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40-600: Dutch Harbor is now the home of an important fishing industry. Druzhinin, the commander of the Russian ship Zakharii I Elisaveta , is credited for discovering the deep-water harbor now known as Dutch Harbor. Dutch Harbor is located within the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, more precisely on Amaknak Island in the Fox Islands . A mile-long spit extending from the northeast end of Amaknak Island makes Dutch Harbor

80-721: A junior synonym of T. chalcogramma . These analyses also suggest that T. finnmarchica is a near relative of the Atlantic cod , and that both Alaska and Norway pollock should be moved to genus Gadus . Norway pollock ( Theragra finnmarchica ) was listed as Near Threatened in the 2010 Norwegian Red List for Species based on criteria D1: "Very small or geographically very restricted population: Number of mature individuals". The IUCN Red List currently lists Alaskan pollock as Near Threatened in Europe. The Alaska pollock has been said to be "the largest remaining source of palatable fish in

120-698: A larger effect on smaller pollock. The variation in size of each subgroup also affects seasonal foraging behavior. During the winter, when food is scarce, foraging can be costly due to the fact that longer hunting time increases the risk of meeting a predator. The larger young pollocks have no need to hunt during the winter because they have a higher capacity for energy storage, while smaller fish do not, and have to continue foraging, putting them at greater risk. To maximize their chances of survival, large pollock increase their calorie intake in autumn to gain weight, while smaller ones focus solely on growing in size. Alaskan pollock exhibit diel vertical migration , following

160-544: A location in the Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alaska pollock The Alaska pollock or walleye pollock ( Gadus chalcogrammus ) is a marine fish species of the cod genus Gadus and family Gadidae . It is a semi- pelagic schooling fish widely distributed in the North Pacific , with largest concentrations found in

200-654: A natural port, protecting ships from the waves and currents of the Bering Sea , although winds off the Bering Sea have tossed shipments from decks of ships. Dutch Harbor is close to some of the richest fishing in the world, and it is ice-free. The native people are known as Aleut . When the Russians arrived, they exploited the Aleut by taxing them in fur pelts. The Russian-American Company operated from 1799 through

240-434: A relatively fast-growing and short-lived species, currently representing a major biological component of the Bering Sea ecosystem. It has been found that catches of Alaska pollock go up three years after stormy summers. The storms stir up nutrients, and this results in phytoplankton being plentiful for longer, which in turn allows more pollock hatchlings to survive. The Alaska pollock has well-developed drumming muscles that

280-560: A year, on average 92 percent from the Bering Sea and 8 percent from the Gulf of Alaska. Each year's quota is adjusted based on stock assessments conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center to prevent overfishing. For example quotas were reduced from 2008 to 2010 in the Bering Sea due to stock declines. Independent certification groups have hailed the fishery as an example of good management. For example,

320-417: Is a 500-foot (152-meter) bridge joining the islands at another close point, where Iliuliuk Harbor connects with Captains Bay . Amaknak's land area is 3.3 sq mi (8.5 km ), which is dwarfed by its neighbor Unalaska Island, which has a land area of 1,051 sq. miles (2,722 km ). The highest point on Amaknak is Mount Ballyhoo . Despite its small size, Amaknak is the most populous of all

360-572: Is attributed to Gadus chalcogrammus . The history of the species in the Barents Sea is unknown. The initial specification as an own species by Koefoed was based on two specimens landed in Berlevåg , northern Norway, in 1932 (hence the Norwegian name, Berlevågfisk ). Based on morphological differences, Koefoed considered Theragra finnmarchica a new species, related to but separate from

400-701: Is called mintay ( минтай ) in Russia and its roe is called mentaiko ( 明太子 ) in Japan , although the Japanese name for the fish itself is suketōdara ( 介党鱈 ). In Korea, myeongtae is called thirty-odd additional names, including saengtae ( 생태 , fresh), dongtae ( 동태 , frozen), bugeo ( 북어 , dried), hwangtae ( 황태 , dried in winter with repeated freezing and thawing), nogari ( 노가리 , dried young), and kodari ( 코다리 , half-dried young). Koreans have been eating Alaska pollock since

440-616: Is commonly used in the fast food industry in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich, Burger King Big Fish Sandwich, Wendy's Crispy Panko Fish Sandwich, Arby's King's Hawaiian Fish Deluxe, Arby's Crispy Fish Sandwich, Arby's Spicy Fish Sandwich, Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, Bojangles Bojangular, Birds Eye 's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter, 7-Eleven's Fish Bites, White Castle's Panko Breaded Fish Sliders, and Captain D's Seafood Kitchen. Some of these items are seasonal offerings to coincide with

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480-668: Is the most populated island in the Aleutian Islands , an archipelago which is part of the U.S. state of Alaska . Amaknak is an islet of the Fox Islands archipelago, a portion of the Aleutian Islands , in the Aleutians West Census Area of southwestern Alaska . Amaknak Island is located within Unalaska Bay , an inlet of the Bering Sea on the northeast side of Unalaska Island . At their closest point—the channel that leads from Unalaska Bay to Iliuliuk Harbor—the two islands are only about 200 feet (61 meters) apart. There

520-446: Is usually called tarako ( 鱈子 , literally 'cod's roe'), which is also the Japanese name for pollock roe itself. In Russia, pollock roe is consumed as a sandwich spread . The product, resembling liquid paste due to the small size of eggs and oil added, is sold canned. Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea . The Korean name of the fish, myeongtae ( 명태,明太 ), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: it

560-517: The Atlantic pollock , the Alaska pollock is not a member of the genus Pollachius , but of the cod genus Gadus . Nevertheless, alternative trade names highlighting its placement in the cod genus, such as "snow cod", "bigeye cod", or direct deductions from the scientific names such as "copperline cod" ( gadus meaning 'cod', Latin : chalco- from Greek : khalkós meaning 'copper', and Greek : grammí meaning 'line' ) or "lesser cod" (from

600-536: The Barents Sea waters of northern Norway and Russia. This fish was initially described as its own species under the taxon Theragra finnmarchica by Norwegian zoologist Einar Koefoed in 1956. The common name used for the fish was "Norway pollock". Genetic analyses have shown that the fish is genetically identical to the Alaska pollock. It is therefore considered to be conspecific with the Pacific species and

640-493: The Imperial Japanese Navy bombed Dutch Harbor in the " Battle of Dutch Harbor ," targeting the radio station and the petroleum storage tanks, and continuing the fight a day later. It was the first aerial attack on the continental United States during World War II. By mid-1942, a small submarine base was in place, with a squadron of old U.S. Navy S-class submarines ; these were withdrawn by late 1943 due to

680-628: The Joseon era. One of the earliest mentions is from Seungjeongwon ilgi ( Journal of the Royal Secretariat ), where a 1652 entry stated: "The management administration should be strictly interrogated for bringing in pollock roe instead of cod roe." Alaska pollocks were the most commonly caught fish in Korea in 1940, when more than 270,000 tonnes were caught from the Sea of Japan . It outnumbers

720-527: The synonymous taxon Gadus minor ) have yet to find widespread acceptance. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration even states that "[the common name] might never change, as common names are separate from scientific names". In addition, Norwegian pollock ( Theragra finnmarchica ), a rare fish of Norwegian waters, is likely the same species as the Alaska pollock. The speckled coloring of Alaska pollock makes it more difficult for predators to see them when they are near sandy ocean floors. They are

760-655: The "healthiest" and "most sustainable sources" of protein . Compared to other cod species and pollock , Alaska pollock has a milder taste, whiter color and lower oil content. High-quality, single-frozen whole Alaska pollock fillets may be layered into a block mold and deep-frozen to produce fish blocks that are used throughout Europe and North America as the raw material for high-quality breaded and battered fish products. Lower-quality, double-frozen fillets or minced trim pieces may also be frozen in block forms and used as raw material for lower-quality, low-cost breaded and battered fish sticks and portions. Alaska pollock

800-749: The Alaska pollock. Just seven specimens of the fish are known to have been caught between 1957 and early 2002 in the Arctic Ocean. In 2003 and 2004, 31 new specimens were caught. All specimens were large ( 465–687 mm ( 18 + 1 ⁄ 4 –27 in) in total length) and caught in the coastal waters between Vesterålen in the west and Varangerfjord in the east. By 2006, 54 individuals had been recorded. Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA of two specimens of Theragra finnmarchica and 10 Theragra chalcogramma (today: Gadus chalcogrammus ) revealed no significant genetic differences, leading Ursvik et al. to suggest that T. finnmarchica and T. chalcogramma are

840-496: The Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands fisheries were separately certified as "sustainable" by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 2005, and were certified in 2010 and 2016.   The fisheries received a combined re-certification in 2020. The Marine Conservation Society rates Alaska pollock harvested from the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands as sustainable, but not those from

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880-571: The Lent calendar where seafood demand is higher. Single-frozen Alaska pollock is considered to be the premier raw material for surimi . The most common use of surimi in the United States is " imitation crabmeat ", though it is often seen labeled in retailers and grocers as "surimi seafood" sticks, flakes, or chunks. There are five main forms of surimi seafood: chunk, leg, flake, salad, and shred. Surimi made from minced Alaska Pollock retains

920-521: The Western Bering Sea in Russian waters. In 2021, the MSC awarded the U.S. trade associations Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) and At-Sea Processors Association with its Ocean Champion Award that recognizes organizations for meeting MSC's commitment to a healthier ocean and a more transparent supply chain. The MSC recognized Alaska pollock from U.S. fisheries as one of

960-518: The aforementioned carbon footprint advantage. Pollock roe is a popular culinary ingredient in Korea , Japan , and Russia . In Korea, the roe is called myeongnan ( 명란 , literally 'Alaska pollock's roe'), and the salted roe is called myeongnan-jeot ( 명란젓 , literally 'pollock roe jeotgal ' ). The food was introduced to Japan after World War II , and since has been called mentai-ko ( 明太子 ) in Japanese. A milder, less spicy version

1000-558: The availability of longer-range submarines (such as the Gato class ) operating elsewhere. By May 1943, a peak of 10,151 sailors and 9,976 soldiers were stationed at the base. In 1947, the last units of the U.S. Navy left Dutch Harbor, and the base was decommissioned. In 1952, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stored 232 surplus buildings on 448 acres of land of the Fort Mears Military Reservation . During

1040-467: The coastal areas of the Northern Pacific , especially the waters off Alaska (Eastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska , Aleutian Islands ) as well as off Russia , Japan and Korea (Western Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk ). The largest concentrations of Alaska pollock are found in the eastern Bering Sea. Very small populations of fish genetically identical to Gadus chalcogrammus are found in

1080-401: The eastern Bering Sea . Alaska pollock was in 1956 put in its own genus, Theragra , and classified as Theragra chalcogramma , but research in 2008 has shown it is rather closely related to the Atlantic cod and should therefore be moved back to Gadus , where it was originally placed. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that the official scientific name for the fish

1120-504: The fish use to produce sounds during courtship, like many other gadids . The primary factor in determining the foraging behavior of the Alaskan pollock is age. Young pollocks can be divided into two sub-groups, fish with lengths below 60 mm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) and fish greater than 60   mm. Both groups mainly feed on copepods . However, the latter group will also forage for krill . Therefore, food depletion has

1160-679: The islands of the Aleutians chain, with 2,524 residents as of the 2000 census . Though located within the boundaries of the City of Unalaska , the inhabitants of Amaknak generally regard themselves as residents of Dutch Harbor , which is the portion of the City of Unalaska located on Amaknak Island. (The remaining 41% of Unalaska's residents live on Unalaska Island.) 53°54′37″N 166°32′12″W  /  53.91028°N 166.53667°W  / 53.91028; -166.53667 This article about

1200-556: The mid-1800s. It used Dutch Harbor in the transport of goods, mainly seal and sea otter fur. In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States. Fur was the main export in Alaska after the United States took control. Hutchinson, Kohl, & Company of San Francisco took over the assets of the Russian America Company in 1867, but it sold out in 1868, to the Alaska Commercial Company . A decline in

1240-572: The mid-1980s, the U.S. government finally funded the cleanup of the derelict fort, and the area was turned over for commercial use. The U.S. Navy also scrapped its air base on Dutch Harbor. The harbor is prominently featured in the Discovery Channel reality television series Deadliest Catch , which has originated there since 2005. Dutch Harbor first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It returned lastly in 1940 and did not appear again separately afterward. It

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1280-404: The official scientific name was followed by a discussion to change the common name as well, to highlight the fish as a member of the cod genus. The common names "Alaska pollock" and "walleye pollock", both used as trade names internationally, are considered misleading by scientific and trade experts, as the names do not reflect the scientific classification. While belonging to the same family as

1320-412: The same species. An analysis of a much larger sample size (44 T. finnmarchica and 20 T. chalcogramma ) using both genetic and morphological methods led to similar conclusions. While the putative species could not be separated genetically, they showed some consistent differences in morphology. Only one characteristic showed no overlap. Byrkjedal et al. conclude that T. finnmarchica should be considered

1360-607: The sea otter population slowed trade in 1895. The year 1897 brought a crowd of potential prospectors looking to get rich from the Alaska gold rush. World War II brought the U.S. Army and Navy, and their supplies, to Dutch Harbor at the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army . The first army troops arrived in June 1941 and the navy air base was finished in September 1941. During

1400-514: The seasonal movement of their food. Although pollocks exhibit vertical movement during the day, their average depth changes with the seasons. Originally, the change in depth was attributed to the amount of light or water temperature, but in fact, it follows the movement of food species. In August, when food is abundantly available near the surface, pollocks will be found at shallower depths. In November, they are found deeper along with their planktonic food source. The Alaska pollock's main habitats are

1440-412: The war, Dutch Harbor was also used to house refugees evacuated from other Aleutian Islands . U.S. Army troops and civilian workers alike spent time at "Blackies", the only bar in the area. This establishment had cheap beer and 50-cent shots of whiskey, but no stools or chairs as they "splintered too easily in the event of a fight". Other entertainment included a brothel named "Pleasure Island", but this

1480-722: The world". Around 3 million metric tons (3,000,000 long tons; 3,300,000 short tons) of Alaska pollock are caught each year in the North Pacific, from Alaska to northern Japan . Alaska pollock is the world's second most important fish species, after the Peruvian anchoveta , in terms of total catch. Alaska pollock landings are the largest of any single fish species in the U.S, with the average annual Eastern Bering Sea catch between 1979 and 2022 being 1.26 million metric tons. Alaska pollock catches from U.S. fisheries have been relatively consistent at approximately 1.3 million tons

1520-578: Was changed from Theragra chalcogramma back to its original taxon Gadus chalcogrammus , highlighting its close genetic relationship to the other species of the cod genus Gadus . Since 2014, registries of scientific names for fish species (e.g. the United Nations' ASFIS list and the World Registry of Marine Species (WoRMS) have largely adopted the Gadus chalcogrammus name. The change of

1560-492: Was closed in 1941 and later replaced by part of the U.S. Navy submarine base. The 500-man mess hall doubled as a theater. The tickets for the military were 15 cents and 35 cents for civilian workers. In early 1942, intelligence officers of the U.S. Navy predicted that there would be a Japanese attack in the North Pacific area, and naval codebreakers warned Dutch Harbor of the impending attack. On June 3, 1942, at 5:45 a.m., 20 Japanese planes from two aircraft carriers of

1600-454: Was later annexed into Unalaska. Dutch Harbor is ranked as a top fishing port with more than a billion dollars transferred each year. Huge harvests of pollock and cod in the Bering Sea are part of this total. The Bering Sea has a continental shelf that is one of the world's largest, and supports a rich ecosystem. Amaknak Island Amaknak Island ( Russian : Амакнак ) or Umaknak Island ( Aleut : Amaxnax̂ ; Russian : Умакнак )

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