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52-570: In an 1859 Zulu grammar book, Bishop Colenso asserted that the root word iTeku means "bay of the sea", from the name Mtheku , used by the Thabethe tribes clan, who were the leaders of the Nguni people . Furthermore the original local inhabitants and noted that the locative form, eTekwini , was used as a proper name for Durban . An 1895 English-Zulu dictionary translates the base word iteku as "bay", "creek", "gulf" or "sinus", while

104-455: A 1905 Zulu-English dictionary notes that eTekwini is used for Durban . eThekwini is surrounded by: The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places : The following statistics are from the 2011 census . As of 2011. As of 2022 The municipal council consists of 222 members elected by mixed-member proportional representation . 111 councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in 111 wards , while

156-703: A charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on Robben Island . In taking the side of Langalibalele against the Colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone , the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal. Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and

208-418: A further example, the pastor of a parish ( parochus ) is pastor (not rector) over both his parish and the parish church. Finally, a president of a Catholic university is rector over the university and, if a priest, often the rector of any church that the university may operate, on the basis that it is not a canonical establishment of a parish (c. 557 §3). In some religious congregations of priests, rector

260-519: A handful of theologians to embrace Frederick Denison Maurice , who was raised a Unitarian but joined the Church of England to help it "purify and elevate the mind of the nation". Before his missionary career Colenso's volume of sermons dedicated to Maurice signalled the critical approach he would later apply to biblical interpretation and the baleful impact on native Africans of colonial expansion in southern Africa. Colenso first courted controversy with

312-409: A mission (that is, a congregation which is not self-supporting). "Associate priests" are priests hired by the parish to supplement the rector in his or her duties while "assistant priests" are priests resident in the congregation who help on a volunteer basis. The positions of "vicar" and "curate" are not recognized in the canons of the national church. However, some diocesan canons do define "vicar" as

364-409: A parish, a mission or quasi-parish, a seminary or house of studies, a university , a hospital, or a community of clerics or religious. If a rector appointed as his employee someone to perform the duties of his office, i.e. to act for him "vicariously", that employee was termed his vicar . Thus, the tithes of a parish are the legal property of the person who holds the office of rector. They are not

416-786: A rector as priest also had glebe lands attached to the parish. The rector was then responsible for the repair of the chancel of his church—the part dedicated to the sacred offices—while the rest of the building was the responsibility of the parish. This rectorial responsibility persists, in perpetuity, with the occupiers of the original rectorial land where it has been sold. This is called chancel repair liability , and affects institutional, corporate and private owners of land once owned by around 5,200 churches in England and Wales. (See also Church of England structure .) The traditional titles of rector and vicar continue in English use today, although

468-577: A rector. Rector general is the title given to the superior general of certain religious orders, e.g. the Clerics Regular of the Mother of God , Pallottines . There are some other uses of this title, such as for residence hall directors, such as Father George Rozum CSC, at the University of Notre Dame which were once (and to some extent still are) run in a seminary-like fashion. This title

520-559: A rival bishop ( William Macrorie ), who took the title of "Bishop of Maritzburg" (the latter a common name for Pietermaritzburg ). The contributions of the missionary societies were withdrawn, but an attempt to deprive him of his episcopal income and the control of St Peter's Cathedral in Pietermaritzburg was frustrated by another court ruling. Colenso, encouraged by a handsome testimonial raised in England to which many clergymen subscribed, returned to his diocese. A rival cathedral

572-480: A scandal in England and were the cause of a number of counter-blasts from those (clergy and laity alike) who refused to countenance the possibility of biblical fallibility. Colenso's work attracted the notice of biblical scholars on the continent such as Abraham Kuenen and played an important role in the development of Old Testament criticism in Britain; not only in relation to the theological / doctrinal issues of

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624-457: A team to run a group of parishes and churches. In such a team arrangement, the senior priest holds the title "Team Rector", whilst other incumbent priests in the team are entitled "Team Vicar". In the Deanery of Jersey , which is part of the Church of England, a rector is appointed to one of the island's twelve historic parishes and as such has a role in the civil parish administration alongside

676-654: Is Cornish and possibly originates from Colenso in the parish of St Hilary , near Penzance in West Cornwall. It is a place name from the Cornish language Kelyn dhu , meaning "dark hollies". His father (John William Colenso) invested his capital into a mineral works in Pentewan , Cornwall, but the speculation proved to be ruinous when the investment was lost following a sea flood. His cousin William Colenso

728-510: Is named after him. Rector (ecclesiastical) A rector is, in an ecclesiastical sense, a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations . In contrast, a vicar is also a cleric but functions as an assistant and representative of an administrative leader. In ancient times bishops, as rulers of cities and provinces, especially in the Papal States , were called rectors, as were administrators of

780-479: Is now a common third form of title in the contemporary Church of England, and is applied to the parish priest of a parish in which presentation to the living has been suspended—a process by which the bishop takes temporary responsibility for the appointment of the parish priest, regardless of who holds the legal rights of patronage in that parish. From the middle of the twentieth century the Church of England has developed team ministries, in which several priests work in

832-399: Is the title of the local superior of a house or community of the order. For instance, a community of several dozen Jesuit priests might include the pastor and priests assigned to a parish church next door, the faculty of a Jesuit high school across the street, and the priests in an administrative office down the block. However, the community as a local installation of Jesuit priests is headed by

884-633: Is used similarly at the University of Portland , another institution of the Congregation of Holy Cross . The Pope is called "rector of the world" during the discontinued papal coronation ceremony that was once part of the papal inauguration . Permanent rector is an obsolete term used in the United States prior to the codification of the 1917 Code of Canon Law . Canon Law grants a type of tenure to pastors ( parochus ) of parishes, giving them certain rights against arbitrary removal by

936-532: The Anglican Church of Canada rectors are officially licensed as incumbents to express the diocesan polity of employment of clergy. In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America , the "rector" is the priest elected to head a self-supporting parish. A priest who is appointed by the bishop to head a parish in the absence of a rector is termed a "priest-in-charge", as is a priest leading

988-603: The Bishop of Natal . In view of this finding of ultra vires there was no opinion given upon the allegations of heresy made against Colenso. The first Lambeth Conference was convened in 1867 to address concerns raised by the Privy Council's decision in favour of Colenso. His adversaries, though unable to remove him from his episcopal office, succeeded in restricting his ability to preach both in Natal and in England. Bishop Gray not only excommunicated him but consecrated

1040-454: The Church of England consisted of rectors, vicars , and perpetual curates . Parish churches and their incumbent clergy were supported by tithes , a form of local tax levied on the personal as well as agricultural output of the parish. A rector received direct payment of both the greater and lesser tithes of his parish, whilst a vicar received only the lesser tithes (the greater tithes going to

1092-619: The Apostles' Creed (1866). Among them was " The Church's One Foundation ". Colenso devoted the latter years of his life to further labours as a biblical commentator and as an advocate for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of Langalibalele and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon . Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following

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1144-564: The Bible incorrectly. Colenso said "It seems most probable that the human race, as it now exists, had really sprung from more than one pair." Colenso denied that polygenism caused any kind of racist attitudes or practices; like many other polygenists, he claimed that monogenesis was the cause of slavery and racism. Colenso claimed that each race had sprung from a different pair of parents, and that all races had been created as equals by God. Colenso died at Durban , South Africa, on 20 June 1883, and

1196-467: The Bible's inerrancy , infallibility , and literalism (rather than allegorism ), and not only in relation to its increasingly-demonstrated scientific, historical , geographical , and chronological inaccuracies, and the consequent controversies about the age of the Earth , but, also, in relation to the precise accuracy of the translations-of-the-original presented in particular versions , as well as

1248-503: The Constable; the parish also takes full responsibility (through levy of rates) for maintaining the church. Vicars are appointed to district churches, have no civil administrative roles by right, and their churches' upkeep is resourced by the members of the congregation. In the Church of Ireland , Scottish Episcopal Church and Anglican Church of Canada , most parish priests are called rectors, not vicars. However, in some dioceses of

1300-764: The Governor of Natal prompted him to devote much of the final part of his life to championing the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments . He was a prominent critic of Sir Bartle Frere 's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War he interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from Robben Island and returned to Zululand. He

1352-689: The South African bishops headed by Bishop Robert Gray pronounced Colenso's deposition in December 1863. Colenso, who had refused to appear before this tribunal otherwise than by sending a proxy protest (delivered by his friend Wilhelm Bleek ), appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The Privy Council eventually decided that the Bishop of Cape Town had no coercive jurisdiction and no authority to interfere with

1404-702: The Zulu King at the time of the Zulu War) was recorded in his book First Steps of the Zulu Mission . The same journey was also described in the first book written by native South Africans in Zulu – Three Native Accounts by Magema Fuze , Ndiyane and William Ngidi. He also translated the New Testament and other portions of Scripture into Zulu. Through the influence of his talented and well-educated wife, Sarah Frances Bunyon, Colenso became one of only

1456-451: The Zulus in opposition to their treatment by the authorities appointed by Natal, especially in the case of Dinizulu in 1888–1889 and in 1908–1909. Colenso married Sarah Frances Bunyon in 1846, and they had five children, Harriette Emily , Frances Ellen , Robert John, Francis "Frank" Ernest, and Agnes. (In the marriage register, her name is spelt Bunyan. There had long been variations in

1508-417: The bishop delegates the day-to-day operation of the cathedral to a priest, who is often incorrectly called a rector but whose specific title is plebanus or "people's pastor", especially if the cathedral operates as a parish church. Therefore, because a priest is designated head of a cathedral parish, he cannot be both rector and pastor, as a rector cannot canonically hold title over a parish (c. 556). As

1560-513: The bishop of their diocese. In order to preserve their flexibility and authority in assigning priests to parishes, bishops in the United States until that time did not actually appoint priests as pastors, but as "permanent rectors" of their parishes: the "permanent" gave the priest a degree of confidence in the security in his assignment, but the "rector" rather than "pastor" preserved the bishop's absolute authority to reassign clergy. Hence, many older parishes list among their early leaders priests with

1612-775: The contents of the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua and question whether certain sections of these books (e.g., Noah's Ark , the Deluge , the Crossing of the Red Sea , the Exodus , etc.), should be understood as literally or historically accurate. His conclusions, positive and negative, were published in a series of treatises on the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua , from 1862 to 1879. The publication of these volumes created

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1664-706: The history of the published word in 19th-century South Africa. He first wrote a short but vivid account of his initial journeying in Natal, Ten Weeks in Natal: A Journal of a First Tour of Visitation Among the Colonists and Zulu Kafirs of Natal . Using the printing press he brought to his missionary station at Ekukhanyeni in Natal , and with William Ngidi he published the first Zulu Grammar and English/Zulu dictionary. His 1859 journey across Zululand to visit Mpande (the then Zulu King) and meet with Cetshwayo (Mpande's son and

1716-407: The lay holder, or impropriator , of the living). A perpetual curate held the cure of souls in an area which had not yet been formally or legally constituted as a parish, and received neither greater nor lesser tithes, but only a small stipend in return for his duties. Perpetual curates tended to have a lower social status, and were often quite poorly remunerated. Quite commonly, parishes that had

1768-446: The only officials who exercise their functions using the title of rector. Since the term rector refers to the function of the particular office, a number of officials are not referred to as rectors even though they are rectors in actual practice. The diocesan bishop, for instance, is himself a rector, since he presides over both an ecclesiastical organization (the diocese ) and an ecclesiastical building (his cathedral ). In many dioceses,

1820-682: The patrimony of the Church (e.g. rector Siciliae ). The Latin term rector was used by Pope Gregory I in Regula Pastoralis as equivalent to the Latin term pastor (shepherd). In the Roman Catholic Church , a rector is a person who holds the office of presiding over an ecclesiastical institution. The institution may be a particular building—such as a church (called his rectory church ) or shrine —or it may be an organization, such as

1872-433: The postnominal letters "P.R." (as in, a plaque listing all of the pastors of a parish, with "Rev. John Smith, P.R."). This practice was discontinued and today priests are normally assigned as pastors of parishes, and bishops in practice reassign them at will (though there are still questions about the canonical legality of this). In Anglican churches, a rector is a type of parish priest . Historically, parish priests in

1924-585: The presence of any Christian Church in Rome, stating - "Was there, in fact, any Christian Church at Rome at all, at this time, distinct and definitely marked off from the Jewish community? There would seem to have been none whatever..." Colenso, as a missionary, would not preach that the ancestors of newly Christianised Africans were condemned to eternal damnation. The thought-provoking questions put to him by students at his missionary station encouraged him to re-examine

1976-735: The property of his vicar, who is not an office-holder but an employee, remunerated by a stipend, i.e. a salary, payable by his employer the rector. A parish vicar is the agent of his rector, whilst, higher up the scale, the Pope is called the Vicar of Christ , acting vicariously for the ultimate superior in the ecclesiastical hierarchy. The 1983 Code of Canon Law , for the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, explicitly mentions as special cases three offices of rectors: However, these are not

2028-559: The publication in 1855 of his Remarks on the Proper Treatment of Polygamy , one of the most cogent Christian-based arguments for tolerance of polygamy. Colenso's experiences in Natal informed his development as a religious thinker. In his commentary on St Paul's Epistle to the Romans (1861), he countered the doctrine of eternal punishment and the contention that Holy Communion was a condition to salvation. He also questioned

2080-558: The remaining 111 are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the 2021 local government elections , the African National Congress lost their majority on the city council for the first time since the metro's establishment in 2000. The following table shows the detailed results of the election. John William Colenso John William Colenso (24 January 1814 – 20 June 1883)

2132-443: The roles and the conditions of employment of the two titles are now essentially the same. Which of the titles is held by the parish priest is largely historical, some parishes having a rector and others a vicar. Owing to the origins of the terms, parishes with a rector are often of more notable historical importance or prominence than parishes with a vicar. The title of perpetual curate was abolished in 1968. However, "Priest-in-charge"

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2184-545: The separate question of how the Bible itself had developed — and which parts (when written, and by whom) of which particular texts (and in what order) should be included in the Bible itself . Colenso's biblical criticism and his high-minded views about the treatment of African natives created a frenzy of alarm and opposition from the High Church party in South Africa and in England. As controversy raged in England,

2236-410: The shape of the skull, bodily form, colour and physiognomy between different races. Colenso believed that racial variation between races was so great, that it was impossible that all the races could have come from the same stock just a few thousand years ago. He was unconvinced that the climate could change racial variation. With other biblical polygenists, Colenso believed that monogenists had interpreted

2288-458: The spelling of a surname that goes back at least to the 12th century in England and in Normandy.) Sarah's sister Harriette McDougall was a missionary. A minor town Colenso in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is named after him. The Zulu people of his era nicknamed him 'Sobantu', a name that translates to father of the people. The township Sobantu in the city of Pietermaritzburg

2340-501: The step proved an unfortunate one. The school was at its lowest ebb, and Colenso not only had few pupils, but lost most of his property in a fire. He returned to Cambridge burdened by an enormous debt of £5,000. However, within a relatively short period he paid off this debt by diligent tutoring and the sale to Longmans of his copyright interest in the highly successful and widely read manuals he had written on algebra (in 1841) and arithmetic (in 1843). Colenso's early theological thinking

2392-534: Was a polygenist ; he believed in Co-Adamism , i.e. that races had been created separately. Colenso pointed to monuments and artefacts in Egypt to debunk monogenist beliefs that all races came from the same stock, i.e. from Adam and Eve. Ancient Egyptian representations of races, for example, showed exactly how the races looked today. Egyptological evidence indicated the existence of remarkable permanent differences in

2444-477: Was a Cornish cleric and mathematician, defender of the Zulu and biblical scholar , who served as the first Bishop of Natal . He was a scholar of the Zulu language . In his role as an Anglican theologian , Colenso is now remembered for views of the Bible that set off intense controversy. Colenso was born at St Austell , Cornwall, on 24 January 1814 the son of John William Colenso and Mary Ann Blackmore. His surname

2496-602: Was a missionary in New Zealand. Family financial problems meant that Colenso had to take a job as an usher in a private school before he could attend university. These earnings and a loan of £30 raised by his relatives paid for his first year at St John's College, Cambridge where he was a sizar . Showing talent in mathematics, in 1836 he was Second Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman at the University of Cambridge , and in 1837 he became fellow of St John's. Two years later he went to Harrow School as mathematical tutor, but

2548-522: Was built but it has long been sold and moved. The new Cathedral of the Nativity , beside St Peter's, honours both Bishop Colenso and Bishop Macrorie in the names it has given to its halls. Songs were written by Samuel John Stone as a response to the schism within the Church of South Africa. It inspired him to write a set of hymns titled Lyra Fidelium; Twelve Hymns on the Twelve Articles of

2600-555: Was buried in front of the altar in his church, St Peter's, Pietermaritzburg . His daughter Frances Colenso (1849–1887) published two books on the relations of the Zulus to the British ( History of the Zulu War and Its Origin in 1880 and The Ruin of Zululand in 1885) that explained recent events in Zululand from a pro-Zulu perspective. His oldest daughter, Harriette Colenso (1847 – 1932), took up Colenso's mantle as advocate for

2652-417: Was heavily influenced by F. D. Maurice to whom he was introduced by his wife and by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . In 1846 he became rector of Forncett St Mary , Norfolk, and in 1853 he was recruited by the Bishop of Cape Town , Robert Gray , to be the first Bishop of Natal . He was consecrated as bishop on St Andrew's Day , 30 November 1853, at St Mary-at-Lambeth . Colenso was a significant figure in

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2704-459: Was known as 'Sobantu' (father of the people) to the native Africans in Natal and had a close relationship with members of the Zulu royal family; one of whom, Mkhungo (a son of Mpande), was taught at his school in Bishopstowe. After his death his wife and daughters continued his work supporting the Zulu cause and the organisation that eventually became the African National Congress . Colenso

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