Mehmed Emin Pasha (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer , baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer ; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist , and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria on the upper Nile . The Ottoman Empire conferred the title " Pasha " on him in 1886, and thereafter he was referred to as "Emin Pasha".
41-685: Dufile (also Dufilé , Duffli , Duffle , or Dufli ) was originally a fort built by Emin Pasha , the Governor of Equatoria , in 1879; it is located on the Albert Nile just inside Uganda , close to a site chosen in 1874 by then-Colonel Charles George Gordon to assemble steamers that were carried there overland. Abandoned by Emin's people in January 1889, Dufile being within the Lado Enclave
82-635: A Muslim , it is not clear if he ever actually converted. Charles George Gordon (‘Gordon of Khartoum’), then governor of Equatoria , heard of Emin's presence and invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province; Emin assented and arrived there in May 1876. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and to Muteesa I of Buganda to the south, where Emin's modest style and fluency in Luganda were quite popular. After 1876, Emin made Lado his base for collecting expeditions throughout
123-466: A bitter foe of slavery . In 1879 General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve Emin. When Lupton reached Lado almost two years later he found that Emin did not want to be relieved. He became Emin's deputy, in charge of the Latuka district based at Tarangole. The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and
164-455: A regular basis with the avoidance of haemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron. The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time. Bunyoro surgeons treated lung inflammations , Pneumonia and pleurisy by punching holes in
205-479: A sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhoea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's Medical elite,
246-579: Is also honoured in both the specific name and common name of Emin's shrike ( Lanius gubernator ), the specific name means governor. Bunyoro in Uganda (pink) Bunyoro , also called Bunyoro-Kitara , is a traditional Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda . It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by
287-537: Is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro’s political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" and "dyangi". Some of the objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin. The early Bito kings surpassed
328-406: Is said to have provided his soldiers were anti-malarial herbs, and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure". Barkcloth , which
369-584: The Battle of Kampala Hill . Stanley and Emin arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. During celebrations, Emin was injured when he stepped through a window he mistook for an opening to a balcony. Emin spent two months in a hospital recovering, while Stanley left without being able to bring him back in triumph. The introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda was attributed to the movement of Emin and his followers. Prior to
410-527: The Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro. Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard". Caesarean sections and other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on
451-567: The anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers. In 1890 he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society . Emin Pasha is commemorated in the scientific name of an East African species of leptotyphlopid snake, Emin Pasha's worm snake Leptotyphlops emini , and an East African species of Passer sparrow, the chestnut sparrow Passer eminibey . He
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#1732779933197492-537: The ivory trade , an armed struggle developed between the Baganda and the Banyoro . As a result, the capital was moved from Masindi to the less vulnerable Mparo . Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced a period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment. In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria
533-403: The "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega
574-627: The 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was probably brought by Emin from the Congo territory. Emin then entered the service of the German East Africa Company and accompanied Dr. Stuhlmann on an expedition to the lakes in the interior, but was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station in the Congo Free State , near Nyangwe , on 23 or 24 October 1892. He added greatly to
615-523: The British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given to Buganda and Tooro . The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After the region remained loyal to Great Britain in World War I a new agreement was made in 1933 giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of
656-748: The King ( Omukama ) of Bunyoro-Kitara. The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I , the 27th Omukama . The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the Empire of Kitara . The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as the Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi. In the Acholi language , the term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". The Empaako praise names that every Munyoro
697-599: The Kingdom of Bunyoro, Samuel Baker states that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanour, and susceptible of enlarged political organization.” Bunyoro consists of 3 classes of people, Iru, Huma and Bito. Iru are commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. The Huma are those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from
738-550: The Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro. Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions. Buganda seized the Kooki and Buddu regions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In the 1830s, the large province of Tooro separated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the south Rwanda and Ankole were both growing rapidly, taking over some of
779-422: The chest until the air passed freely. Trephining was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of
820-803: The death of Gordon the previous year. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition , led by Henry Morton Stanley , undertook to rescue Emin by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest , an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition. Precise details of this trek are recorded in the published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" (e.g., Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot , Captain William Grant Stairs , Mr. Arthur Jephson , and Thomas Heazle Parke , surgeon of
861-455: The expedition). Stanley met Emin in April 1888, and after a year spent in argument and indecision, during which Emin and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile by troops who mutinied from August to November 1888, Emin was convinced to leave for the coast. The bulk of his forces remained near Lake Albert until 1890, when Frederick Lugard took them with him to Kampala Hill, where they participated in
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#1732779933197902-403: The feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in the region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of
943-427: The five constituent kingdoms of Uganda , along with Buganda , Busoga , Rwenzururu , and Tooro . During the first regime of Milton Obote , the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a 1964 referendum . It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda , Busoga , Tooro , remained banned during
984-562: The following year, Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin. In 1885, Emin and most of his forces withdrew further south, to Wadelai near Lake Albert . Cut off from communications to the north, he was still able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda . Determined to remain in Equatoria, his communiques, carried by his friend Wilhelm Junker , aroused considerable sentiment in Europe in 1886, particularly acute after
1025-491: The form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing
1066-473: The greatest in east africa. Bunyoro’s historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as “home,” and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that “Bunyoro’s ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt”. Having the highest quality of metallurgy in the region made it one of
1107-550: The local community, and was soon practicing medicine. He put his linguistic talent to good use, as well, adding Turkish , Albanian , and Greek to his repertoire of languages. He became the quarantine officer of the port, leaving only in 1870 to join the staff of Ismail Hakki Pasha, governor of northern Albania ; in the service, he travelled throughout the Ottoman Empire , although the details are little-known. When Hakki Pasha died in 1873, Emin went back to Neisse with
1148-652: The pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum , where he arrived in December. At this point he took the name "Mehemet Emin" (Arabic Muhammad al-Amin ), started a medical practice, and began collecting plants , animals , and birds , many of which he sent to museums in Europe . Although some regarded him as
1189-540: The regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985) and remained banned until 1993. In 1993 the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing the Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of Buliisa District , Hoima district , Kibaale District , Kakumiro District , Kagadi District , Kiryandongo District and Masindi District . According to 1997 projections,
1230-539: The region. In 1878, the Khedive of Egypt appointed Emin as Gordon's successor to govern the province, giving him the title of Bey . Despite the grand title, there was little for Emin to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile's radius around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He showed himself to be
1271-594: The site are on file. Emin's old harbour is now the departure point for passenger ferries to Nimule in South Sudan . Emin Pasha Emin was born in Oppeln (in present-day Poland ), Silesia , into a middle-class German Jewish family, who moved to Neisse when he was two years old. After the death of his father in 1845, his mother married a Christian ; she and her children were baptized Lutherans . He
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1312-477: The smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals. Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as Unyoro at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling the lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the Indian Ocean . In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade in ivory . Due to the volatile nature of
1353-456: The state as many have done so in historical times. Samuel Baker praised the manufactures of Bunyoro artisians, saying that the banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles". European travelers in
1394-472: The strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region. Bunyoro had a well mantained road system. Henry Colvile was able to move his army along well maintained roads and across carefully bridged streams. John Roscoe , a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro’s network of roads. The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code It is especially interesting that
1435-485: The total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000 but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of the population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate. In describing
1476-543: The verb "okuhuma" which literally means the cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves and cries of herdsmen. The Bito are The royal clan originally descended from the Bachwezi and the Luo. Unlike in other kingdoms to the south, intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited. It has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to high position in
1517-591: Was a student at the Kolegium Carolinum Neisse in Nysa, Poland , at the universities at Breslau , Königsberg , and Berlin , qualifying as a physician in 1864. However, he was disqualified from practice, and left Germany for Constantinople , with the intention of entering Ottoman service. Travelling via Vienna and Trieste , he stopped at Antivari in Montenegro , found himself welcomed by
1558-530: Was given to Great Britain . In 1894 Great Britain declared the region its protectorate . In alliance with Buganda , King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of the kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles , and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire . Because of Bunyoro's resistance to
1599-601: Was reoccupied and reconstructed by Belgian forces from 1902 to 1907. Today the name Dufile is applied to a nearby Madi village and sub-county in Moyo District to the east of Laropi. The name Dufile itself is a corruption of the Madi village name Odrupele. Emin and A.J. Mounteney Jephson were confined in the fort during a mutiny in 1888. There followed the Battle of Dufile when the former mutineers, after releasing Emin and Jephson, rallied to fight Mahdist forces. Dufile
1640-953: Was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial. Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrative Kibiro saltworks of Lake Mwitanzige and the saltworks located in Lake Katwe . Bunyoro’s markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee. Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth and Bananas Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among
1681-484: Was visited by Alan Moorehead while he was researching his book The White Nile , published in 1960. The fort was surveyed in July 1965 by a student team from Imperial College . The fort, where a ditch and bank enclose an area of 12 acres (4.8 hectares), can be reached by road or boat from Laropi. Archaeological work was done between December 2006 and January 2007 by an international team and recommendations on conservation of