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39-577: Château Dubignon , later Château Dubignon-Talbot , later Château Larruau is a wine producer in the appellation of Margaux in the Bordeaux wine region of France . The estate was classified as a Troisième Cru (Third Growth) in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 , and was during its time considered the smallest cru of all. With the phylloxera epidemic, production at Dubignon ceased. Sold by

78-549: A high wastewater output. To a lesser degree, wastewater is produced if boilers or water conditioning equipment is used. Barossa Valley (wine) The Barossa Valley wine region is one of Australia 's oldest and most premier wine regions . Located in South Australia , the Barossa Valley is about 56 km (35 miles) northeast of the city of Adelaide . Unlike most of Australia whose wine industry

117-661: A relatively large scale, if not evidence of actual wineries, has been found in the Middle East . In 2011 a team of archaeologists discovered a 6000 year old wine press in a cave in the Areni region of Armenia , and identified the site as a small winery. Previously, in the northern Zagros Mountains in Iran , jars over 7000 years old were discovered to contain tartaric acid crystals (a chemical marker of wine), providing evidence of winemaking in that region. Archaeological excavations in

156-420: A small farm vineyard is a small wine producer or may not have its own vineyard , and instead sources its grape product from outside suppliers. The concept is similar to a microbrewery , in that small batches of product are made primarily for local consumption. The concept of the micro-winery is not as easily accepted as that of the microbrewery, however, as the general public has been conditioned to associate

195-475: A special permit to open a satellite store in a tourist area. New York's passing of the Farm Winery Act of 1976 set an example for other states to pass similar laws. Farm wineries usually operate at a smaller scale than commercial wineries. Farm wineries are a form of value added marketing, known as agritourism, for farmers who may otherwise struggle to show a profit. A micro-winery can either be at

234-452: A wider range of wines; as it is not tied to the grapes it grows. New York State provides a specific micro-winery license that requires the microwinery to purchase local ingredients. The urban winery is a recent phenomenon whereby a wine producer chooses to locate their winemaking facility in an urban setting within a city rather than in the traditional rural setting near the vineyards . With advances in technology and transportation, it

273-420: A winery as having a vineyard. A winery uses similar wine-making equipment as a major commercial winery, just on a smaller scale. Glass carboys and sanitary plastic pails are often seen in the facilities of a micro-winery. Typically, each batch of wine yields 23 Liters (6 US gallons). One of the primary differences of a micro-winery as compared to a typical winery is that a micro-winery is typically able to offer

312-628: Is distinctive from the Semillon found in its French homeland of Bordeaux or the internationally known Semillon from the Hunter Valley in New South Wales . Barossa Semillon is characterized by its full body, golden colour and low acidity. Traditionally the wine was fermented in oak but in recent years has been produced more with stainless steel. Barossa Chardonnay is often oaked and subjected to malolactic fermentation which produces

351-465: Is not a problem for an urban winery to grow their grapes in a remote location and then transport them to the urban facility for crushing, fermentation and aging. Urban wineries have been opened in cities across the United States including San Francisco; Sacramento; Portland, Oregon; Seattle; Frederick, Maryland; New York; Cincinnati; San Diego; and Los Angeles to name a few. Wilridge Winery was

390-669: The Barossa Valley in Australia or the legendary wine regions of France ( Bordeaux , Burgundy , Champagne ) and Italy , wineries can be found nearly everywhere. The east coast of the United States also has winemaking regions like New York's Finger Lakes region, Aquidneck Island , RI and Long Island, NY and Cape May, NJ. Wineries do not have to be located adjacent to vineyards; grapes can be shipped anywhere. In addition, people make wine out of other fruits and plants (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine, passion fruit wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where

429-487: The fermentation of fruit, as well as blending and aging of the juice. The grapes may be from vineyards owned by the winery or may be brought in from other locations. Many wineries also give tours and have cellar doors or tasting rooms where customers can taste wines before they make a purchase. While some associate wineries with large winemaking regions such as Napa Valley and Sonoma Valley in California,

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468-704: The 70's, Bernard Chateau acquired the estate. He renamed it Château Larruau, after the part of Margaux where the former Dubignon-Talbot Castle was located. [REDACTED] Media related to Château Dubignon at Wikimedia Commons Winery A winery is a building or property that produces wine , or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company . Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feature warehouses , bottling lines , laboratories , and large expanses of tanks known as tank farms. Wineries may have existed as long as 8,000 years ago. The earliest known evidence of winemaking at

507-632: The Barossa Valley are several decades old, with some vineyards planted with old vines that are 100–150 years old including Turkey Flat in Tanunda that is home to the oldest commercially producing grape vines, originally planted in 1847. Other grape varieties grown in the Barossa Valley include Grenache , Mourvedre , Cabernet Sauvignon , Riesling , Chardonnay and Semillon . In February 2011, South Australian Premier Mike Rann announced that special legislation would be introduced to protect

546-421: The Barossa Valley has a continental climate but its series of transverse valleys and sloping hills does produce a wide range of mesoclimates . Temperatures vary from very warm on the valley floors to progressively cooler at higher altitudes on the hillsides and further North in the valley. Despite its reputation as a "warm climate region", many of the Barossa Valley's climate figures are not that dissimilar from

585-580: The Barossa Valley is most commonly associated with its signature grape variety of Shiraz , the region does grow a number of grape varieties. Among these other varieties are Riesling , Semillon , Chardonnay , Grenache , Mourvedre and Cabernet Sauvignon . The popularity of Syrah has sparked interest in the development of other Rhone varieties , with increase production of Grenache and Mourvedre (also known as Mataro in Australia) for both blending and varietal bottlings. Many of these vines are remnants of

624-508: The Barossa Valley wine industry was on the production of Riesling, a German wine grape from the Rhineland . The hot valley floor contributed to a very ripe, alcoholic wine that would often turn brown. Some of this wine was eventually distilled in brandy which ushered in a period of fortified wine production that coincided with the plantings of many red grape wine varieties like Shiraz and Grenache. These " port-style wines " would become

663-544: The Barossa's fortified wine history and such have substantial age themselves. Despite its reputation as a red wine region, the Barossa Valley does produce a large amount of white wine. Riesling has been historically important in the region but has gradually shifted eastward to higher elevations and cooler climates of the Barossa Ranges. Many Rieslings labelled with simply "Barossa" will often include more grapes from

702-516: The amount of time that the wines spends in contact with the skin. Often the wine is racked off the skins into oak wine barrels before fermentation is even completed. While this does mean that supplemental tannins might need to be added, this short maceration often leaves the wines with a smooth mouthfeel . The extensive use of oak is also a characteristic of Barossa Valley winemaking with American oak, with its more aggressive dill and coconut aroma notes , often used more than French oak. While

741-568: The center of the Barossa Valley wine industry for decades to come. When the focus on the Australian wine industry shifted in the mid-20th century to production of premium, non-fortified wines, the Barossa Valley was regarded as an "inferior" wine region compared to cooler climate regions such as Coonawarra and Padthaway . This was partly due to the extensive association that the Barossa Valley had with Shiraz, including vast old vines plantings that were several decades old. During this period Shiraz

780-453: The colony. Nearly 500 families accepted the offer and settled in the Barossa Valley. After trying many types of agricultural crops, the settlers found the warm fertile valley to be ideally suited for viticulture . The early years of the Barossa Valley winemaking ushered in a long period of trial and error for while the settlers were skilled farmers, their previous homeland of Silesia had little to no winemaking tradition. The early focus of

819-548: The cooler Eden Valley wine region than the Barossa Valley. This is permitted as the geographical indication of the Barossa zone also includes the Eden Valley wine region that borders the Barossa Valley wine region to the east and which has developed an international reputation for the quality of its Riesling. The plantings of Semillon in the Barossa Valley have evolved to develop its own unique pink-skinned clone that

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858-506: The distinctive style of Barossa Shiraz, a full bodied red wine with rich chocolate and spice notes. This led to a renaissance in the Barossa Valley which catapulted the region to the forefront of the Australian wine industry. Many of Australia's largest and most notable wineries are either headquartered or own extensive holdings in the Barossa Valley. These include such wineries as Penfolds , Peter Lehmann , Orlando Wines , Seppeltsfield , Wolf Blass and Yalumba . Many Shiraz vines in

897-556: The first urban winery in Seattle. Winery wastewater is primarily generated during the cleaning of winemaking equipment and facilities. The quantity and quality of wastewater shows seasonal variations. Wastewater handling involves collection, possible treatment, then disposal and/or reuse. Peak wastewater generation occurs during the "crush", in other words, when grapes are actively being processed into juice for fermentation. This process requires large amounts of clean water and results in

936-470: The grapes become ripe very easily with high levels of sugars and low levels of acids. Winemaking in the Barossa Valley often utilizes the process of acidification in order to add balance to the wine. The high alcohol levels from the fermented sugars may be offset by various winemaking practices including reverse osmosis and adding water to the must . Historically, winemakers in the Barossa Valley have utilized very short maceration periods that limit

975-425: The growing season averages only around 6.3 inches (160mm), with average relative humidity around 39%, which means that viticultural irrigation is often used. The exception is many of the old vine vineyards on the slightly cooler western side of the valley which is often dry-farmed without irrigation. Most of the Barossa Valley makes extensive use of irrigation to supplement the region's low rainfall supply during

1014-425: The growing season. However, concerns about water supply in the late 20th and early 21st century led to the development of strict regulations on the numbers and locations of irrigation boreholes as well as the amount of water that can be used by vineyards. Some of the region's oldest vineyards, especially those on the slightly cooler west side of the valley, practice dryland farming . The increased water stress of

1053-458: The other substances are grown. For example, a winery in Hawaii produces pineapple wine. A class of winery license known as the farm winery allows farms to produce and sell wines on site. Farm wineries differ from commercial wineries in that the fruit which is the source of the wine is usually produced on the farm, and the final product is also sold on the farm. States such as New York have given

1092-476: The practice, coupled with the naturally reduced yields of old vines , tends to produce the most deeply concentrated grapes in the valley which often go into the Barossa Valley 's most expensive and sought after wines. Harvest usually begins in February and may be conducted in the cooler temperatures of night to help maintain acid levels . The generally hot climate of the Barossa Valley usually means that

1131-424: The prestigious Cabernet Sauvignon ) in the mid-20th century, the Barossa Valley fell out of favor due to its reputation for being largely a Syrah from producers whose grapes were destined for blending. During this period the name "Barossa Valley" rarely appeared on wine labels . In the 1980s, the emergence of several boutique families specializing in old vine Shiraz wines began to capture international attention for

1170-498: The proprietor Philippe Dubignon to Monsieur Fourcade in the 1870s, it was absorbed into his estate Château Malescot St. Exupéry , and the estate ceased to exist. When Malescot St. Exupéry changed ownership in 1901, the plot of the Dubignon estate, renamed Dubignon-Talbot was again separated from Malescot St. Exupéry. It was then revived, being allowed admitted to the ranks of Bourgeois supérieurs as an ancien troisième cru , as it

1209-539: The relatively cooler Margaret River in Western Australia -though the Barossa Valley does have a wider diurnal temperature range . During the heat summation and mean temperatures during the October to April growing season , the region receives about 1710 growing degree days with mean average temperatures during the crucial ripening month of January being around 70 °F (21.4 °C). Rainfall during

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1248-417: The southern Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli uncovered evidence of wine-making equipment (containers called qvevri ) dating back 8000 years. In 2017 the remnants of an 8000-year-old facility for large-scale production was found 20 miles south of Tbilisi , Georgia . Wineries typically employ winemakers to produce various wines from grapes by following the winemaking process. This process involves

1287-496: The unique heritage of the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale. Premier Rann said: "Barossa and McLaren Vale food and wine are key icons of South Australia. We must never allow the Barossa or McLaren Vale to become suburbs of Adelaide." The Character Preservation (Barossa Valley) Act 2012 was subsequently passed by the South Australian Parliament. In December 1837 an expedition led Colonel William Light and

1326-576: Was considered a very "common" variety that was not as fashionable as the prestigious Cabernet Sauvignon that was popular in the world's wine market. Most of the grapes produced in the Barossa Valley during this time was used as part of anonymous blends with the name "Barossa Valley" rarely appearing on wine labels. By the late 20th century, the reputation of the Barossa Valley started to change as several small boutique varieties began earning critical acclaim for their Barossa Valley wines. In particular, Barossa Shiraz became so well known internationally that it

1365-466: Was considered its own unique style of Syrah that was distinctive of the grape's expression in other regions like Côte-Rôtie , Châteauneuf-du-Pape and California . This style of big, full bodied Shiraz with rich, chocolate and spice notes became synonymous with not only the Barossa Valley but with Australian wine in general. In the words of Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , the Barossa Valley became " Australia's quintessential wine region ". In general

1404-607: Was directly influenced by the involvement of the British, the Barossa Valley was shaped by the influence of German settlers fleeing persecution from the Prussian province of Silesia. In 1841, the South Australian Company (under orders of one of its shareholders George Fife Angas ) chartered three ships to Silesia to offer refuge and land in the Barossa Valley to any settler willing to volunteer to help establish

1443-573: Was heavily influenced by the British , the wine industry of the Barossa Valley was founded by German settlers fleeing persecution from the Prussian province of Silesia (in what is now Poland ). The warm continental climate of the region promoted the production of very ripe grapes that was the linchpin of the early Australian fortified wine industry. As the modern Australian wine industry shifted towards red table wines (particularly those made by

1482-440: Was listed in the 1949 edition of Cocks & Féret . In 1960 Dubignon-Talbot was acquired by a consortium of buyers consisting of Paul Zuger, Pierre Ginestet and Jean Cordier. The small vineyard was divided between Zuger and Ginestet, coming to Zuger's Malescot St. Exupéry and Ginestet's châteaux Margaux and Durfort-Vivens , and Cordier claiming the estate name laid to rest to avoid any confusion with his Château Talbot . In

1521-504: Was surveyed in 1839 by his assistant surveyor, William Jacob (1814–1902), as part of a wider survey of the Barossa region. Light chose the name in memory of the British victory over the French in the Battle of Barrosa , in which he fought in 1811. The name "Barossa" was registered in error, due to a clerical error in transcribing the name "Barrosa". While most of Australia's wine industry

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