Dublin English is the collection of diverse varieties of Hiberno-English spoken in the metropolitan area of Dublin , the capital of the Republic of Ireland . Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a phonological continuum between two extremes (largely, a broad versus general accent distinction).
41-453: The more traditional, lower-prestige, working-class, local urban accent on the one end is known by linguist Raymond Hickey as local Dublin English . As of the 21st century, most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs have accent features falling variously along the entire middle as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what Hickey calls non-local Dublin English , employed by
82-522: A laminal articulation), as well as the Baltic languages . There is no single IPA symbol used for this sound. The symbol ⟨ s̺ ⟩ is often used, with a diacritic indicating an apical pronunciation. However, that is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad hoc non-IPA symbols ⟨ ṣ ⟩ and ⟨ S ⟩ are often used in
123-574: A call often written as sssst! or psssst! . The voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have [s] . However, some languages have a related sibilant sound, such as [ʃ] , but no [s] . In addition, sibilants are absent from most Australian Aboriginal languages , in which fricatives are rare; however, [s] does occur in Kalaw Lagaw Ya . The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant (commonly termed
164-425: A fashionable outgrowth of non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English (also, new Dublin English and, formerly, fashionable Dublin English ) is a relatively young variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the " avant-garde " and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication". Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin ,
205-427: A laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia. Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in tongue shape . Adams describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as grooved , and some phoneticians (such as J. Catford) have characterized it as sulcal (which
246-622: A medieval S becoming either [s] or [ʃ] depending on context, much as in European Portuguese , which could attest to the previous existence of [s̺] in the Italian Peninsula . The Italian pronunciation as laminal S could also be explained by the presence of [ʃ] but not [s] , thus moving the pronunciation of [s̺] to the front of the mouth in an attempt to better differentiate between the two sounds. A voiceless laminal dental or dentialveolar sibilant contrasts with
287-528: A mere subset of LOT ) is back, open, rounded, and short: [ɒ] , while the vowel in THOUGHT/NORTH is back, open, rounded, and long, [ɒ:] . Thus, THOUGHT/NORTH is possibly distinct from FORCE by height, from CLOTH by length, and from LOT by roundness, if at all. MOUTH is less raised than all other Dublin accents, thus: [aʊ] . Much variation exists for intervocalic /t/ (as in city or Italy ), which can be
328-486: A new national standard accent, in Hickey's estimation. In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the other regional accents of Ireland, pronouncing: All these sounds are also typical of a standard Irish English accent , which developed out of Dublin but now largely transcends regional boundaries among the middle and higher classes throughout
369-500: A piercing, perceptually prominent sound. The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as s ea and pa ss , and is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨ s ⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using
410-404: A so-called " voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant " that lacks the strong hissing of the [s] described in this article but has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a voiceless retroflex sibilant . Basque, Mirandese and some Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language. There
451-409: A type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences: The first three types are sibilants , meaning that they are made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth and have
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#1732780662456492-598: A voiceless apical alveolar or post-alveolar sibilant in Basque and several languages of California, including Luiseño of the Uto-Aztecan family and Kumeyaay of the Yuman family. The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern Iberia (e.g., Astur-Leonese , Catalan , Basque , Galician , Portuguese and Spanish ) have
533-508: Is mainstream Dublin English , spoken by the middle class, particularly in the 20th century. Mainstream Dublin English of the early- to mid-20th century was the direct basis for a standard accent of Ireland that is no longer regionally specific, fairly widespread everywhere except in the north of Ireland, where Ulster English persists. However, the majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s (led particularly by females) have shifted towards advanced Dublin English. Advanced Dublin English may be in
574-462: Is from Obaid: "There is a Castilian s , which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint /ʃ/ and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain". Many dialects of Modern Greek have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a laminal articulation. This distinction has since vanished from most of
615-414: Is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases, there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds actually have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape. Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant: The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for
656-450: Is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as apical (for the northern Iberian sound) vs. laminal (for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson claim that English /s/ can be pronounced apically, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque. Also, Adams asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have
697-786: Is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common [s] ; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g. Antioqueño and Pastuso , in Colombia ). Amongst Germanic languages , it occurs in Dutch (and closely related Low German ), Icelandic , many dialects in Scandinavia , and working-class Glaswegian English . It also occurs in Modern Greek (with
738-557: Is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s. This "new mainstream" accent of Dublin's youth, rejecting traditional working-class Dublin, has: Advanced Dublin English largely evolved out of an even more innovative and briefly-fashionable accent, Dublin 4 (or D4) English , which originated around the 1970s or 1980s from middle- or higher-class speakers in South Dublin before spreading outwards and then rapidly disappearing. Also known as DART -speak after
779-593: The BATH and START lexical sets with a back, long and rounded vowel, thus a glass in the bar like [ə glɒːs ɪn ðə bɒːɹ] . Other sounds, however, like the raising of LOT and THOUGHT to [ɒ~ɔ] and [ɔː~oː] , respectively (whereas the two were traditionally merged and low in local Dublin English), have survived from D4 English into advanced Dublin English. The strict centre of the Dublin English continuum
820-559: The Baltic languages and Greece , suggests it could have ultimately been the main allophone of Proto-Indo-European s, known for ranging from [s] to as far as [ɕ] . [ʃ] , but not [s] , was developed in Italian . However, where Spanish and Catalan have apical [s̺] , Italian uses the same laminal [s] that occurs in standard forms of English: evidence, it could be argued, that S was not pronounced apically in Latin. But Neapolitan has
861-559: The Middle Ages , it occurred in a wider area, covering Romance languages spoken throughout France , Portugal , and Spain , as well as Old High German and Middle High German . In Romance languages, it occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in Astur-Leonese , Castilian Spanish , Catalan , Galician , northern European Portuguese , and some Occitan dialects. It also occurs in Basque and Mirandese , where it
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#1732780662456902-684: The slit fricative [θ̠] common throughout Ireland, the glottal stop of local Dublin [ʔ] , or a tap [ɾ] reminiscent of Ulster and North American English. Hiberno-English#Standard Irish English Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 199817046 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:57:42 GMT Slit fricative The voiceless alveolar fricatives are
943-455: The voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant ) is a fricative that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, usually with the tip of the tongue ( apex ) against the alveolar ridge . It is a sibilant sound and is found most notably in a number of languages in a linguistic area covering northern and central Iberia . It is most well known from its occurrence in the Spanish of this area. In
984-511: The Republic. Local Dublin English (also, known by Hickey as popular Dublin English or conservative Dublin English ) refers to a traditional, broad , working-class variety spoken in Dublin . It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was fully non-rhotic; however, as of the 21st century it is weakly rhotic, and among the various Dublin accents it uniquely has: Evolving as
1025-431: The alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized ), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ θ̠ ⟩, occasionally ⟨ θ͇ ⟩ ( retracted or alveolarized [θ] , respectively), ⟨ ɹ̝̊ ⟩ (constricted voiceless [ɹ] ), or ⟨ t̞ ⟩ (lowered [t] ). Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar approximant distinct from
1066-485: The apical [s̺] , that is, Icelandic, Dutch and many Scandinavian lects. It is also found in a minority of Low German dialects. The main Romance language to preserve the sound, Castilian Spanish , is exceptional in that it had both events that produced [s] and [ʃ] , and preserved the apical S at the expense of both, that were shifted farther away. Galician , Catalan and Ladino changed only [s] . Because of
1107-503: The fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ ɹ̥ ⟩. Few languages also have the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative , which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur. Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in
1148-576: The languages that once had it in medieval times. Those languages in which the sound occurs typically did not have a phonological process from which either [s] or [ʃ] appeared, two similar sounds with which ⟨s̺⟩ was eventually confused. In general, older European languages only had a single pronunciation of s. In Romance languages, [s] was reached from -ti-, -ci-, -ce- ( [ti] , [ki] , [ke] ) clusters that eventually became [ts] , [tsi] , [tse] and later [s] , [si] , [se] (as in Latin fortia "force", civitas "city", centum "hundred"), while [ʃ]
1189-614: The linguistic literature even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds, but ⟨ ṣ ⟩ is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant [ʂ] . In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the Romance languages spoken in most or all of France and Iberia ( Old Spanish , Galician-Portuguese , Catalan , French , etc.), as well as in the Old and Middle High German of central and southern Germany , and most likely Northern Germany as well. In all of these languages,
1230-404: The literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested. The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to
1271-415: The middle and upper class. On the extreme non-local end, a more recently developing, high-prestige, more widely regional (and even supraregional) accent exists, advanced Dublin English , only first emerging in the late 1980s and 1990s, now spoken by most Dubliners born in the 1990s or later. Advanced Dublic English is also spoken by the same age group all across Ireland (except the north) as it rapidly becomes
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1312-628: The non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic /t/ that were shifted by the High German sound shift . Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example, were wizzen "to know" ( Old English witan , cf. "to wit") vs. wissen "known" (Old English wissen ), and wīz "white" (Old English wīt ) vs. wīs(e) "way" (Old English wīs , cf. "-wise"). Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have
1353-465: The non-retracted variants were written ⟨z⟩ , ⟨c⟩ or ⟨ç⟩ . In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin /s/ , /ss/ or /ns/ , while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier affricates [t͡s] and [d͡z] , which in turn derived from palatalized /k/ or /t/ . The situation was similar in High German , where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic /s/ , while
1394-418: The prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern Basque . For the same reasons, it can be speculated that retracted [s̺] was the pronunciation of Proto-Germanic s. Its presence in many branches of Indo-European and its presence particularly in the more conservative languages inside each branch (e.g. Icelandic, Spanish), as well as being found in disparate areas, such as
1435-414: The process of overtaking mainstream Dublin English as the national prestige variety. Generally, the vowels of mainstream Dublin fall between the extremes of local Dublin and advanced Dublin accents; for instance, GOAT falls somewhere between the wider versus narrower diphthongs of these two accents. However, the low back vowels are of special note in mainstream Dublin, where CLOTH (in some analyses,
1476-400: The retracted "apico-alveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like modern English [s] , and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred. A solid type of evidence consists of different spellings used for two different sibilants: in general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩ , while
1517-866: The sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to palato-alveolar ʃ . For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with [ʃ] . This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from Old French (e.g. push from pousser , cash from caisse ); in Polish borrowings from medieval German (e.g. kosztować from kosten , żur from sūr (contemporary sauer )); and in representations of Mozarabic (an extinct medieval Romance language once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted [s̺] and [ʃ] has resulted in many exchanges in Spanish between
1558-434: The sounds, during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are jabón (formerly xabón ) "soap" from Latin sapō / sapōnem , jibia "cuttlefish" (formerly xibia ) from Latin sēpia , and tijeras "scissors" (earlier tixeras < medieval tiseras ) from Latin cīsōrias (with initial t- due to influence from tōnsor "shaver"). One of the clearest descriptions of this sound
1599-691: The suburban Dublin commuter railway system, or, mockingly, Dortspeak , this accent rejected traditional, conservative, and working-class notions of Irishness, with its speakers instead regarding themselves as more trendy and sophisticated. However, particular aspects of the D4 accent became quickly noticed and ridiculed as sounding affected or elitist by the 1990s, causing its defining features to fall out of fashion within that decade. Still, it originated certain (less salient) other features that continue to be preserved in advanced Dublin English today. The salient defining features that are now out of fashion include pronouncing
1640-538: The widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted [s̺] was the normal pronunciation in spoken Latin . Certain borrowings suggest that it was not far off from the sh-sound [ʃ] , e.g. Aramaic Jeshua > Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) > Latin Jesus , Hebrew Shabbat > Latin sabbatum ; but this could also be explained by the lack of a better sound in Latin to represent Semitic š . It equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from
1681-758: Was reached: In High German , [s] was reached through a [t] > [ts] > [s] process, as in German Wasser compared to English water . In English, the same process of Romance [ts] > [s] occurred in Norman -imported words, accounting for modern homophones sell and cell . [ʃ] was also reached from a -sk- cluster reduction as in Romance, e.g. Old English spelling asc for modern ash , German schiff and English ship compared to Danish skib . Standard Modern Greek, which has apical [s̺] , lacked both processes. The Germanic-speaking regions that did not have either phenomenon have normally preserved