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22-586: Dương (楊, IPA: [zɨəŋ˧˧] ) is a Vietnamese surname,  an estimated 1% of the Vietnamese population shares the last name. In transcription it is a Chinese family name or given name of Yang . The name is also transliterated as Yang in Korean and Yeung or Young in Cantonese . It is commonly anglicized as Duong . It is not to be confused with another Vietnamese surname Đường (唐 ), which

44-587: A court hearing such as a criminal trial (by a court reporter ) or a physician 's recorded voice notes ( medical transcription ). This article focuses on transcription in linguistics. There are two main types of linguistic transcription. Phonetic transcription focuses on phonetic and phonological properties of spoken language. Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or phones to written symbols. Systems for orthographic transcription , by contrast, consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by

66-531: A morphological and a lexical component alongside the phonetic component (which aspect is represented to which degree depends on the language and orthography in question). This form of transcription is thus more convenient wherever semantic aspects of spoken language are transcribed. Phonetic transcription is more systematic in a scientific sense, but it is also more difficult to learn, more time-consuming to carry out and less widely applicable than orthographic transcription. Mapping spoken language onto written symbols

88-484: A number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions. These include, among others, Jefferson Notation. To analyze conversation, recorded data is typically transcribed into a written form that is agreeable to analysts. There are two common approaches. The first, called narrow transcription, captures the details of conversational interaction such as which particular words are stressed, which words are spoken with increased loudness, points at which

110-468: Is a partial encoding of the IPA . The first version of SAMPA was the union of the sets of phoneme codes for Danish, Dutch, English, French, German and Italian; later versions extended SAMPA to cover other European languages. Since SAMPA is based on phoneme inventories, each SAMPA table is valid only in the language it was created for. In order to make this IPA encoding technique universally applicable, X-SAMPA

132-519: Is a set of symbols, developed by Gail Jefferson , which is used for transcribing talk. Having had some previous experience in transcribing when she was hired in 1963 as a clerk typist at the UCLA Department of Public Health to transcribe sensitivity-training sessions for prison guards, Jefferson began transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Harvey Sacks' earliest lectures were developed. Over four decades, for

154-411: Is anglicized the same; some write Dzuong to distinguish the two. Transcription (linguistics) Transcription should not be confused with translation , which means representing the meaning of text from a source-language in a target language, (e.g. Los Angeles (from source-language Spanish) means The Angels in the target language English); or with transliteration , which means representing

176-406: Is done on computers. Recordings are usually digital audio files or video files , and transcriptions are electronic documents . Specialized computer software exists to assist the transcriber in efficiently creating a digital transcription from a digital recording. Two types of transcription software can be used to assist the process of transcription: one that facilitates manual transcription and

198-495: Is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance. Written language is an idealization, made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols. Spoken language, on the other hand, is a continuous (as opposed to discrete) phenomenon, made up of a potentially unlimited number of components. There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and, consequently, no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols. Literature

220-453: Is relatively consistent in pointing out the nonneutrality of transcription practices. There is not and cannot be a neutral transcription system. Knowledge of social culture enters directly into the making of a transcript. They are captured in the texture of the transcript (Baker, 2005). Transcription systems are sets of rules which define how spoken language is to be represented in written symbols. Most phonetic transcription systems are based on

242-532: The International Phonetic Alphabet or, especially in speech technology, on its derivative SAMPA . Examples for orthographic transcription systems (all from the field of conversation analysis or related fields) are: Arguably the first system of its kind, originally sketched in (Sacks et al. 1978), later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as CA-CHAT by (MacWhinney 2000). The field of Conversation Analysis itself includes

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264-414: The orthography of a given language. Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets, usually the International Phonetic Alphabet . The type of transcription chosen depends mostly on the context of usage. Because phonetic transcription strictly foregrounds the phonetic nature of language, it is mostly used for phonetic or phonological analyses. Orthographic transcription, however, has

286-692: The CA perspective and is regarded as having become a near-globalized set of instructions for transcription. A system described in (DuBois et al. 1992), used for transcription of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English (SBCSAE), later developed further into DT2 . A system described in (Selting et al. 1998), later developed further into GAT2 (Selting et al. 2009), widely used in German speaking countries for prosodically oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics. Arguably

308-572: The IPA; where this is not possible, other signs that are available are used, e.g. [ @ ] for schwa (IPA [ə] ), [ 2 ] for the vowel sound found in French deux 'two' (IPA [ø] ), and [ 9 ] for the vowel sound found in French neuf 'nine' (IPA [œ] ). Today, officially, SAMPA has been developed for all the sounds of the following languages: The characters [ "s{mp@ ] represent the pronunciation of

330-439: The first system of its kind, originally described in (Ehlich and Rehbein 1976) – see (Ehlich 1992) for an English reference - adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as (Rehbein et al. 2004), and widely used in functional pragmatics . Transcription was originally a process carried out manually, i.e. with pencil and paper, using an analogue sound recording stored on, e.g., a Compact Cassette. Nowadays, most transcription

352-411: The majority of which she held no university position and was unsalaried, Jefferson's research into talk-in-interaction has set the standard for what became known as conversation analysis (CA). Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction, but also disciplines beyond, especially linguistics, communication, and anthropology. This system is employed universally by those working from

374-682: The name SAMPA in English, with the initial symbol ["] indicating primary stress. Like IPA, SAMPA is usually enclosed in square brackets or slashes , which are not part of the alphabet proper and merely signify that it is phonetic as opposed to regular text. SAMPA was developed in the late 1980s in the European Commission -funded ESPRIT project 2589 "Speech Assessment Methods" (SAM)—hence "SAM Phonetic Alphabet"—in order to facilitate email data exchange and computational processing of transcriptions in phonetics and speech technology. SAMPA

396-432: The other automated transcription. For the former, the work is still very much done by a human transcriber who listens to a recording and types up what is heard in a computer, and this type of software is often a multimedia player with functionality such as playback or changing speed. For the latter, automated transcription is achieved by a speech-to-text engine which converts audio or video files into electronic text. Some of

418-538: The software would also include the function of annotation . SAMPA The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet ( SAMPA ) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It was originally developed in the late 1980s for six European languages by the EEC ESPRIT information technology research and development program. As many symbols as possible have been taken over from

440-402: The spelling of a text from one script to another. In the academic discipline of linguistics , transcription is an essential part of the methodologies of (among others) phonetics , conversation analysis , dialectology , and sociolinguistics . It also plays an important role for several subfields of speech technology . Common examples for transcriptions outside academia are the proceedings of

462-420: The turns-at-talk overlap, how particular words are articulated, and so on. If such detail is less important, perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns-at-talk amongst the participants, then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient (Williamson, 2009). The Jefferson Transcription System

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484-621: Was created, which provides one single table without language-specific differences. SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Consequently, as Unicode support for IPA symbols becomes more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreases. However, text input relies on specific keyboard encodings or input devices. For this reason, SAMPA and X-SAMPA are still widely used in computational phonetics and in speech technology. Symbols to

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