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59-559: The Dungonab Bay is south-facing and is located 130 km to the north of Port Sudan . Its mid part, the Rawayah Lagoon, is surrounded by coral reefs. Together with Mukkawar Island and Sanganeb (an isolated coral reef), the area was declared the Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park and became a World Heritage Site in 2016. It has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2009. A coastal strip of

118-524: A hot desert climate ( Köppen : BWh) with extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters, requiring the acquisition of fresh water from Wadi Arba'at in the Red Sea Hills and from salt-evaporating pans. Temperatures can easily exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in winter and 45 °C (113 °F) in summer. Over 90% of the annual rainfall falls between October and January, mostly in November, with

177-585: A 60% surge in lost safe outdoor activity hours, with each person losing 2.2 hours on average each day. The study predicted that by the 2060s, annual heat wave-related mortality is expected to reach 29,000 to 38,000 in China, with a 28% to 37% increase in work hours lost. In July 2019, there were over 50 million people in the United States in jurisdictions with heat advisories. Scientists predicted that many records for highest low temperatures would be broken in

236-401: A contributing factor. The heat index in the table above is a measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature. Excessive heat causes psychological stress as well as physical stress . This can affect performance. It may also lead to an increase in violent crime. High temperatures are associated with increased conflict between individuals and at

295-451: A heat wave is five consecutive days at or above 35 °C (95 °F), or three consecutive days at or over 40 °C (104 °F). The Australian Bureau of Meteorology defines a heat wave as three or more days of unusual maximum and minimum temperatures. Before this new Pilot Heatwave Forecast there was no national definition for heat waves or measures of heat wave severity. It is possible to compare heat waves in different regions of

354-516: A heat wave occurs when there are at least three days above 25 °C (77 °F) across much of the country. Greater London has a threshold of 28 °C (82 °F). In the United States, definitions also vary by region. They usually involve a period of at least two or more days of excessively hot weather. In the Northeast , a heat wave is typically when the temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32.2 °C) for three consecutive days. This

413-409: A late rain season scorched tea leaves and reduced yields. Once the body temperature of livestock animals is 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) above normal, this soon leads to " heat stroke , heat exhaustion, heat syncope , heat cramps , and ultimately organ dysfunction ". Livestock mortality rates are already known to be higher during the hottest months of the year, as well as during heatwaves . During

472-420: A limited way. Heat waves cause roads and highways to buckle and melt, water lines to burst, and power transformers to detonate, causing fires. A heat wave can also damage railways, by buckling and kinking rails. This can slow down or delay traffic. It can even lead to cancellations of service when rails are too dangerous to traverse by trains. Heat waves often lead to spikes in electricity demand because there

531-426: A number of complex feedback mechanisms. These in turn can result in increased surface temperatures. One of the main mechanisms is reduced evaporative cooling of the atmosphere. When water evaporates, it consumes energy. So, it will lower the surrounding temperature. If the soil is very dry, then incoming radiation from the sun will warm the air. But there will be little or no cooling effect from moisture evaporating from

590-516: A refuge for internally displaced persons in Sudan. Port Sudan was built between 1905 and 1909 by the administration of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to replace Suakin —the historic, coral-choked Arab port. An oil pipeline was built between the port and Khartoum in 1977. In 2009, Israel allegedly used naval commandos to attack Iranian arms ships at Port Sudan as part of Operation Birds of Prey . In 2020, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that

649-559: A result of the 2003 European heat wave . Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi , Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F). The number of heat fatalities is probably highly underreported. This is due to a lack of reports and to misreporting. When considering heat-related illnesses as well, actual death tolls from extreme heat may be six times higher than official figures. This

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708-716: A severe and long heat wave has impacted India . The heat wave occurred during the Indian dry season , which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May. Rajasthan 's Churu recorded 50.5 °C (122.9 °F), which was the highest temperature in India in eight years. Since April 2024, several Southeast Asian countries have experienced record-breaking temperatures which have left several people dead. Heat indices peaked at 53 °C (127 °F) in Iba in

767-898: A spectrum of disorders due to increased body temperature. It can be caused by either environmental conditions or by exertion . It includes minor conditions such as heat cramps, heat syncope, and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke. It can affect any or all anatomical systems. Heat illnesses include: heat stroke , heat exhaustion , heat syncope , heat edema , heat cramps , heat rash , heat tetany . Exposure to extreme heat poses an acute health hazard, especially for people deemed as vulnerable. Vulnerable people with regard to heat illnesses include people with low incomes, minority groups, women (in particular pregnant women), children, older adults (over 65 years old), people with chronic diseases, disabilities and multiple long-term health conditions . Other people at risk include those living in urban environments (due to

826-403: Is Port Sudan New International Airport . There is now a tarred road linking Port Sudan to Khartoum via Atbara. Port Sudan also has a 1067mm gauge rail link with Khartoum . There is also an international ferry from Jeddah . In 2023 a new seaport was proposed about 200km north of Port Sudan at Abu Amama . A 450km road to the farming hub at Abu Hamad would also be provided. This new seaport

885-457: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Port Sudan Port Sudan ( Arabic : بور سودان , romanized :  Būr Sūdān , Beja : Bar'uut ) is a port city on the Red Sea in eastern Sudan , and the capital of Red Sea State . Port Sudan is Sudan's main seaport and the source of 90% of the country's international trade. The population of Port Sudan was estimated in

944-524: Is able to carry more moisture, heatwaves may be followed by extreme rainfall especially in mid-latitude regions. For example, the record-breaking heat wave that afflicted Pakistan beginning in May 2022 led to glacier melt and moisture flow. These were factors in the devastating floods that began in June and claimed over 1,100 lives. Researchers have predicted that roughly 10-40% of all land vertebrate species will be affected by heat waves by 2099, depending on

1003-425: Is based on studies of California and Japan. Part of the mortality during a heat wave may be due to short-term forward mortality displacement . In some heat waves there is a decrease in overall mortality in the weeks after a heat wave. These compensatory reductions in mortality suggest that heat affects people who would have died anyway, and brings their deaths forward. Social institutions and structures influence

1062-538: Is common in summer in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is because the jet stream 'follows the sun'. The high pressure area is on the equator side of the jet stream in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Weather patterns are generally slower to change in summer than in winter. So, this upper level high pressure also moves slowly. Under high pressure, the air sinks toward the surface. It warms and dries adiabatically . This inhibits convection and prevents

1121-463: Is more use of air conditioning. This can create power outages, making the problem worse. During the 2006 North American heat wave , thousands of homes and businesses went without power, especially in California. In Los Angeles, electrical transformers failed, leaving thousands without power for as long as five days. The early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave caused major power disruptions in

1180-562: Is not always the case. This is because the high temperature ties in with humidity levels to determine a heat index threshold. The same does not apply to drier climates. A heat storm is a Californian term for an extended heat wave. Heat storms occur when the temperature reaches 100 °F (37.8 °C) for three or more consecutive days over a wide area (tens of thousands of square miles). The National Weather Service issues heat advisories and excessive heat warnings when it expects unusual periods of hot weather. In Adelaide, South Australia,

1239-506: Is not suitable for extreme heat. In 2016, a marine heatwave in Chile and its subsequent harmful algal bloom caused $ 800 million (USD) in export losses for the aquaculture industry as salmon and shellfish died off. Heat waves are a big threat to agricultural production. In 2019 heat waves in the Mulanje region of Malawi involved temperatures as high as 40 °C (104 °F). This and

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1298-647: Is opposite Jeddah which shortens the ferry trip from Jeddah . The city is home to the Red Sea University , established in 1994. Places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques, but there are also Christian churches and temples including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum ( Catholic Church ), Sudan Interior Church ( Baptist World Alliance ), and Presbyterian Church in Sudan ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ) and Coptic Orthodox Churches . Port Sudan has

1357-628: Is to set up air-conditioned public cooling centres. Adding air conditioning in schools provides a cooler work place. But it can result in additional greenhouse gas emissions unless solar energy is used. Policymakers, funders and researchers have created the Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance coalition under the Atlantic Council . This advocates for naming heat waves, measuring them, and ranking them to build better awareness of their impacts. Since May 2024,

1416-399: Is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal, can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. High humidity often occurs during heat waves as well. This is especially

1475-501: The 2003 European heat wave , for instance, thousands of pigs, poultry, and rabbits died in the French regions of Brittany and Pays-de-la-Loire alone. Livestock can also suffer multiple sublethal impacts from heat stress, such as reduced milk production. Once the temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F), cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens all begin to consume 3–5% less feed for each subsequent degree of temperature increase. At

1534-530: The Hellenic National Meteorological Service defines a heat wave as occurring over three consecutive days with temperatures at 39 °C (102 °F) or higher. In the same period the minimum temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) or more. During this period, there are either no winds or only weak winds. These conditions occur in a broad area. The Netherlands defines a heat wave as a period of at least five consecutive days in which

1593-512: The October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état , the Beja tribal council initiated a weeklong blockade of the city's ports. Following negotiations with military officials, the blockade was lifted. During the 2023 Sudan war , Port Sudan has emerged as a leading destination and refuge for internally displaced persons fleeing war in other parts of the country. Internally-displaced refugees in

1652-465: The Philippines on 28 April 2024. The heat wave has been attributed to a combination of causes, including climate change and El Niño . A study found the average resident in China was exposed to 16 days of heat waves in 2023, with more than 37,000 heat wave-related deaths. Besides, the number of work hours lost due to heat stress in China was 36.9 billion in 2023, and China’s citizens experienced

1711-562: The Russian Navy would begin construction on a base with capacity for 300 personnel and four warships in Port Sudan. The facility would provide Russia with a naval base in the nation for at least 25 years. The plan was ultimately suspended, though Sudanese leadership has indicated that it is possible for the construction to go ahead in the future. In 2016, it was reported that residents of Port Sudan face water scarcity . Following

1770-427: The urban heat island effect ), outdoor workers and people who take certain prescription drugs . Health experts warn that "exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of death from cardiovascular , cerebrovascular , and respiratory conditions and all-cause mortality. Heat-related deaths in people older than 65 years reached a record high of an estimated 345 000 deaths in 2019". More than 70,000 Europeans died as

1829-412: The 2008 Census of Sudan to be 394,561 people. Port Sudan has historically been a center for commercial activity, particularly in the shipping industry. During the 2023 Sudan war , the military government has largely relocated to Port Sudan as a result of intense fighting in the capital city Khartoum , leading to it being described as a de facto capital of the country. Port Sudan also has emerged as

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1888-636: The Karoo interior. The temperature will rise about 10 Celsius from the interior to the coast. Humidity is usually very low. The temperature can be over 40 Celsius in summer. The highest temperature recorded in South Africa (51.5 Celsius) occurred one summer during a berg wind along the Eastern Cape coastline. The level of soil moisture can intensify heat waves in Europe. Low soil moisture leads to

1947-550: The amount of future greenhouse gas emissions. Heatwaves present an additional form of stress and evolutionary pressure for species that already deal with habitat loss and climate change. Species have a thermal range of tolerance that describes the temperatures where they perform best. Temperature conditions that are outside of this range may experience decreased fitness and the inability to reproduce. The species with sufficient genetic variation will be able to ensure some individuals can survive frequent days of high temperatures in

2006-409: The average maximum temperature across more than half the country exceeds 28 °C (82.4 °F). The Danish Meteorological Institute also has a definition for a "warmth wave" ( varmebølge ). It defines this using the same criteria for a 25 °C (77.0 °F) temperature. Sweden defines a heat wave as at least five days in a row with a daily high exceeding 25 °C (77.0 °F). In Greece,

2065-478: The back side of the high continue to pump hot, humid Gulf air northeastwards. This results in a spell of hot and humid weather for much of the eastern United States and into southeastern Canada. In the Western Cape Province of South Africa, a heat wave can occur when the low-pressure area offshore and the high-pressure area inland combine to form a bergwind . The air warms as it descends from

2124-556: The bay, including the mangroves of the bay shore, along with the Mukkawar, Mayetib and Taila islets and adjacent waters, have been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support significant resident or breeding populations of spotted sandgrouse , white-eyed gulls , lesser crested terns , sooty falcons , greater hoopoe-larks , bar-tailed and desert larks , fulvous babblers and white-crowned wheatears . This Sudan location article

2183-400: The case in oceanic climate countries. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s, the increase in frequency and duration being caused by climate change . Heat waves form when a high-pressure area in the upper atmosphere strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks. This traps heat near

2242-719: The city of Melbourne. They left over half a million people without power as the heat wave blew transformers and overloaded a power grid. A heat wave occurring during a drought can contribute to bushfires and wildfires. This is because a drought dries out vegetation, so it is more likely to catch fire. During the disastrous heat wave that struck Europe in 2003 , fires raged through Portugal. They destroyed over 3,010 square kilometres (1,160 sq mi) of forest and 440 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of agricultural land. They caused about €1 billion worth of damage. High end farmlands have irrigation systems to back up crops . Heat waves can also contribute to flooding. Because hot air

2301-627: The city reportedly face extreme heat and shortages of food and water. By late October 2023, Reuters reported that the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) controlled most of Khartoum , causing the government led by Abdul Fattah el-Burhan to have largely relocated to Port Sudan. General Abdul Fattah al-Burhan, leader of the Sudanese Armed Forces, "has threatened to establish a cabinet at the Red Sea city of Port Sudan, with

2360-749: The country's international trade. Major exports include oilseed , senna , and hides and skins. Imports include construction materials, heavy machinery, and vehicles. The city has a modern container port to handle imports and exports. The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe . The main airport

2419-406: The earth's surface. It is usually possible to forecast heat waves, thus allowing the authorities to issue a warning in advance. Heat waves have an impact on the economy. They can reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure. Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures and thousands of deaths from hyperthermia . They have increased

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2478-418: The effect of population growth (increasing the urban heat island effect) during those years is excluded, the exposure increased a further 50%. The researchers compiled a comprehensive list of past urban extreme heat events. Heat waves form when a high pressure area at an altitude of 10,000–25,000 feet (3,000–7,600 metres) strengthens and remains over a region for several days and up to several weeks. This

2537-508: The effects of ozone pollution in urban areas worse. This raises heat-related mortality during heat waves. During heat waves in urban areas, ground level ozone pollution can be 20 percent higher than usual. One study looked at fine particle concentrations and ozone concentrations from 1860 to 2000. It found that the global population-weighted fine particle concentrations increased by 5 percent due to climate change. Near-surface ozone concentrations rose by 2 percent. An investigation to assess

2596-414: The effects of risks. This factor can also help explain the underreporting of heat waves as a health risk. The deadly French heat wave in 2003 showed that heat wave dangers result from a combination of natural and social factors. Social invisibility is one such factor. Heat-related deaths can occur indoors, for instance among elderly people living alone. In these cases it can be challenging to assign heat as

2655-436: The formation of clouds. A reduction of clouds increases the shortwave radiation reaching the surface. A low pressure area at the surface leads to surface wind from lower latitudes that brings warm air, enhancing the warming. The surface winds could also blow from the hot continental interior towards the coastal zone. This would lead to heat waves on the coast. They could also blow from high towards low elevations. This enhances

2714-557: The future. Marine heatwaves may cause mass mortality in fish populations, especially for species that are better adapted to cooler temperatures. Species that have adapted to warmer temperatures may expand their range during a heatwave. These invasive species may outcompete the native species that experience higher mortality during a heatwave, which disrupts ecosystem functioning. Marine heatwaves have also been correlated with negative impacts on foundation species such as coral and kelp. A possible public health measure during heat waves

2773-552: The intention of creating an alternative or second capital." Hemedti , leader of the RSF, in turn, warned that this would lead to him declaring his own rival government based in Khartoum or another city he controlled. Analysts have raised concerns of a lasting split similar to that of Libya during its civil wars. Port Sudan has been described as becoming a " de facto " capital of Sudan. The city has an oil refinery and handles 90% of

2832-544: The joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the European heat waves in 2003 concluded that these appear to be reinforce each other and increase mortality when combined. Calculations from 2022 suggest that heat waves will shrink the global economy by about 1 percent decrease by the middle of the 21st century. Heat waves often have complex effects on economies. They reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure that

2891-419: The maximum daytime temperature and minimum nighttime temperature rise above the threshold for a particular region. The length of time above that threshold determines the level. Level 1 represents normal summer conditions. Level 2 occurs when there is a 60% or higher risk that the temperature will be above the threshold levels for two days and the intervening night. Level 3 arises when the temperature has been above

2950-695: The maximum temperature in De Bilt exceeds 25 °C (77 °F). During this period the maximum temperature in De Bilt must exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for at least three days. Belgium also uses this definition of a heat wave with Ukkel as a reference point. So does Luxembourg. In the United Kingdom, the Met Office operates a Heat Health Watch system. This places each Local Authority region into one of four levels. Heat wave conditions occur when

3009-553: The native Beja people, with small Asian and European minorities. Hay Al-Arab SC founded in 1928, and Hilal Alsahil SC founded in 1937, both play at the Port Sudan Stadium in the football Sudan Premier League . The city's third team is Al-Merreikh Al-Thagher . Heat wave A heat wave or heatwave , sometimes described as extreme heat , is a period of abnormally hot weather, usually more than 5 days. Definitions vary but are similar. A heat wave

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3068-431: The risk of wildfires in areas with drought . They can lead to widespread electricity outages because more air conditioning is used. A heat wave counts as extreme weather . It poses danger to human health, because heat and sunlight overwhelm the thermoregulation in humans . There are several definitions of heat waves: Denmark defines a national heat wave ( hedebølge ) as a period of at least 3 consecutive days in which

3127-646: The same time, they increase respiratory and sweating rates, and the combination of these responses can lead to metabolic disorders . One examples is ketosis , or the rapid accumulation of ketone bodies, caused by the animal's body rapidly catabolizing its fat stores to sustain itself. Heat stress also causes an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, which can result in an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant molecules, otherwise known as oxidative stress . Feed supplementation with antioxidants like chromium can help address oxidative stress and prevent it from leading to other pathological conditions, but only in

3186-541: The social level. In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up. This is particularly the case with violent crimes such as assault, murder and rape. In politically unstable countries, high temperatures can exacerbate factors that lead to civil war. High temperatures also have a significant effect on income. A study of countries in the United States found that the economic productivity of individual days declines by about 1.7 percent for each degree Celsius above 15 °C (59 °F). High temperatures also make

3245-400: The soil. Heatwaves over land have become more frequent and more intense in almost all world regions since the 1950s, due to climate change . Heat waves are more likely to occur simultaneously with droughts. Marine heatwaves are twice as likely as they were in 1980. Climate change will lead to more very hot days and fewer very cold days. There are fewer cold waves . Heat illness is

3304-624: The subsidence or sinking of the air and therefore the adiabatic warming. In the eastern regions of the United States a heat wave can occur when a high pressure system originating in the Gulf of Mexico becomes stationary just off the Atlantic Seaboard. Hot humid air masses form over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. At the same time hot dry air masses form over the desert Southwest and northern Mexico. The southwest winds on

3363-424: The threshold for the preceding day and night, and there is a 90% or higher chance that it will stay above the threshold in the following day. Level 4 is triggered if conditions are more severe than those of the preceding three levels. Each of the first three levels gives rise to a particular state of readiness and response by the social and health services. Level 4 involves a more widespread response. The threshold for

3422-473: The wettest month on record being November 1947 with 182 millimetres (7.2 in), whilst the wettest year was from July 1923 to June 1924 with 231 millimetres (9.1 in). Average annual rainfall is 76 millimetres (3.0 in), and no rainfall occurred between January 1983 and June 1984. The mean temperature year round (the average of all daily highs and nighttime lows) is 28.4 °C (83.1 °F). The population consists mainly of Sudanese Arabs, including

3481-453: The world with different climates thanks to a general indicator that appeared in 2015. With these indicators, experts estimated heat waves at the global scale from 1901 to 2010. They found a substantial and sharp increase in the number of affected areas in the last two decades. One study in 2021 investigated 13,115 cities. It found that extreme heat exposure of a wet bulb globe temperature above 30 Celsius tripled between 1983 and 2016, and if

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