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26-397: Don Quixote is portrayed as both admirable ("and doth she not of a truth accompany and adorn this greatness with a thousand million charms of mind!" "that, winnowed by her hands, beyond a doubt the bread it made was of the whitest.") and ridiculous throughout the novel. Sancho knows this, and is enthusiastic for Dulcinea in as much as "if your worship goes looking for dainties in the bottom of

52-438: A donkey, he helps Quixote get out of various conflicts while looking forward to rewards of aventura that Quixote tells him of. Cervantes variously names Sancho in the first book Sancho Zancas (legs); however, in the second book, he standardizes Sancho's name in reply to the "false" Avellaneda Quixote sequel . At one point, Sancho alludes to the "false" Avellaneda book by addressing his wife (standardized as Teresa Panza) using

78-539: A fit of madness turned Alonso Quijano into Don Quixote, Sancho Panza was indeed his servant. When the novel begins, Sancho has been married for a long time to a woman named Teresa Cascajo and has a daughter, María Sancha (also named Marisancha, Marica, María, Sancha, and Sanchica), who is said to be old enough to be married. Sancho's wife is described more or less as a feminine version of Sancho, both in looks and behaviour. When Don Quixote proposes Sancho to be his squire, neither he nor his family strongly oppose it. Sancho

104-458: A major character, the local queen who sends the knight on a quest to retrieve her jewels. Alonso Fern%C3%A1ndez de Avellaneda Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda is the pseudonym of a man who wrote a sequel to Cervantes ' Don Quixote , before Cervantes finished and published his own second volume. The identity of Avellaneda has been the subject of many theories, but there is no consensus on who he was. Cervantes knew that Avellaneda

130-664: A result, Don Quixote decides not to go to Zaragoza to take part in the jousts , as he had planned, because such an incident features in that book. From then on, Avellaneda's work is ridiculed frequently; Don Quixote even meets one of its characters, Don Alvaro Tarfe, and gets him to swear an affidavit that he has never met the true Don Quixote before. There is evidence that some of Cervantes' condemnations are of tongue-in-cheek references to errors or jokes in Part 1. In Part 2, Chapter 59, of Cervantes's version, Don Quixote disregards Avellaneda's Part 2 because in it Sancho Panza 's wife

156-442: A running joke throughout the books. Cide Hamete Benengeli is called "Berengena" ( eggplant ), Teresa is called "Teresona Panza" (approximately "Fat Belly"), etc. Avellaneda's work was first translated into French, by an anonymous translator. (Warton (1756) identifies this French translator with Le Sage , but Yardley (1784) doubts. ) The French translation omits or replaces some of Avellaneda's episodes, and completely alters

182-434: A small fortune. Ricote, like all Moriscos, was expelled from Spain and has returned in disguise to retrieve the treasure he left behind. He asks Sancho for his help. Sancho, while sympathetic, refuses to betray his king. When Don Quixote takes to his deathbed, Sancho tries to cheer him. Sancho idealistically proposes they become pastoral shepherds and thus becomes 'Quixotized'. In addition to stage and screen adaptations of

208-493: Is able to rule justly (mostly), applying common (if occasionally inconsistent) sense and practical wisdom in spite of - or because of - the simplistic advice that Don Quixote has read about. As Sancho is abused in these staged parodies , he learns how difficult it is to rule, and "resigns" to rejoin Don Quixote and to continue the adventure. Sancho encounters Ricote ("fat cat"), his former Morisco neighbor, who has buried

234-496: Is called Jerónimo, like Jerónimo de Pasamonte, which could be another indication from Cervantes about the identity of Avellaneda. The character hands over the apocryphal book to Don Quixote, recognizing him as the true one. Cervantes would have made the literary representation of Avellaneda, personified in the character known as Jerónimo, recognize his Don Quixote as the true one. Don Quixote is outraged because Avellaneda portrays him as being no longer in love with Dulcinea del Toboso. As

260-423: Is called Mari Gutiérrez , instead of Teresa Panza . However, in the early chapters of Part 1 Sancho's wife is called by many names, some within just two paragraphs, including Juana Panza, Mari Gutiérrez, Juana Gutiérrez, Teresa Cascajo, etc. Teresa Panza is settled on only after she becomes a substantial character. It is difficult to decide whether they are true mistakes since malapropisms , aliases and puns are

286-546: Is highly critical of it in his own Part 2. However, it is possible that Cervantes would never have composed his own continuation without the stimulus Avellaneda provided. Throughout Part 2 of Cervantes' book, Don Quixote meets characters who know of him from their reading of his Part 1, but in Chapter 59, Don Quixote first learns of Avellaneda's Part 2. In that chapter, Don Quixote meets two characters who are reading Avellaneda's recently published book. One of those characters

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312-433: Is illiterate and proud of it but by influence of his new master, he develops considerable knowledge about some books. Sancho provides the earthy wisdom of Spanish proverbs, surprising his master. During the travels with Don Quixote, he keeps contact with his wife by dictating letters addressed to her. Sancho Panza offers interpolated narrative voice throughout the tale, a literary convention invented by Cervantes. Sancho Panza

338-435: Is precursor to "the sidekick ," and is symbolic of practicality over idealism. Sancho is the everyman , who, though not sharing his master's delusional "enchantment" until late in the novel, remains his ever-faithful companion realist, and functions as the clever sidekick. Salvador de Madariaga detected that, as the book progresses, there is a "Quixotization" of Sancho and a "Sanchification" of Don Quixote, so much that, when

364-583: The Diálogo de Mercurio y Carón attributed to Alfonso de Valdés ( c.  1490 -1532). Cervantes may intend Quixote's simplistic and romantic understanding of government as an allegory satirizing the lack of practical learning on the part of philosopher-doctors placed in positions of power. One view sees the advice as a "serio-comic twist on Machiavelli 's advice for nonhereditary rulers who newly acquire kingdoms". The Duke's servants are instructed to play several pranks upon Sancho. Surprisingly, Sancho

390-462: The French ending in which Quixote dies. Server and Keller (1980) provided the first English edition translated directly from Avellaneda's original. Their book, with footnotes by Tom Lathrop , was published by Lathrop's Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs press in 1980 and reissued in 2009. Sancho Panza Sancho Panza ( Spanish: [ˈsantʃo ˈpanθa] ) is a fictional character in

416-547: The character Ginés de Pasamonte of Part I. In fact, Avellaneda knows and praises the Brotherhood of the Santísimo Rosario of Calatayud , and there is only one candidate who could have known that brotherhood: Jerónimo de Pasamonte, who wrote in his autobiography that he entered that same brotherhood at the age of 13. Critical opinion has generally held Avellaneda's work in low regard, and Cervantes himself

442-614: The ending. In the Spanish original, Don Quixote is left "in health and readiness for farther atchievements," but in the French translation, he is shot in a firefight with the Holy Brotherhood on the outskirts of his home town of Argamasilla, and ("it is to be supposed" ) buried within the town. The French translation was translated into English by John Stevens (1705), and reprinted with additional notes by William Augustus Yardley (1784). Both of these English editions preserve

468-476: The glorious, imaginary Dulcinea. Scholars commonly say that because of this and many similar misreadings by Avellaneda, which Cervantes found offensive, he was motivated to complete his own unfinished Part II, which was published the following year. ("...especially my lady the princess Dulcinea, who staggers one's senses." "...who went skipping and capering like goats over the pleasant fields there...") The Jules Massenet opera Don Quichotte depicts Dulcinée as

494-517: The knight recovers sanity on his deathbed, it is Sancho who tries to convince him to become pastoral shepherds . In the novel, Don Quixote comments on the historical state and condition of Aragón and Castilla , which are vying for power in Europe. Sancho Panza represents, among other things, the quintessentially Spanish brand of skepticism of the period. Sancho obediently follows his master, despite being sometimes puzzled by Quixote's actions. Riding

520-485: The novel Don Quixote written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra in 1605. Sancho acts as squire to Don Quixote and provides comments throughout the novel, known as sanchismos , that are a combination of broad humour, ironic Spanish proverbs , and earthy wit. "Panza" in Spanish means "belly" (cf. English "paunch," Italian "pancia", several Italian dialects "panza", Portuguese and Galician "pança", French "panse", Romanian "pântec", Catalan "panxa"). Before

546-627: The novel itself, Sancho Panza is a major character in the play within a play in the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha , and in the film of the same name. In Man of La Mancha , the newly imprisoned Cervantes recruits his fellow prisoners to portray characters from his novel, with Cervantes himself playing Don Quixote and his manservant playing Sancho. Sancho sings the title song as a duet with Quixote, solos "The Missive", "I like him", and "A Little Gossip", plus ensemble numbers "Golden Helmet of Mambrino" and "The Dubbing". Actors who have played Sancho in

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572-528: The play include Irving Jacobson (who also sang on the original cast album), Tony Martinez (1977 and 1992 revivals), and Ernie Sabella (2002 revival). James Coco played the character in the 1972 film . Sancho Panza of Boston was an 1855 medium clipper ship of 876 tons, built in Medford , MA by Samuel Lapham, and owned by John E. Lodge & Co. The ship was renamed Nimrod in 1863, upon sale to British owners, resold to German owners, and re-rigged as

598-452: The sea". Dulcinea is based on the Spanish word dulce (sweet), and suggests an overly elegant "sweetness". To this day, a reference to someone as one's "Dulcinea" implies idealistic devotion and love for her. An unidentified writer using the pseudonym Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda in 1614 published a Part II of Don Quijote . Although support for Avellaneda's view of Dulcinea is found in Part I of Don Quixote , he has little interest in

624-451: The word to signify the prize that will make the trouble he has been enduring worthwhile. The two later encounter a duke and duchess who pretend to make Sancho governor of a fictional fief , la ínsula Barataria (roughly "Isle Come-cheaply"; see Cockaigne ). He eagerly accepts and leaves his master. In a letter, Don Quixote gives Sancho provincial advice on governorship gleaned from the romances he has read, thought to have been inspired by

650-463: The wrong name. The Sancho name does not change, but he calls his wife various names throughout the first part of the volume, and her 'true' name is not revealed until almost the end of that portion of the novel. Don Quixote promises Sancho the governance of an ínsula , or island . However, Sancho has never heard of this word before and does not know its meaning. Sancho has long been expecting some vague but concrete reward for this adventure and believes

676-475: Was a pseudonym and that the volume's publication information was false. Cervantes also indicated four times in the second part of his Don Quixote that Avellaneda was from Aragon. One theory holds that Avellaneda's work was a collaboration by friends of Lope de Vega , although none of them were from Aragon. Another theory is that it was by Gerónimo de Passamonte , born in Aragon, the real-life inspiration for

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