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60-452: The Ali Gheri clan were the first tribe to adopt the Dervish (Daraawiish) identity. Colonial administrator Douglas Jardine , stated the following about Dervish demographics: It is difficult to estimate accurately the number of his sincere converts, but it would be generous to say that there were not less than 2,000 or more than 4,000. Chiefly drawn from the wilder and more remote sections of

120-517: A series of military reprisals against the rebel group ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front . Until its first-ever district elections in February 2004, Zonal and woreda administrators and village chairmen were appointed by the Regional government. Senior politicians at the Regional level nominated their clients to the local government positions. In the 2004 local elections, each woreda elected

180-639: A Dervish attack. Byatt also raised concerns for the Dhulbahante refugees en route to British controlled territory and the possibility of them being looted by hostile clans, particularly the Habr Yunis . Baron Ismay in his intelligence report on the Dervish raids on the Ali Gheri and the Dolbahanta clan's of Bohotle notes: No important move was made till November 1911, when he successfully attacked

240-590: A council including a spokesman, vice-spokesman, administrator, and vice-administrator. These councils have the responsibility of managing budgets and development activities within their respective districts. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Somali Region has a total population of 4,439,147, consisting of 2,468,784 men and 1,970,363 women; urban residents numbered 621,210 or 14% of

300-686: A large part of the pre-1995 provinces of Hararghe , Bale and Sidamo . The population is predominantly Somali , and there have been attempts to incorporate the area into a Greater Somalia . In the 1977, Somalia invaded Ethiopia, igniting the Ogaden War , which Somalia lost due to timely military intervention from the Soviet Union and its ally Cuba . Despite this defeat, local groups still tried either to become part of Somalia or independent. The 2007 Abole oil field raid , in which 72 Chinese and Ethiopian oilfield workers were killed, has led to

360-413: A nation who fight chiefly on horseback, their arms being two spears and a shield. Their horses are powerful and courageous; the breed descended, according to Somali tradition, from the stud of Suleiman, the son Of David, and consequently is highly valued. The Dulbahanta, as far as I have seen of them, are a fine martial race of men, second to none...either in conduct or appearance". The clan boundary between

420-690: A northern Dhulbahante kingdom and a southern Dhulbahante kingdom as follows: Originally, Dhulbahante had one Garaad who came from the Faarax Garaad branch. It seems that in the mid-nineteenth century, a conflict between the Maxamuud Garaad inhabiting the Nugaal valley in the north and the Faarax Garaad residing toward the south and the Hawd led to the establishment of a separate garaad for the Maxamuud Garaad branch. Dervish forces mostly hailed from

480-477: A plan to crush "the Dhulbahante who willingly and persistently assisted" the dervishes. A British colonial Officer, Roy Irons believed the Dhulbahante joined the Dervish movement more out of fear rather than ideological devotion and in order to demonstrate British supremacy and power over these clans it was necessary to crush them. Roy Irons , the author of Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland notes: It

540-532: A post he held until 1927. In 1927, he was posted to Tanganyika Territory , beginning an eight-year association with the country. He was Deputy Chief Secretary, Tanganyika from 1927–28; Chief Secretary to Government, Tanganyika, 1928–34; and acting Governor, Tanganyika, in 1929, 1931, 1933 and 1934. In 1929, 1930 and 1931, Douglas was also the accredited representative of H.M. Government to the Permanent Mandates Commission at Geneva . He

600-565: Is Garad Jama Garad Ali who succeeded his uncle Garad Abdiqani Garad Jama . The use of the traditional hereditary title of Garad (which is most widespread among the Dhulbahante), was first inaugurated by the great ancestor Garad Shirshore who previously served as a Ugaas . The clan boasts a history of anti-colonial resistance. In a bloody war against the British Empire the Dhulbahante along with several other clans propelled

660-716: Is a small but notable Dhulbahante community in the North Eastern Province . During the Darawiish era, the Bah Udgoon , a Qayaad division had a garesa (dervish fortification) at Qollad near modern Galmudug . During arid soil conditions, contemporary pastoral Dhulbahante nomads likewise divagate halfway towards the Puntland coast. The Dhulbahante exclusively settle in the northern Somali cities of Las Anod and Buuhoodle . Moreover, they are well represented in

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720-578: Is formed of the Nugaal plateau beneath the Cal range, and the Nugaal valley in the Sool province, is a Dhulbahante territory, and the site of the biggest Darawiish confrontations: The climate of the Nugaal, a region which constitutes the heartlands of the Dulbahante, is highly suited for breeding and rearing ponies... The country of the Dulbahante is the prize of pastoral habitat: well-watered and well-pastured,

780-487: Is headed by the Chief Administrator of Somali Regional State. The current Chief Administrator is Mustafa Muhummed Omer (Cagjar) , elected on 22 August 2018. A Vice President of Somali Region succeeds the president in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the president. The current vice president is Adam Farah Ibrahim . The other offices in the executive branch cabinet are

840-519: Is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected. The highest-ranking court, the Somali Supreme Court, is Somali's "court of last resort". A Seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from

900-605: Is well known that the Dolbahanta tribe are adherents of the Mullah, more through fear of him than any attachment to his person, or fanatical religious spirit. They are tired of his cruelties and exactions, and the belief of those who best know the country, would speedily transfer their allegiance to us. Sections of the Dhulbahante like the Reer Hagar of the Farah Garad and other sections inhabiting Buuhoodle fought alongside

960-699: The Arap clan of the Isaaq clan-family. This maternal connection has enticed a mutual affinity between the two clans. The primary homeland of the clan straddles the Haud region and the Nugaal Valley , hence segments of the clan who settle in either plateau are colloquially referred to as the Reer Hawd and Reer Nugaaled . Currently, the clan has 13 active Garads . The most senior Garaad of these traditional leaders

1020-612: The Dervish movement to defeat the empire in a series of military expeditions. The rebellion caused the death of one-third (or 200,000) of the population of the Somaliland protectorate , most severely effecting the Dhulbahante clan with whom there was no treaty of protection. John Drysdale and Ioan M. Lewis, who had conducted research in British Somaliland in the 1950s, noted that there was not that much of an attachment of

1080-609: The Dir primarily inhabit the northern Sitti zone, Awbare and Gursum woreda in Fafan zone. The Habr Awal , Garhajis , Arap and Habr Je'lo clans of the Isaaq clan family inhabit the northern part of the region bordering Somaliland. The Arap primarily inhabit the Fafan zone making up the majority in Harshin woreda as well as making up a significant portion of the population of

1140-506: The Farah Garad sub-division the rest of the Dhulbahante clan joined out of fear of the Mullah or by personal gain: It is, however, believed that, with the exception of the Ali Gheri and possibly other sections of the Gerad Farih, the majority of the people who joined the Mullah in the Dolbahanta have done so either through fear of him or personal gain, and that a large seceding from his following may be expected when our expedition takes

1200-715: The Gursum, Somali (woreda) woreda as well as the lucrative towns of dhagahle and Laanqayr. The Garhajis and Habr Je'lo make up the majority of Awaare and Misrak Gashamo woredas in Jarar zone with a significant presence in the Danot woreda. Subclans of the Hawiye inhabit the western and southern areas of the region, with Degodia being majority in Liben and significant presence in some regions . Karanle and Sheekhaal present in

1260-567: The Habr Je'lo , a clan of the Isaaq clan-family, and the Dhulbahante clan during the 19th century was traditionally in Laba Garday , situated between War Idaad and Wadamago . The Dhulbahante traditionally had two adjacent kingdoms: The Dulbahante, as far as I have seen them, are a fine martial race of men, second to none of the branches of Darrood either in conduct or appearance, and they are described as being courteous and hospitable to

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1320-570: The Leeward Islands during his career. Douglas was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge , taking his BA Hons. in Classics in 1910. Immediately after graduating, he joined the colonial service and was posted as assistant secretary to the government of Cyprus from 1910–16. In 1916, he became Secretary to Administration in British Somaliland , a position he held until 1921. During this posting, he accompanied

1380-643: The Sanaag region the clan is only present in the Erigavo district along with the Habr Yonis and Habr Je'lo clans, whilst well represented in the regional capital of Erigavo . Similarly in Togdheer , the clan solely lives in the district of Buuhoodle . The district of Buuhoodle was made a region by the state of Puntland and its name was changed to Cayn in 2004. Hence, the popular abbreviation SSC which denotes

1440-544: The Somali Regional State , is a regional state in eastern Ethiopia . Its territory is the largest after Oromia Region . The regional state borders the Ethiopian regions of Afar and Oromia and the chartered city Dire Dawa to the west, as well as Djibouti to the north, Somalia to the northeast, east and south; and Kenya to the southwest. Jijiga is the capital of the Somali Region. The capital

1500-594: The Somaliland Protectorate was the un-administered east, inhabited by the Dhubahante, Warsangali and a few sections of the Isaaq . In this light Douglas Jardine explains that British priority was to keep the former two clans neutral, as the British administration and its allied clans would not be able to resist them without outside aid. The British found it exceptionally difficult to administer

1560-466: The Ali Gheri at Bohotleh. He followed this up in February 1912 with an attack on the Dolbahanta at Eildab, In this engagement our people lost all their stock and were reduced to starvation. They flocked to Berbera demanding to be supported. Yet another attack on Bohotleh in March resulted in the remaining Dolbahanta in that vicinity being looted and driven out. Bohotleh remained in Dervish hands. In June 1913

1620-821: The British Mission to the Coronation of Empress Zauditu of Abyssinia in 1917 and was awarded the OBE in 1918. In 1920, he was appointed Officer in Charge H.Q. Services, Somaliland Expeditionary Force . Three years later, he published The Mad Mullah of Somaliland , his book on Diiriye Guure 's rebel leader-emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , the so-called "Mad Mullah" who led an armed resistance against British, Italian, and Ethiopian forces in Somalia. In 1921, Douglas became Senior Assistant Secretary, Nigerian Secretariat,

1680-542: The British against the Dervishes after being raided by the Mullah's forces. Dhulbahante friendlies would also sometimes raid the Dervishes, looting their livestock as well as weapons. The book A Fine Chest of Medals: The Life of Jack Archer reports: Early in October the friendlies at Bohotle made a successful raid south to Gerlogubi, capturing a large number of camels and rifles and killing several more dervishes In 1904

1740-686: The Dervishes attacked the Jama Siad sub-division of the Mohamoud Garad clan. The Dervishes looted 400 camels while killing two men. The Parliamentary Debates (official Report).: House of Commons in 1913 notes: So far as I am aware there have been no recent developments of importance in the interior, with the exception of a dervish raid on the Dolbahanta Jama Siad in which the latter lost about 400 camels and had two men killed. The British War Office similarly notes that apart from

1800-467: The Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn". The clan inhabits Taleh , most of Hudun and most of Las Anod districts, in Sool, Sanaag Toghdeer regions. In a survey conducted in 2011 of Las Anod District 92.5% of the respondents identified as Dhulbahante whilst 2.5%, 1.5% and 1.3% identified as Hawiye , Bantu and Isaaq respectively. In

1860-536: The Dhulbahante. The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish Movement . Höhne on the Dhulbahante and the Dervish Movement states: "The majority of them came from the Dhulbahante clan. Members of this clan were camel herders and renown warriors (Cruttenden 1849). The British had not concluded a ‘treaty of protection’ with them, as they had done with

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1920-479: The Dolbahanta tribe, they represented the true Dervishes, most of whom fell on the field of battle during the earlier expeditions The supreme Garad of the Dhulbahante is currently Garad Jama Garad Ali . The extended formal name of Dhulbahante, the clan's forefather was Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti whose resting place is Badweyn. According to Somali tradition, his mother hailed from

1980-569: The Farah Garad subclan suffered yet another Dervish raid on their towns at Udaweina. General Richard Corfield had in response moved out to the area with his troops to support the shaken Farah Garad, who retreated westwards towards the lands of the Habr Yunis : In June Corfield, receiving reports that dervish raiders had attacked Dolbahanta Farah Gerad karias (mobile villages) at Udaweina, moved out to support them, but they were so shaken that they retired westward, which then caused trouble with

2040-484: The Habr Yunis However, the Dhulbahante were not trusted by some British generals. For instance, the British general Eric Swayne at times regarded the clan as too untrustworthy to be enlisted as a levy: In selecting men, only those vouched for by responsible Chiefs, and those belonging to trustworthy tribes were enlisted, no Dolbahanta being allowed to enter the ranks. Every man before marching out of Berbera

2100-477: The Mullah himself became active, and raided the Dolbahanta tribe so effectively that they were reduced to starvation, and came in large parties to the coast towns begging the Government to give them food. Then it was realised that the policy of non-intervention in the interior was not altogether satisfactory, and that something must be done to remedy the anarchic condition of the country. The Farah Garad subclan

2160-555: The Nugaal valley provides a welcome sanc-tuary from the perennial twin scourges of Somali pastoralism, thirst and starvation... Demoralized and disorganized, the Dervishes were forced to disperse all over the Nugaal and the Haud after their resounding defeat by the British expeditionary force. Not only did they sustain heavy casualties (7,000 to 8,000 in dead and injured) but also the loss of 20,000 of their best war-horses The pre-independence Nogal District partly corresponding with modern Sool,

2220-517: The Region was 95.67% Somali , 0.70% Amhara , 2.25% Oromo ; all other ethnic groups made up 1.38% of the population. According to the CSA, as of 2004 , 38.98% of the total population had access to safe drinking water , of whom 21.32% were rural inhabitants and 77.21% were urban. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Somali as of 2005 include the following: 71.8% of

2280-557: The Regional Health Bureau, Educational Bureau, and 18 other officials. 15 Days 4 Months 10 Months 3 Months, 1 Months 9 Months 1 Months There are three levels of the Somali region judiciary . The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters. The intermediate-level court system

2340-764: The Somali Region had a total of 1,459,720 cattle (representing 10.19%% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 1,463,000 sheep (20.66%), 1,650,970 goats (50.02%), 1,291,550 donkeys (30.66%), 5,3165,260 camels (96.2%), 154,670 poultry of all species (0.5%), and 5,330 beehives (0.12%). For nomadic inhabitants, the CSA provided two sets of estimates, one based on aerial surveys and the other on more conventional methodology: West from Addis Ababa , Awash 572 km via Harar and Jijiga to Degehabur Somali Regional State has 3 international airport and 2 commercial airports. The international airports are Jijiga Airport , Gode Airport , and Kabri Dar Airport , The 2 commercial airports are Dolo Airport , and Shilavo Airport . The executive branch

2400-591: The cities of Erigavo and Garowe . The Baho Nugaaled , particularly the Ugaasyo Dhulbahante, are the most geographically dispersed, with towns such as Yoocada in Las Anod district and Bandar Salam in Middle Juba . According to Roy Irons, Dhulbahante were the largest subclan of the northern clans during the onset of colonialism. Somali academic Said Sheikh Samatar stated that the Nugaal, which

2460-449: The clan to Dervish history at that time. Nevertheless, to honor the Dervish freedom fighters, the name Daraawiish is now given to almost all regional paramilitaries in Somalia. In Somaliland , the Dhulbahante almost exclusively inhabit the Sool region. Michael Walls on the Dhulbahante and Sool says: "The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of

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2520-768: The country around Bonthe and the area around Pujehun . These missionaries were not interested in proselytizing, but rather worked to distribute mepacrine and quinine to combat malaria as well as penicillin and streptomycin to treat bacterial infections. In 1941, he was appointed as Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1941–43. He was appointed KCMG in 1938. Douglas died in December 1946. Somali Region The Somali Region ( Somali : Deegaanka Soomaalida , Amharic : ሱማሌ ክልል , romanized :  Sumalē Kilil , Oromo : Naannoo somaalee, Arabic : المنطقة الصومالية ), also known as Soomaali Galbeed ( lit.   ' Western Somalia ' ) and officially

2580-514: The demise and destruction of the Dhulbahante who were avid Dervishes. In this Regard, British Commissioner Eric Swayne was delighted in their slaughter of the Dhulbahante clans. It is a fortunate thing that the [Qayaad] tribe , which most strongly supported him, appears to have suffered the severest losses. In July 1901, the British made attempts to expel the Dervish Movement out of the Dhulbahante territory, to achieve this they devised

2640-455: The fault lies with you; if not, I do hereby acquaint you of it. You are requested to restore to us our camels and the blood shed by your people In 1912 the Dervish army compelled friendly segments of the Dhulbahante clan to retire to the British controlled territory to gain protection. This was after the Mullah had constantly launched raids that took a heavy toll on the clan. World War 1 at Sea - Contemporary Accounts reports: Finally, in 1912,

2700-512: The field In 1908 the Dhulbahante once again raided the Dervish and looted their camels. Hassan sent a letter to the British Commissioner Cordeaux, requesting his camels be returned and blood money be paid. An excerpt from Hassan's letter to Cordeaux reads: Your people, the Dolbahanta tribe, have killed fifteen of our men and looted eighty-four camels. I do not know if Abdulla Shahari reported this to you: if he did

2760-544: The grounds that the missionaries were "subversive" for encouraging native Africans to take part in political activities. All nineteen of the missionaries had what the South African government declared "a pro-African bias" and were "native sympathizers." Jardine personally wrote and asked all of these missionaries to work in Sierra Leone. Seventeen out of the nineteen did so, taking up work in the southern portion of

2820-596: The hinterland in the east, as Jess reports "in 1901 a joint Anglo-Ethiopian expedition of almost 17,000 men failed to accomplish anything other than to drive the Mullah temporarily across the border into the Mijertein". In later years, the British increased their engagement with the hinterland to suppress the movement, yet the previously "insignificant corner of the Empire" proved to be exasperating and costly both financially and in human life. The British consistently intended

2880-426: The inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 22% and for women 9.8%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 57 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life. The region is home to almost all major Somali clan families. The Issa , Gadabuursi and Jaarso subclans of

2940-526: The inhabitants of the coast, who belonged to various Isaaq or Dir clans." Along with the Dhulbahante, the Ogaden , and segments of the Isaaq such as the Habr Je'lo and eastern sections of the Habr Yunis clan loyal to Sultan Nur were part of the Movement. The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by Isaaq troops. The Achilles heel of the British empire in

3000-736: The interior as well as the major towns of Jijiga , Gode , Kebridehar . The Harti as well as the Leelkase clans inhabit the Dollo zone where they make up the majority while the Marehan clan inhabit the Shilavo woreda and the Liben zone. Somali as a primary language is spoken by 95.89% of the inhabitants. All other languages spoken together make up 4.11%. 98.74% of the population are Muslim , All other religions together made up 1.26%. The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in

3060-514: The population, while rural residents numbered 3,817,937. With an estimated area of 327,068 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 20.9 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 1, 685,986 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 6.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 6 and rural households 6.5 people. There are 8 refugee camps and 1 transit center, housing 212,967 refugees from Somalia, located in Somali Region. In

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3120-404: The previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 3,383,165, of which Somalis made up 3,236,667. There were 1,846,417 were males and 1,537,748 were females. The urban residents of the Somali Region numbered 492,710 households, with an average of 6.6 persons per household; a high sex ratio of 120 males to 100 females was reported. As of 1997, the ethnic composition of

3180-400: The stranger who visits them. They have generally two Sultans, or Garaads, the elder of whom, Mahomed Ali Harrin, governs the eastern limits of the province; whilst his colleague, Ali Garaad, (recently deceased) guards the N. W. frontier from the thieving Haber-tel- Jahleh in the neighbourhood of Kurrum and from the Agahdur family of Noh Amor. Markus Hoehne described the 19th century existence of

3240-461: The traditional Dhulbahante territories within Somaliland. In Somalia , they inhabit the Jubaland state, where there is a long settled Dhulbahante trading community in the port city of Kismayo and its surrounding district, in southern Somalia. In Ethiopia , the Dhulbahante clan settle in the Somali Regional State . They are present in the Dollo Zone , specifically in the woredas of Boh , Danot and Werder , in Ciid .in Ciid In Kenya, there

3300-416: The western areas bordering the Oromia region and the Hawadle and Habar Gidir subclans are present in the Shabelle zone. The closely related Samaale subclan of Garre are also present in the Liben zone and Dawa zone where they make up the majority. Various subclans of the Darod clan family primarily inhabit the central and eastern parts of the region, with the Ogaden and Jidwaq inhabiting

3360-510: Was also raided by the Dervishes, specifically the Ali Gheri subclan, who were set upon and attacked by Hassan and his Dervish army, forcing them to evacuate and seek refuge in Burao , Berbera and Haud among the Isaaq clans. British colonial governor Horace Byatt reported that 800 Dhulbahante refugees arrived in Berbera , but feared that they could not be protected nor fed properly, stating that only 300 native infantry and 200 King's African Rifles were in Berbera and insufficient to hold off

3420-421: Was appointed CMG in 1932. In 1934, he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief, North Borneo , a post he held until 1937. Later that year he was appointed Governor of Sierra Leone (1937–41). As Governor of Sierra Leone he took care to improve relations with the native population. Nineteen British missionaries were asked to leave South Africa by the administration of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog on

3480-438: Was described as "entirely Dolbahanta" by John Hunt. British Colonial Officer John Anthony Hunt, whose word was regarded by Berbera's colonial office as "The Koran, the Bible" described the Dhulbahante as the owners of the Nugaal, the head of the Nogal valley in Badwein being where the clan progenitor/ancestor is buried. 19th-century explorer C.J Cruttenden on the Dhulbahante and their Suleiman horse breed : "The Dulbahanta are

3540-448: Was formerly Gode , until Jijiga became the capital in 1995 on account of political considerations. The Somali regional government is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the State Supreme Court. What is now the Somali Region was part of the conquests of Menelik II in the late 19th century. The Somali Region formed

3600-421: Was paid an allowance to purchase his own Somali shoes and also a piece of American cloth. British colonial administrator Sir Douglas Jardine describing the plight of the Dhulbahante noted: Douglas James Jardine Sir Douglas James Jardine KCMG OBE (13 October 1888 – 11 December 1946) was a British colonial administrator, holding the posts of Governor of North Borneo , Sierra Leone and

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