a Dutch cemetery. Bheemunipatnam features two Dutch cemeteries and some remnants of Dutch colonial buildings. Tuticorin , which

112-463: A declaration of 15 June 1814 by the Dutch, that ships for the slave trade were no longer permitted in British ports. That restriction would be extended to a ban on involvement in the slave trade by Dutch citizens. Britain also agreed to pay £1,000,000 to Sweden to resolve a claim to the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe . The British and the Dutch agreed to spend £2,000,000 each on improving

140-530: A translation of Persian "Farmandari" or the Arabic Muhafazah . It may also refer to the guberniya and general-gubernatorstvo of Imperial Russia or the gobiernos of Imperial Spain . The term governorate is widely used in Arab countries to describe an administrative unit. Some governorates combine more than one Muhafazah ; others closely follow traditional boundaries inherited from

168-525: A wife of Emperor Venkata II of Vijayanagara , ruled Prelaya Kaveri and during her reign in 1608 the Dutch East India Company was given permission to build a fort and do trading. They built a fort named Geldria at Pulicat as a defense from other invading armies' kings and the Portuguese, from where they soon monopolized the lucrative textiles trade with the East Indies and other countries in

196-752: Is exercised by the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State , a legislative body led ex officio by the President of the Governorate of Vatican City State. The other key officers of the Governorate are the General Secretary and the Vice General Secretary. All three officers are appointed by the pope for five-year terms. Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 (also known as

224-601: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . It was part of what is today called Dutch India . In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores of the Karimanal Village near Pulicat , north of the mouth of the lake requesting water. Local Muslims offered food and help to the Dutch. They struck a trade partnership to procure and supply local merchandise to the Dutch for trade in the East Indies . Empress Eraivi,

252-612: The Bukovina Governorate , and one under Romanian administration, but not as an integral part of Romania, the Transnistria Governorate . In the Spanish Empire , the gobernaciones ("governorships" or "governorates") were an administrative division, roughly analogous to a province directly beneath the level of the audiencia or captaincy general , and the viceroy in areas directly under

280-894: The Convention of London ; Dutch : Verdrag van Londen ) was signed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands in London on 13 August 1814. The treaty restored most of the territories in the Moluccas and Java that Britain had seized in the Napoleonic Wars , but confirmed British possession of the Cape Colony on

308-658: The Ottoman Empire 's vilayet system. With the exception of Tunisia, all translations into the term governorate originate in the Arabic word muhafazah ( Arabic : مُحَافَظَة ). In the modern German states of Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , and North Rhine-Westphalia , as well as others in the past, there are sub-state administrative regions called Regierungsbezirke , lit.   ' governmental districts ' , which are sometimes translated into English as "governorates" (also "regions" or "counties" in

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336-722: The Portuguese Empire , a governorate general ( Portuguese : governo-geral ) were a colonial administration. They usually were created in order to be a centralized government over smaller colonies or territories of the Portuguese Empire. Governorate Generals of the Portuguese Empire: During World War II, Romania administrated three governorates, two of them part of Romania, the Bessarabia Governorate and

364-541: The Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 . Except for two short breaks, Dutch rule of Pulicat lasted for 214 years between 1606 and 1825 till the King of Arcot acceded Chingleput District (which included Pulicat village) to the British in 1825. Pulicat today bears silent testimony to the Dutch, with the Dutch Fort dating back to 1609 in ruins,

392-603: The US sense). During the time of the Third Reich , a " General Government for the Occupied Polish Areas" ( German : Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete ) existed. The German (based on a traditional Prussian term) is sometimes translated as General Governorate . The "New Lands" added to the Kingdom of Greece by the 1912–1913 First Balkan War —Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, and islands in

420-403: The colony shifted back to Pulicat. By the early 18th century, Pulicat's population has been estimated to have declined to just over 10,000. In 1746, the monsoon failed, resulting in a devastating famine. In the larger towns of Pulicat and Santhome alone the death toll was put at 15,000 and only one third of the textile weavers, painters and washers survived. Cloth prices increased 15% and little

448-573: The colony shifted to Nagapattinam in 1690, after the Dutch had begun working on their Fort Vijf Sinnen three years earlier. The heavily armed fort in the end proved useless in the 1781 siege of Negapatam , in which the British took the fort. In the Treaty of Paris of 1784 , which ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of which this siege was part, Nagapattinam was not restored to Dutch rule, but instead remained British. The headquarters of

476-490: The eastern Aegean Sea —initially continued their Ottoman divisions and administrators but these were overseen by new Greek governor generals. The territory was reorganized in 1915 amid the First World War , but the governorate generals ( Greek : Γενικαὶ Διοικήσεις , Genikaí Dioikíseis , sing. Γενική Διοίκησις , Genikí Dioíkisis ) continued in use in various forms until their complete abolishment in 1955. In

504-643: The exception of the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara , Essequibo and Berbice , where the Dutch retained trading rights. In addition, the British ceded the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra in exchange for the settlement of Cochin in India and its dependencies on the coast of Malabar . The Dutch also ceded the district of Bernagore , situated close to Calcutta , in exchange for an annual fee. The treaty also noted

532-762: The leadership of Jacob Andries van Braam was installed by the Dutch East Indies government on 28 June 1817 to effect the transfer of the Dutch possessions on the Indian subcontinent, which arrived on the Coromandel Coast in January 1818. After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818, with a ceremonial striking of the Union Jack in Fort Sadras,

560-399: The new capital of Dutch Coromandel, and a subsequent hoisting of the Dutch flag. F. C. Regel was installed as the new governor of Dutch Coromandel, who now went by the title of opperhoofd . Regel was succeeded in 1824 by the young administrator Henricus Franciscus von Söhsten . The restoration of Dutch rule did not last long. On 1 June 1825, seven years after the possessions were restored to

588-591: The region. Under pressure from the Dutch, an English trading post was established in 1619, but this post was disbanded in 1622. The Dutch establishment met with stiff resistance from the Portuguese, who conducted several attacks on the harbor. In 1611, Venkatatapati turned against the Portuguese and the Jesuits were ordered to leave Chandragiri and the Dutch were permitted to build a fort at Pulicat. The Portuguese tried unsuccessfully to recapture Pulicat in 1614, 1623, and 1633, but never succeeded. From 1616 to 1690, Pulicat

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616-519: The southern tip of Africa, as well as portions of Dutch Guiana in South America. It was signed by Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh , on behalf of the British and diplomat Hendrik Fagel, on behalf of the Dutch. The treaty returned the colonial possessions of the Dutch as they were at 1 January 1803, before the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, with

644-433: The viceroy's administration. The powers and duties of a governor were identical to a corregidor but a governor managed a larger or more prosperous area than the former. When Ukraine claimed autonomy in 1917 and then independence from Russia in 1918, it inherited the imperial subdivision of its land with nine governorates, two okruhas , and three cities with special status. Each governorate ( Ukrainian huberniia )

672-538: Was able to keep many of the major Dutch trading centers in the East Indies and homeward-bound fleets well supplied. In 1615, the first VOC mint in India was established in Fort Gelria where, initially, "Kas" copper coins with VOC monogram and a Sanskrit legend were minted. The Pulicat mint operated till 1674, when a new mint was established at Nagapattinam. These coins were widely used in Ceylon . The headquarters of

700-706: Was available even at that price. An even more significant cause of the Dutch decline was conquest of the area by the Golconda forces commanded by Mir Jumla . Owing to the Kew Letters written by Dutch stadtholder William V , British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795. In 1804, British forces blew up Fort Geldria . The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. A commission under

728-567: Was governed from Dutch Ceylon until 1796, but became a residency of Dutch Coromandel in 1817 after Ceylon was relinquished to the British, still features the Holy Trinity Church, Tuticorin, built by the Dutch. Porto Novo , there are many grave cemetery which was in use 1686 are remains till now. The Dutch was used till 1730s. 2°11′20″N 102°23′4″E  /  2.18889°N 102.38444°E  / 2.18889; 102.38444 Governorate The most common usage are as

756-689: Was subdivided by the smaller unit of county ( povit ) and still smaller volost . By the end of the Soviet-Ukrainian war in 1920, the Soviets had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into twelve governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925. Under the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State , the pope 's executive authority for Vatican City

784-502: Was the official headquarters of Dutch Coromandel. Manufacture of cloth for export was the sole occupation of several indigenous groups in Pulicat and the hinterlands of Tamil, Telugu and Kannada territories, and it is likely that over 1,000 handlooms operated in Pulicat alone. In the 1620s, the Dutch East India Company established a gunpowder factory in Pulicat. Its output was so substantial that for several decades it

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