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48-639: It is now used by Nexa Autocolor — formerly ICI Autocolor and now a division of Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries — as a tradename for automotive enamels in Asia. Duco is still used as an Australian colloquialism for automotive paint . It is currently widely used in the same way in Egypt (دوكو). It was (and partly still is) used in Hungarian as dukkó (noun) and dukkóz (verb). Also in Romania

96-496: A demerger . Considerable changes at ICI came about during the 1990s, particularly in the aftermath of an unsuccessful acquisition attempt in 1991 by Hanson of the firm in what would have been the biggest takeover in British history. That same year, ICI sold its agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural Industries to Norsk Hydro ; it sold its nylon business to DuPont one year later. In 1993,

144-444: A herbicide ), the insecticides pirimiphos-methyl in 1967 and pirimicarb in 1970, brodifacoum (a rodenticide ) was developed in 1974; in the late 1970s, ICI was involved in the early development of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as lambda-cyhalothrin . Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971. He presided over the purchase of Viyella . Profits shrank under his tenure. During his tenure, ICI created

192-419: A 2.8 per cent stake in the company as part of its hostile takeover attempt, which ICI's management team chose to oppose. The envisioned acquisition became hotly contested and controversial, partially as it would have been the biggest takeover in British history at that point. In October 1991, Hanson opted to not proceed with the deal. In 1992, the company sold its nylon business to DuPont . During 1993,

240-535: A 54 per cent market share in the paint market. The initial bid was rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders. However, a subsequent bid for £8 billion (€11.82 billion) was accepted by ICI in August 2007, pending approval by regulators . On 2 January 2008, completion of the takeover of ICI plc by AkzoNobel was announced. Shareholders of ICI received either £6.70 in cash or AkzoNobel loan notes to

288-525: A failed takeover bid for Courtaulds in 1961–1962. On 1 August 1962, ICI's operations in Burma were nationalised following a military coup in the country . In 1964, ICI acquired British Nylon Spinners (BNS), the company it had jointly set up in 1940 with Courtaulds. ICI surrendered its 37.5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid Courtaulds £2 million a year for five years, "to take account of

336-487: A high performance thermoplastic ). ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957. During the 1950s, ICI developed a material as Crimplene , a thick polyester yarn that was used to make a fabric of the same name. The resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle-resistant, and retains its shape well. The California-based fashion designer Edith Flagg was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the United States. During

384-683: A joint venture with Courtaulds . ICI also owned the Sunbeam motorcycle business, which had come with Nobel Industries, and continued to build motorcycles until 1937. During the Second World War , ICI was a major participant in Britain's war economy; its subsidiary ICI Nobel was involved in the production of munitions. The company was involved with the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons programme codenamed Tube Alloys . In

432-464: A merger in 1961, Hollins became Viyella International, led by Joe Hyman, who in the next few years acquired a series of related companies, with Viyella growing to be one of the biggest textile businesses in the UK, owning 40 factories across the country. After a few years as Carrington Viyella and then Vantona Viyella, the company owning the brand became Coats Viyella (Coats Paton, now Coats Group plc), who in

480-427: A potential deal was ICI's British pension fund , which had a deficit of almost £700 million and future liabilities of more than £9 billion at the time. Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where Dulux and Crown Paints brands each have significant market share were also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and AkzoNobel. In the UK, any combined operation without divestments would have seen AkzoNobel have

528-659: Is one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with a multinational heritage operating across the country. The company operates through three reporting divisions: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Brands and Agribusiness. ICI maintained offices in Colombo importing and supplying chemicals for manufacturers in Ceylon. In 1964, following import restrictions that allowed only locally owned subsidiaries of multinational companies to gain import licenses, Chemical Industries (Colombo) Limited

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576-562: Is used in the plumbing industry to describe lacquered floor drains and other similar products. Duco Cement is also a brand of nitrocellulose all-purpose adhesive originally trademarked by DuPont and now marketed in the U.S. by ITW Devcon . An unrelated company with the same name designs and manufactures subsea umbilical cable systems. It is a subsidiary of the Technip Group, under the trademark Technip Umbilical Systems. The name Duco originates from Dunlop and Coflexip , when

624-511: The Second World War , and Viyella shirts were a desirable option. In the late 20th century it was 're-invented' as fashionable fabric. In 1987 The Times said it was used by designers interested in "vintage" style, like Laura Ashley , and creators of "modern classics". Clydella was a cheaper, less soft alternative made with 81 per cent cotton, produced at factories in the Clydeside area, including Glasgow and Hamilton , where Viyella

672-410: The pharmaceutic sector; cumulating in the formation of a dedicated subsidiary, ICI Pharmaceuticals , in 1957. During 1960, ICI's first outsider to serve as chairman, Paul Chambers , was appointed. Chambers reorganised the company, but fell out of favour following an unsuccessful takeover bid of rival firm Courtaulds . Between 1968 and 1971, Peter Allen was chairman of ICI, during which time Viyella

720-412: The speciality chemicals businesses of Unilever in exchange for $ 8 billion. This step was part of a strategy to move away from cyclical bulk chemicals and to progress up the value chain to become a higher growth, higher margin business. Later that same year, it went on to buy Rutz & Huber , a Swiss paints business. Having taken on some £4 billion of debt to finance these acquisitions,

768-402: The 1940s and 1950s, the company established its pharmaceutical business and developed a number of key products, including Paludrine (1940s, an anti- malarial drug), halothane (1951, an inhalational anaesthetic agent), propofol (1977, an intravenous anaesthetic agent), Inderal (1965, a beta-blocker ), tamoxifen (1978, a frequently used drug for breast cancer), and PEEK (1979,

816-748: The 1980s built a new mill to produce Viyella cloth in Barrowford , Lancashire , but this was demolished in 1999. In the 21st century much of Coats manufacturing (now specialising in thread) has been moved abroad to far east countries and it is no longer possible to buy Viyella fabric in the UK. Coats underwent major restructuring in 2002 and sold off its Viyella fashion retail business (and Jaeger ) to entrepreneur Richard Thompson in 2003 for £1, who re-sold Viyella weeks later to venture capitalist Harris Watson. Viyella Ladieswear has since added home furnishings to its range of goods. The fashion chain entered Administration on 7 January 2009 citing "an assessment of

864-627: The Beatrice Chemical Division; during the following year, it also bought Glidden Coatings & Resins, a leading paints business. By the early 1990s, plans were carried out to demerge the company, as a result of increasing competition and internal complexity that caused heavy retrenchment and slowing innovation. In 1991, ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural Industries to Norsk Hydro . It also divested its soda ash products arm to Brunner Mond , ending an association with

912-628: The Coflexip-Stena Offshore group acquired the subsea umbilical systems activity of the Dunlop group. The company has four locations: Newcastle (UK), Houston (US), Lobito (Angola), and Tanjung Langsat (Malaysia). This article about an automotive part or component is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This product article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Imperial Chemical Industries Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI )

960-417: The company de-merged its pharmaceutical bio-science businesses: pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals , specialities, seeds and biological products were all transferred into a new and independent company called Zeneca . Zeneca subsequently merged with Astra AB to form AstraZeneca . In 1994, Charles Miller Smith was appointed CEO of ICI, one of the few times that an external figure had been appointed to lead

1008-419: The company was incorporated on 24 January 1973 as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public Limited Company. The company divested its investment in Bangladesh and was renamed as Advanced Chemical Industries Limited (ACI Limited) on 5 May 1992. The company sold its insect control, air care and toilet care brands to SC Johnson & Son in 2015. Currently Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI) Limited

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1056-632: The company was soon compelled to sell off its commodity chemicals businesses: Having sold much of its historically profitable commodities businesses, and many of the new speciality businesses which it had failed to integrate, the company consisted mainly of the Dulux paints business, which quickly found itself the subject of a takeover by AkzoNobel. In June 2007, the Dutch firm AkzoNobel (owner of Crown Berger paints) bid £7.2 billion (€10.66 billion or $ 14.5 billion) for ICI. An area of concern about

1104-516: The firefighting efforts. Six firefighters retired for medical reasons as a result of the fire. This incident was a major event in the history of the New Zealand Fire Service and subject to a formal investigation, led by future Chief Justice Sian Elias . The fire was a trigger for major reforms of the service; direct consequences included improved protective clothing for firefighters, a standard safety protocol for major incidents,

1152-469: The firm also de-merged its pharmaceutical bio-science businesses as Zeneca . During 1997, ICI's Australian subsidiary, ICI Australia , was sold in exchange for £1 billion. During 2008, ICI was acquired by AkzoNobel for £8 billion; shortly thereafter, portions of ICI were sold off to Henkel while its remaining operations were integrated within AkzoNodel's existing organisation. The company

1200-451: The firm soon become involved in plastics and a variety of speciality products, including food ingredients, polymers , electronic materials, fragrances and flavourings. During the Second World War , ICI's subsidiary ICI Nobel produced munitions for Britain's war effort; the wider company was also involved with Britain's nuclear weapons programme codenamed Tube Alloys . Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, ICI greatly expanded its activities in

1248-507: The firm, Miller-Smith having previously been a director at Unilever . Shortly afterwards, the company acquired a number of former Unilever businesses in an attempt to move away from its historical reliance on commodity chemicals. During 1995, ICI acquired the American paint companies Devoe Paints , Fuller-O'Brien Paints and Grow Group . In 1997, ICI acquired National Starch & Chemical, Quest International , Unichema, and Crosfield,

1296-422: The firm. Amid Callard's tenure, company profits almost doubled between 1972 and 1974 while ICI became Britain's largest exporter. In 1971, the company acquired Atlas Chemical Industries Inc., a major American competitor. In 1977, Imperial Metal Industries was divested as an independent quoted company. Between 1982 and 1987, the company was headed by the charismatic John Harvey-Jones . In 1985, ICI acquired

1344-400: The first two years, ICI gave Flagg a large advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America. During 1960, Paul Chambers became the first chairman appointed from outside the company. Chambers employed the consultancy firm McKinsey to help with reorganising the company. Export sales doubled during his eight-year tenure export, however, Chambers' reputation was severely damaged by

1392-729: The future development expenditure of Courtaulds in the nylon field." In return, Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS. BNS was absorbed into ICI's existing polyester operation, ICI Fibres. The acquisition included BNS production plants in Pontypool , Gloucester and Doncaster , together with research and development in Pontypool. Early pesticide development under ICI Plant Protection Division, with its plant at Yalding , Kent, research station at Jealott's Hill and HQ at Fernhurst Research Station included paraquat (1962,

1440-521: The introduction of dedicated fireground safety officers, and changes to occupational health regulations. Leslie, Esther (2023). The Rise and Fall of Imperial Chemical Industries: Synthetics, Sensism and the Environment . London: Palgrave. ISBN 3031374312 Viyella Viyella is a blend of wool and cotton first woven in 1893 in England , and the "first branded fabric in the world". It

1488-435: The term was in use with the same meaning until beginning of 2000. Duco was the finish applied to National String Instrument Corporation brand of resonator guitars c.  1930 . A DuPont Duco nitrocellulosic lacquer was also applied on early Fender Telecaster guitars ("butterscotch" or honey color) : that ultra thin finish was a significant contribution to this guitar specific resonance and sound. Duco coated

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1536-402: The trade that had existed since the company's inception, one that had been inherited from the original Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd. During mid 1991, ICI was subject to an attempted acquisition Hanson ; by this point, ICI was commonly being viewed by investors as having been in decline and thus its valuation was depressed, making it more vulnerable to such takeover attempt. Hanson had acquired

1584-480: The value of £6.70 per one nominal ICI share. The adhesives business of ICI was transferred to Henkel as a result of the deal, while AkzoNobel agreed to sell its Crown Paints subsidiary to satisfy the concerns of the European Commissioner for Competition . The areas of concern regarding ICI's British pension scheme were addressed by ICI and AkzoNobel. ICI operated a number of chemical sites around

1632-470: The wholly owned subsidiary Cleveland Potash Ltd , for the construction of Boulby Mine in Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire. The first shaft was dug in 1968, with full production from 1976. ICI jointly owned the mine with Anglo American, and then with De Beers, before complete ownership was transferred to Israel Chemicals Ltd in 2002. Between 1971 and 1975, Jack Callard held the position of chairman at

1680-549: The wine industry in the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. This operation held 10% world market share for tartaric acid. It was sold in 2008 and currently operates as Derivados Vínicos S.A. (DERVINSA). The subsidiary ICI Australia Ltd established the Dry Creek Saltfields at Dry Creek north of Adelaide , South Australia , in 1940, with an associated soda ash plant at nearby Osborne . In 1989, these operations were sold to Penrice Soda Products . An ICI plant

1728-726: The world. In the UK, the main plants were as follows: An ICI subsidiary called Duperial operated in Argentine from 1928 to 1995, when it was renamed ICI. Established in the city of San Lorenzo, Santa Fe , it operates an integrated production site with commercial offices in Buenos Aires . Since 2009 it has made sulphuric acid with ISO certification under the company name Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals S.A. It also had an operation at Palmira, Mendoza , for its Wine Chemicals Division, that manufactured tartaric acid , wine alcohol and grapeseed oil from natural raw material coming from

1776-637: Was a British chemical company. It was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain. Its headquarters were at Millbank in London . ICI was a constituent of the FT 30 and later the FTSE 100 indices. ICI was formed in 1926 as a result of the merger of four of Britain's leading chemical companies. From the onset, it was involved in the production of various chemicals, explosives, fertilisers , insecticides , dyestuffs , non-ferrous metals, and paints;

1824-412: Was also made into sheets, and at one time Viyella yarn was available for home knitting . In the mid-20th century the fabric was popular for children's clothes, from babies' nightgowns to winter shirts for British schoolchildren, and for pyjamas, shirts and dresses; it became associated with sensible, cosy clothing. Officers in the British and other Commonwealth armies purchased their own uniforms during

1872-711: Was also woven. Hollins also produced the related Dayella cloth used especially for babies' clothes. The name Viyella is based on the unusually-named valley road, Via Gellia (the A5012 ) near Matlock , where in 1890 Hollins & Co acquired a mill used for the early production of Viyella. Hollins had started business in 1784 in Pleasley , about 20 miles away on the Derbyshire / Nottinghamshire border. Later their offices were at Viyella House in Nottingham . After

1920-660: Was built at Botany Bay in New South Wales in the 1940s and was part of the Orica demerger in 1997. This plant once manufactured paints, plastics and industrial chemicals such as solvents . It had been detirmined to be the source of the Botany Bay Groundwater Plume contamination of a local aquifer . In 1968 a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was established in then- East Pakistan . After Bangladesh gained independence in 1971,

1968-540: Was exported from the United Kingdom to other English-speaking countries. Towards the end of the 20th century it was woven in 150 cm (59 in) wide lengths suitable for modern garment design and production. The first ready-made garments using Viyella were shirts and nightgowns, and soon came dresses, slips and other clothing, much of it produced under franchise arrangements using the Viyella trademark. It

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2016-746: Was formed as an ICI subsidiary with 49% ICI ownership and remaining held public. The subsidiary ICI New Zealand provided substantial quantities of chemical products – including swimming pool chemicals, commercial healthcare products, herbicides and pesticides for use within New Zealand and the neighbouring Pacific Islands . A fire at the ICI New Zealand store in Mount Wellington , Auckland , on 21 December 1984, killed an ICI employee and caused major health concerns. Over 200 firefighters were exposed to toxic smoke and effluents during

2064-612: Was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies: Brunner Mond , Nobel Explosives , the United Alkali Company , and British Dyestuffs Corporation . ICI established its head office at Millbank in London in 1928. Competing with DuPont and IG Farben , the new company produced chemicals , explosives, fertilisers , insecticides , dyestuffs , non-ferrous metals, and paints. In its first year, turnover

2112-485: Was made of 55% merino wool and 45% cotton in a twill weave, developed by James and Robert Sissons of William Hollins & Co , spinners and hosiers . The brand name, first registered as a trademark in 1894, and registered in the United States in 1907, soon covered not only the original fabric, to be sold by the yard ( piece goods ), but also clothing. At first this was made by separate businesses, but it

2160-400: Was marketed as a fabric which combined lightness and fashion with warmth and durability. One 1920s advertisement called it a "guaranteed unshrinkable fine wool flannel " for women who wanted both "daintiness" and "protectiveness". By the early 20th century it came in various weights and widths, some rather narrow by today's standards, and in both plain colours and woven or printed patterns, and

2208-520: Was not long before Hollins started producing their own clothes and offering franchises to manufacturers who would use the Viyella label. Following increasing emphasis on garment manufacture over the years, Viyella is now a fashion brand for clothes and home furnishings made of a variety of fabrics. The original wool/cotton blend is no longer sold. Viyella was a soft dress-weight fabric that was more resistant to shrinkage than any comparable pure wool alternative ( challis , for example). In its early years it

2256-497: Was purchased, the subsidiary Cleveland Potash Ltd was created, and profits dipped. Major moves in the 1970s included the acquisition of the American competitor Atlas Chemical Industries Inc. and the divestment of Imperial Metal Industries . By the late 1980s, ICI which had continued to acquire entities such as the Beatrice Chemical Division and Glidden Coatings & Resins, increasing competition and rising internal complexity were driving ICI towards major restructuring plans, including

2304-405: Was £27 million. During the 1920s and 1930s, the company played a key role in the development of new chemical products, including the dyestuff phthalocyanine (1929), the acrylic plastic Perspex (1932), Dulux paints (1932, co-developed with DuPont), polyethylene (1937), and polyethylene terephthalate fibre known as Terylene (1941). In 1940, ICI started British Nylon Spinners as

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