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108-437: Durham Gospel Fragment may refer to any of three manuscripts now housed in the library at Durham Cathedral . Gospel Book Fragment (Durham Cathedral Library, A. II. 10.) Gospel Book Fragment (Durham Cathedral Library, A. II. 16.) The Durham Gospels (MS A. II. 17) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

216-488: A Yorkist seizure of power would bring a favourable resolution of major inheritance disputes involving Warwick, and of a sporadically violent struggle for preeminence in the north between Salisbury and the Percys. They were also connected to York by marriage, as he had married Salisbury's sister Cecily ; their children included the future kings Edward IV and Richard III . In addition to their own wealth and armed following,

324-564: A display of Saint Cuthbert 's coffin and various relics; in 2019 a new exhibit was added, Mapping the World, featuring geographical items from the cathedral's archive. There is some evidence that the aisle of the choir had the earliest rib vaults in England, as was argued by John Bilson , English architect, at the end of the nineteenth century. Since then it has been argued that other buildings like Lessay Abbey in north-west France provided

432-591: A legal battle to be recognised as heiress to all the remaining Neville inheritance. Ultimately, however, these lands were split between her and her first cousin Edward Nevill , who inherited the baronial title. Her son Francis Fane inherited through her the very old title of Baron le Despencer ; to him, the Neville family's senior title of Earl of Westmorland was recreated, and remains with his male-line descendants. Edward Nevill 's descendants were raised to

540-617: A number of television programmes. Movies filmed at the cathedral include: Jude (1996); Elizabeth ; the first two Harry Potter films, Philosopher's Stone and Chamber of Secrets ; Snow White and the Huntsman ; Avengers: Endgame (2019) and The Old Oak . Television programmes shot at the cathedral include: Treasurehunt (1988); Songs of Praise ; The Antiques Roadshow Britain's Best Buildings (2002) Climbing Great Buildings (2010); Great British Railway Journeys (2011); Richard Wilson: On

648-459: A pedigree of pre-eminence in the region stretching back at least as far as the early 10th century. Modern genealogists have speculated about theories to connect Uhtred with his purported forebears, but none of these is supported by any direct evidence. Meanwhile, Horace Round (1895) suggests that Uhtred may have been identical with the man of that name who was a son of Ligulf, a great Northumbrian thegn killed at Durham in 1080. Dolfin, called in

756-429: A place of pilgrimage. The fragments of St Cuthbert's coffin are exhibited at the cathedral. The cathedral has been the site of the burials of a number of notable individuals in addition to the major saints, including a large number of churchman. Burials include: William de St-Calais , Ranulf Flambard , Geoffrey Rufus , William of St. Barbara , Walter of Kirkham , Robert of Holy Island and Richard Kellaw , all in

864-412: A simple slab. However, an unknown monk wrote in 1593: [The shrine] was estimated to be one of the most sumptuous in all England, so great were the offerings and jewells bestowed upon it, and endless the miracles that were wrought at it, even in these last days. During the dissolution of the monasteries Saint Cuthbert's tomb was destroyed in 1538 by order of King Henry VIII , and the monastery's wealth

972-529: A striking painting of Margaret (with her son, the future king David ) by Paula Rego was dedicated in 2004. Nearby a plaque, first installed in 2011 and rededicated in 2017, commemorates the Scottish soldiers who died as prisoners in the cathedral after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. The remains of some of these prisoners have now been identified in a mass grave uncovered during building works in 2013 just outside

1080-401: A type of experimental model which was far ahead of its time. Another United Nations web site states that "the use of stone 'ribs' forming pointed arches to support the ceiling of the nave was an important achievement, and Durham Cathedral is the earliest known example" [and] The nave vault of Durham Cathedral is the most significant architectural element ... because it marks a turning point in

1188-545: Is Joseph Beech. There is a regular choir of adult lay clerks , choral scholars and child choristers . The latter are educated at the Chorister School . Traditionally child choristers were all boys, but in November 2009 the cathedral admitted female choristers for the first time. The girls and the boys serve alternately, not as a mixed choir, except at major festivals such as Easter, Advent and Christmas when

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1296-553: Is a grade I listed building and forms part of the Durham Castle and Cathedral World Heritage Site . The cathedral is the successor to the Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne Priory , which was established c.  635 but abandoned in 875 in the face of Viking raids. The monks settled at Chester-le-Street from 882 until 995, when they moved to Durham. The cathedral remained a monastery until it

1404-624: Is a significant example of the Romanesque architectural style, and the nave ceiling is the earliest surviving example of a pointed rib vault . The Galilee chapel was added to the west end of the cathedral in the 1170s, and the western towers built in approximately 1200. The east end was expanded in the Early English Gothic style in the 1230s, and the Perpendicular Gothic central tower was built in two stages in

1512-550: Is governed by the chapter which is chaired by the dean . Durham is a "New Foundation" cathedral in which there are not specific roles to which members of the chapter are appointed, with the exception of the Dean and the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity . The other roles, sub-dean, precentor, sacrist, librarian and treasurer, are elected by the members of the chapter annually. Office holders as at September 2022 were:

1620-628: The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham , is a Church of England cathedral in the city of Durham, England . The cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Durham and is the mother church of the diocese of Durham . It also contains the shrines of the Anglo-Saxon saints Cuthbert and Bede . There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, and it received 727,367 visitors in 2019. It

1728-687: The Battle of Neville's Cross outside Durham and captured King David II in 1346. In the mid-14th century, the Nevilles became involved in naval defence as well, holding the post of Admiral of the North. During this period they also began to be appointed to high office at court and in the Church: the victor of Neville's Cross served as Steward of the Royal Household , and on his death was succeeded in

1836-634: The Dean – Dean-Designate is Philip Plyming , who will be installed as Dean on 16 September 2023; the Vice-Dean & Canon Precentor – Michael Hampel (since 17 November 2018 installation; acting dean since 25 September 2022); Canon Chancellor – Charlie Allen (since 22 September 2018 installation); Canon Pastor – Michael Everitt (since 22 September 2019 installation); Van Mildert Professor of Divinity ( Durham University ) and Residentiary Canon – Simon Oliver (since 20 September 2015 installation). In

1944-514: The Diocese of Lindisfarne , founded by Saint Aidan at the behest of Oswald of Northumbria in about 635, which was translated to York in 664. The see was reinstated at Lindisfarne in 678 by the Archbishop of Canterbury . Among the many saints who originated at Lindisfarne Priory , the greatest was Saint Cuthbert , Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 until his death in 687, who is central to

2052-561: The chapter house ; Nicholas Farnham ; John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville , in the south transept; Robert Neville , Bishop of Durham, in the south aisle; the heart of Robert Stitchill ; Bishop Anthony Bek ; Thomas Sharp , in the Galilee chapel; Thomas Mangey , in the east transept; Thomas Langley , whose tomb blocked the Great West Door necessitating the construction of the two later doors to north and south; James Pilkington , at

2160-410: The prior of Durham , a great landowner who held his own courts for his free tenants. An agreement dated about 1229, known as Le Convenit was entered into to regulate the relationship between the two magnates. The Shrine of Saint Cuthbert was located in the eastern apsidal end of the cathedral. The location of the inner wall of the apse is marked on the pavement and Saint Cuthbert's tomb is covered by

2268-542: The triforium over the aisles. These features appear to be precursors of the Gothic architecture of Northern France, possibly due to the Norman stonemasons responsible, although the building is considered Romanesque overall. The skilled use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault made it possible to cover far more elaborate and complicated ground plans than before. Buttressing made it possible to build taller buildings and open up

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2376-462: The 14th century they built the present Raby Castle . Dolfin was succeeded by his son Meldred. He in turn was succeeded by his son Robert Fitz Meldred. Already before the Neville marriage, the FitzMeldred family was a major power in the area: "In the extent of their landed possessions this family, holding on obdurately to native names for a full hundred years after 1066, was pre-eminent among

2484-456: The 16th century, the Nevilles claimed that their ancestor Uhtred was descended from Crinan of Dunkeld , ancestor of the Scottish royal House of Dunkeld . As well as prestigious ancient connections with the royal families of both England and Scotland , this claim entailed a line of descent from the Bamburgh dynasty of Earls of Northumbria , attaching the Nevilles' later power in the north to

2592-586: The 17th century Durham had an organ by Smith that was replaced in 1876 by 'Father' Willis ( Henry Willis & Sons ), with some pipes being reused in Durham Castle chapel. Harrison & Harrison worked on the organ from 1880, restored between 1905 and 1935, rebuilt again in 1970 with a new console, and adding a Classically voiced Positive division, and further refurbishments and minor changes in 1981 and 1996. The cases, designed by C. Hodgson Fowler and decorated by Clayton and Bell date from 1876 and are in

2700-404: The 21st century, steps were under way to digitise the books, originating from the 6th to the 16th century. The project was being undertaken in a partnership by Durham University and Durham Cathedral. The cathedral church and the cloister is open to visitors during certain hours each day, unless it is closed for a special event. In 2017 a new "Open Treasure" exhibition area was opened which included

2808-654: The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots . The rebellion was a fiasco, and the Earl of Westmorland, Charles Neville , fled into exile abroad. He was attainted in his absence, losing his title and lands. When he died in 1601 he left no male heir, thus extinguishing the senior Neville line. The Latimer branch of the family had also died out in 1577, but the Bergavenny line endured. After the death of Henry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny in 1587, his daughter Mary Nevill(e) fought

2916-520: The City of Durham. A more prosaic set of reasons for the selection of the peninsula is its highly defensible position, and that a community established there would enjoy the protection of the Earl of Northumbria , with whom the bishop at this time, Aldhun , had strong family connections. Today the street leading from The Bailey past the cathedral's eastern towers up to Palace Green is named Dun Cow Lane due to

3024-536: The Council for the Care of Churches), they were cast in 1693. The remaining bells were cast in 1780 (3), 1781 (5), 1896 (6), 1980 (1 and 2). Durham Cathedral has been used as a filming location in a number of cinema and television productions. Because of its distinct Romanesque architecture, the cathedral has doubled as a number of fantasy locations in larger budget film productions, but it has also been seen as itself in

3132-542: The Lancastrian cause, and following the death at Towton of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland , and the final elimination of resistance in the north in 1464, the Nevilles secured their greatest triumph over their rivals, acquiring the earldom of Northumberland for John Neville in 1465. Warwick, now the richest man in England after the king, was the power behind the throne in Edward's regime during its early years, but

3240-465: The Monks' Dormitory and Prior's Kitchen, were re-opened to the public as Open Treasure , an extensive exhibition displaying the cathedral's history and possessions. In the same year, a scale model of the cathedral, made up of 300,000 Lego bricks and standing 5 ft 6 in (1.7 m) tall and 12 ft 6 in (3.8 m) long, was completed. The model is no longer displayed. In November 2009

3348-417: The Nevilles of Raby, descended from Margaret Stafford, and the Nevilles of Middleham, descended from Joan Beaufort. In addition to his patrimonial inheritance, Ralph's eldest son by Joan, Richard Neville , acquired the earldom of Salisbury by marriage to its heiress. Salisbury's own eldest son Richard became Earl of Warwick by the same means. These marriages brought the family huge new estates. Those of

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3456-600: The Nevilles' heft in this and subsequent conflicts was enhanced by Warwick's position as Constable of Calais and commissioner for the keeping of the seas. These offices gave him command of England's only significant standing armed force and control of a war-fleet. They also enabled him to develop close ties with the London corporation of the Merchants of the Staple , a major source of financial support, and to gain popularity with

3564-485: The Nevilles' power in the north was matched only by the Percy Earls of Northumberland , with whom they developed an acrimonious rivalry . These competing northern magnates enjoyed an exceptional degree of autonomy from royal authority, owing to the remoteness and insecurity of the region where they were established. The king, whose court was based in the south, had to rely on powerful lords from both houses to protect

3672-409: The Nevilles, the royal marriage led to a serious split in the family. Earl Ralph had previously been married to Margaret de Stafford , and the title of Earl of Westmorland descended through his son by this marriage. However, he favoured his sons by his second marriage, who received the bulk of the family lands on his death. This led to bitter disputes over the inheritance and lasting estrangement between

3780-704: The North". By the time of the 1086 Domesday Book, Alan had passed the castle to his brother Ribald. The Middleham castle eventually passed to Ribald's descendant Geoffrey de Neville (died 1193), 2nd feudal baron of Ashby in Lincolnshire. At some time before 1176 he married Emma de Bulmer (d.1208), who brought to her husband several estates, including Brancepeth Castle in County Durham and Sheriff Hutton Castle near Bulmer, Raskelf and Sutton-in-the-Forest, all in Yorkshire. His second child and heiress

3888-532: The Road ; All Man ; Britain's Great Cathedrals ; and two Catherine Cookson adaptations, The Tide of Life and The Wingless Bird . Durham Cathedral , a poem by Letitia Landon , appeared in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book of 1835, with an engraving of a painting of the interior by Thomas Allom . "Durham is one of the great experiences of Europe to the eyes of those who appreciate architecture, and to

3996-461: The Rose Window, inserting plain glass to replace what had been blown out in a storm. In 1829 the Dean and Chapter authorised the engraving of a meridian line upon the floor and wall of the north cloister. A circular aperture about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in the tracery of the adjoining window about 10 feet (3 m) above the level of the floor directs a beam of sunlight to fall upon the line at

4104-490: The Shrine of St Cuthbert until the dissolution of the monasteries . Work proceeded on the nave, the walls of which were finished by 1128, and the high vault by 1135. The chapter house was built between 1133 and 1140 (partially demolished in the 18th century). William of St. Carilef died in 1096 before the building was complete and passed responsibility to his successor, Ranulf Flambard , who also built Framwellgate Bridge ,

4212-512: The barony of Latimer through the marriage of the first Earl of Westmorland's father , later passed on to one of the first earl's younger sons, and the baronies of Fauconberg and Bergavenny through the marriages of two more of those sons. Salisbury and Warwick became the most important supporters of Richard, Duke of York during the early stages of the Wars of the Roses . They probably hoped that

4320-467: The border from Scottish invasion, counterbalance each other's influence, and help with general governance. Although the family had previously been close to Richard II, Earl Ralph was quick to join Henry Bolingbroke when he landed in England to overthrow Richard in 1399. Shortly after Bolingbroke's successful usurpation, taking the throne as Henry IV , Westmorland was rewarded with marriage to

4428-410: The bridge, and admired and wondered at the beauty and glory of this scene...it was grand, venerable, and sweet, all at once; I never saw so lovely and magnificent a scene, nor, being content with this, do I care to see a better." – Nathaniel Hawthorne on Durham Cathedral, The English Notebooks Neville family The great Neville family traces its origins to Geoffrey "de Neville" (d.circa 1242),

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4536-512: The castle—and then, out on its own, in the midst of tall trees, the enormous cathedral with its twin end towers. From the bridge it is a Romantic dream, a fantasy by Schinkel . This morning in the mist it was wonderful...the first thing that has made my heart pound...the cathedral in itself, just like the Matterhorn in itself—gigantic, grey, on its own." – Pevsner in a letter to his wife, Lola, on his first English tour in 1930. "I paused upon

4644-590: The cathedral featured in the Lumiere festival whose highlight was the "Crown of Light" illumination of the North Front of the cathedral with a 15-minute presentation that told the story of Lindisfarne and the foundation of cathedral, using illustrations and text from the Lindisfarne Gospels . The Lumiere festival was repeated in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. Durham Priory held many manuscripts; in

4752-539: The cathedral precinct near Palace Green. In 2004 two wooden sculptures by Fenwick Lawson , Pietà and Tomb of Christ , were placed in the Nine Altars Chapel, and in 2010 a new stained glass window of the Transfiguration by Tom Denny was dedicated in memory of Michael Ramsey , former Bishop of Durham and Archbishop of Canterbury. In 2016 former monastic buildings around the cloister, including

4860-523: The cathedral woodwork for firewood, but Prior Castell's Clock , which featured the Scottish thistle , was spared. It is reputed that the prisoners' bodies were buried in unmarked graves (see further, '21st century' below), and the survivors were shipped as slave labour to the American Colonies. Bishop John Cosin (in office 1660–1672), previously a canon of the cathedral, set about restoring

4968-438: The cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site . The UNESCO committee classified the cathedral under criteria C (ii) (iv) (vi), reporting, " Durham Cathedral is the largest and most perfect monument of 'Norman' style architecture in England ". In its discussion of the significance of the cathedral, Historic England provided this summary in their 1986 report: The relics and material culture of

5076-411: The church he divided between his own bishopric and the new Priory. He appointed Aldwin as the first prior. Bishop William of St. Calais demolished the old Saxon church, and on 11 August 1093, together with Prior Turgot of Durham (Aldwin's successor), he laid the foundation stone of the great new cathedral. The monks continued at their own expense to build the monastic buildings while the bishop took

5184-414: The considerable portion of Warwick's inherited possessions which had been entailed to heirs male, giving Bedford precedence over Warwick's daughters. However, in practice Bedford was denied his inheritance, while his engagement to Elizabeth of York was cancelled. He would eventually be deprived of his title by Act of Parliament in 1478, ostensibly on the grounds that he lacked the wealth required to maintain

5292-616: The core group of Middleham Nevilles led by Salisbury and Warwick. The regional power of the northern magnates, already severely weakened by the losses suffered in the Wars of the Roses, was further diminished by the growing power of central government in the 16th century. In 1569 the Nevilles and Percys buried their traditional rivalry to undertake the Revolt of the Northern Earls , an attempt to overthrow Elizabeth I and replace her with

5400-508: The core of the city. The present cathedral was designed and built under William de St-Calais (also known as William of St. Carilef). In 1083 he founded the Benedictine Priory of St. Cuthbert at Durham and having ejected the secular canons (and their wives and children) who had been in charge of the church and shrine of St Cuthbert there, replaced them with monks from the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. The extensive lands of

5508-457: The damage and refurnishing the building with new stalls, the litany desk, and the towering canopy over the font. An oak screen to carry the organ was added at this time to replace a stone screen pulled down in the 16th century. On the remains of the old refectory , Dean John Sudbury founded a library of early printed books. During the 18th century the Deans of Durham often held another position in

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5616-553: The dean and chapter to let him smooth off much of the outer stonework of the cathedral, thereby considerably altering its character. His successor William Morpeth demolished most of the Chapter House. In 1794 James Wyatt drew up plans to transform the building, including the demolition of the Galilee Chapel, but the chapter later decided against many of the intended changes. Wyatt renewed the 15th-century tracery of

5724-417: The development of Durham Cathedral. After repeated Viking raids, the monks fled from Lindisfarne in 875, carrying Saint Cuthbert's relics with them. The diocese of Lindisfarne remained itinerant until 882, when the monks resettled at Chester-le-Street , 60 miles south of Lindisfarne and 6 miles north of Durham. The see remained at Chester-le-Street until 995, when further Viking incursions once again caused

5832-414: The discontented populace of London and the south-east, especially Kent , whom Warwick and his allies repeatedly stirred into revolt. York and Salisbury were both killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, but Warwick helped York's son Edward, Earl of March, to depose Henry VI and gain the throne as Edward IV in 1461. Among the family's rewards for their support was the elevation of Salisbury's brother,

5940-750: The earldom of Warwick, inherited from the Beauchamp family, were concentrated chiefly in Warwickshire and Worcestershire , but with lesser holdings in County Durham, Devon , Cornwall and the Welsh Marches . The main Salisbury lands, formerly held by the Montagus, were widely distributed across the south-west, with clusters in Devon, Dorset , Somerset and Wiltshire . The family also acquired

6048-533: The earliest crossing of the River Wear from the town. Three bishops, William of St. Carilef , Ranulf Flambard and Hugh de Puiset , are all buried in the now rebuilt chapter house. In the 1170s Hugh de Puiset, after a false start at the eastern end where subsidence and cracking prevented work from continuing, added the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The five-aisled building occupies

6156-613: The early experimental ribs that created the high technical level shown in Durham. There is evidence in the clerestory walls of the choir that the high vault had ribs. There is controversy between John James and Malcolm Thurlby on whether these rib vaults were four-part or six-part, which remains unresolved. The building is notable for the ribbed vault of the nave , with some of the earliest transverse pointed arches supported on relatively slender composite piers alternated with massive drum columns, and lateral abutments concealed within

6264-567: The estrangement between the two branches of the family, the Nevilles of Raby, headed by Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland , had sided with the Lancastrians from the outset. Westmorland's brother John Neville, Lord of Raby was killed in the defeat at Towton. The line of the Earls of Westmorland survived the wars, but the loss of most of the ancestral estates through their inheritance by the Nevilles of Middleham and their subsequent downfall left

6372-411: The exiled Lancastrians, marrying Warwick's daughter Anne to Henry VI's only son Edward of Westminster . When Warwick and other leaders of this alliance landed in England to raise revolt once more, they were backed by leading nobles still in England, including Montagu, who turned the troops he had nominally raised for Edward IV against the king. Edward fled the country and Henry VI was briefly restored to

6480-571: The family a much diminished force. Junior lines of the Middleham Nevilles also survived, including the holders of the Latimer and Bergavenny baronies, based, respectively, at Snape and at Abergavenny Castle . Edward Neville, Lord Bergavenny had for many years been forcibly deprived of his inheritance by his nephew the Earl of Warwick. During the wars, each of these lines of the family had fought sometimes alongside and sometimes against

6588-436: The fifteenth century. Important furnishings include the medieval bishop's throne and Neville screen, Prior Castell's Clock , and the seventeenth-century choir stalls and font cover installed by Bishop Cosin . Many of the monastic buildings survive; the monks' refectory now contains part of the cathedral library , which holds significant collections dating back to the sixth century. The See of Durham takes its origins from

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6696-480: The first dean of the cathedral's secular chapter. After the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650, Durham Cathedral was used by Oliver Cromwell as a makeshift prison to hold Scottish prisoners of war . It is estimated that as many as 3,000 were imprisoned, of whom 1,700 died in the cathedral itself, where they were kept in inhumane conditions, largely without food, water, or heat. The prisoners destroyed much of

6804-455: The foundation of Durham University . In the 1930s, under the inspiration of Dean Cyril Alington , work began on restoring the Shrine of Saint Cuthbert behind the high altar as an appropriate focus of worship and pilgrimage, and was resumed after World War II . The four candlesticks and overhanging tester ( c.  1950 ) were designed by Ninian Comper . Two large batik banners representing Saints Cuthbert and Oswald, added in 2001, are

6912-548: The galleries of the choir. The first organist recorded at Durham was John Brimley in 1557. Notable organists have included the composers Thomas Ebdon and Richard Hey Lloyd , editor of the Ancient and Modern Revised hymnbook John Dykes Bower , and (as sub-organist) choral conductor David Hill . The current Master of the Choristers and Organist is Daniel Cook , having succeeded James Lancelot in 2017. The Sub-Organist

7020-484: The head of Beaumont's tomb in front of the high altar; Alfred Robert Tucker , outside the cathedral; Cyril Alington , Dean of Durham and author; John Robson , canon of Durham; Bishop J. B. Lightfoot ; and Stephen Kemble , actor of the Kemble family . Memorials include those to Bishop Joseph Butler , Bishop Edward Maltby , John Robert Davison QC MP and Brigadier General Herbert Conyers Surtees . The cathedral

7128-500: The history of architecture. The pointed arch was successfully used as a structural element for the first time here in this building. Semi-circular arches were the type used prior to the adoption of the structural pointed arch—the limitations of which is that their height must be proportionate to their width". Saint Cuthbert 's tomb lies at the east in the Feretory and was once an elaborate monument of cream marble and gold. It remains

7236-452: The holdings in County Durham, in north-western Yorkshire, and in central Yorkshire. Towards the end of the 14th century, Middleham became a second habitual residence of the head of the family. The Nevilles' emergence into the highest echelon of the aristocracy received formal recognition in 1397, when the Lord of Raby Ralph Neville was created Earl of Westmorland by Richard II. By this time

7344-462: The intervening wall spaces to create larger windows. The UNESCO World Heritage Site description makes this comment about the architectural style: Though some wrongly considered Durham Cathedral to be the first 'Gothic' monument (the relationship between it and the churches built in the Île-de-France region in the 12th century is not obvious), this building, owing to the innovative audacity of its vaulting, constitutes, as do Spire [Speyer] and Cluny,

7452-577: The king and sought to rule in his name, but the new regime was unable to impose its authority, and Edward was released. The king refrained from punishing the rebels, but sought to reestablish a northern counterweight to the Nevilles by restoring the earldom of Northumberland to the dispossessed heir, Henry Percy . This meant depriving John Neville, who had remained loyal to the king when his brothers rebelled, of his title, lands and offices. Edward sought to retain John's allegiance by compensating him with estates in

7560-980: The late 14th century, the family had acquired an extensive array of estates across northern England. Besides their original powerbase in County Durham, they possessed a large block of lands in northern and central Yorkshire and significant holdings in Cumberland and Northumberland . They also held scattered estates in Lancashire and further south in Lincolnshire , Norfolk , Northamptonshire , Bedfordshire and Essex . In addition to Raby, they acquired or built important castles at Brancepeth near Durham and at Middleham , Sheriff Hutton and Snape in Yorkshire. Although geographically concentrated, their main estates were organised into three different administrative units (receiverships), based at Raby, Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. These were respectively responsible for

7668-576: The lay proprietors within the bishopric of Durham during the twelfth century". The Anglo-Norman Ancient House of de Nevilles traces back to Odo, Count of Penthièvre and his son Ribald. In 1069, William the Conqueror granted the Lordship of Middleham to his Breton cousin Alan Rufus , son of Odo, who built a wooden motte-and-bailey castle above the town. It has been dubbed the "Windsor of

7776-433: The minds of those who understand architecture. The group of Cathedral, Castle, and Monastery on the rock can only be compared to Avignon and Prague ." – Nikolaus Pevsner , The Buildings of England "A dream, I'm bowled over...Imagine a river valley cut into the landscape with wooded sides. The river bends, and in the bend, on the hillside, lies the old town—first the residential town, then separate from it, and higher up,

7884-470: The miniature dun cows which used to graze in the pastures nearby. Initially, a very simple temporary structure was built from local timber to house the relics of Saint Cuthbert. The shrine was then transferred to a sturdier, probably still wooden, building known as the White Church. This church was itself replaced three years later in 998 by a stone building also known as the White Church, which in 1018

7992-460: The monks to move with their relics. According to the local legend of the Dun Cow and the saint's hagiography , the monks followed two milk maids who were searching for a dun -coloured cow and found themselves on a peninsula formed by a loop in the River Wear . Thereupon, Cuthbert's coffin became immovable, which was taken as a sign that the new shrine should be built on that spot, which became

8100-465: The new king's half-sister Joan Beaufort , daughter of prince John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster. Henry extended Richard II's policy of bolstering the strength of the Nevilles as a check to the troublesome Percys. The family gained from the weakening of Percy power as a result of the Crown's suppression of a series of rebellions involving that family in the 1400s. While increasing the political standing of

8208-406: The north, establishing his claim by marrying Anne Neville, who had been widowed by Prince Edward's death in the final Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471. The northern lands and clientage inherited from the Nevilles became Gloucester's main powerbase, and he adopted Middleham Castle as his principal residence until his usurpation of the throne as Richard III in 1483. Reflecting

8316-407: The office by his eldest son John . John's brother Alexander Neville became Archbishop of York and was a close advisor of Richard II . As such, he was prosecuted, along with Richard's other leading adherents, when the disgruntled Lords Appellant seized power in 1386–9. He suffered the confiscation of his property but, as a clergyman, he escaped the death sentences imposed on his colleagues. By

8424-408: The original Norman structure. Construction of the cathedral began in 1093, at the eastern end. The choir was completed by 1096. At the death of Bishop William of St. Calais on 2 January 1096, the Chapter House was ready enough to be used as his burial place. In 1104 the remains of St. Cuthbert were transferred with great ceremony to the new shrine in the new cathedral. The monks continued to look after

8532-598: The position of a porch and functioned as a Lady chapel with the great west door being blocked during the Medieval period by an altar to the Virgin Mary . The door is now blocked by the tomb of Bishop Thomas Langley . The Galilee Chapel also holds the remains of the Venerable Bede . The main entrance to the cathedral is on the northern side, facing the castle. In 1228 Richard le Poore , Bishop of Salisbury ,

8640-411: The precise time when the sun passes the meridian . It was constructed by William Lloyd Wharton, of Dryburn in the city, and Mr Carr, then Head Master of Durham School . In 1847 the architect Anthony Salvin removed Cosin's wooden organ screen, opening up the view of the east end from the nave, and in 1858 he restored the cloisters . The Victorian restoration of the cathedral's tower in 1859–60

8748-467: The records "son of Uhtred", is first attested in 1129, as holding the manor of Staindrop (formerly Stainthorp) in County Durham, from the Prior of Durham . It shared with a vast church estate some limited common land of 14,000 acres (5,700 ha). This locality remained the principal seat of the family until 1569, their chief residence being at Raby in the north of the parish of Staindrop, where in

8856-526: The reign of Henry III , whom Robert supported against the barons under Simon de Montfort . The Nevilles also held administrative office under the prince-bishops of Durham . Robert's grandson Ralph Neville was one of the founding members of the Peerage of England , being summoned to sit in the House of Lords at its establishment in 1295, and thus initiating the line of Barons Neville de Raby . Service in

8964-412: The responsibility for completing the building of the cathedral. Stone for the new buildings was cut from the cliffs below the walls and moved up using winches. The primary reason for the cathedral was to house the bodies of St. Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede . Since that time many major additions and reconstructions of parts of the building have been made, but the greater part of the structure remains

9072-528: The site's history and continuity of use over the past 1000 years; The cultural and religious traditions and historical memories associated with the relics of St Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede, and with the continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past millennium. At the beginning of this century two of the altars in the Nine Altars Chapel at the east end of the cathedral were re-dedicated to Saint Hild of Whitby and Saint Margaret of Scotland :

9180-538: The son of Robert FitzMaldred and Isabel de Neville, who adopted the family name of his mother. The male line of the Nevilles was of native origin, and the family may well have been part of the pre-Conquest aristocracy of Northumbria . Following the Norman Conquest, most of the existing Anglo-Saxon aristocracy of England were dispossessed and replaced by a new Norman ruling elite, and although such survivals are very rare, continued landholding by native families

9288-455: The south of England and after spending the statutory time in residence, would depart southward to manage their affairs. Consequently, after Cosin's refurbishment, there was little by way of restoration or rebuilding. When work commenced again on the building, it was not always of a sympathetic nature. In 1777 the architect George Nicholson, having completed Prebends' Bridge across the Wear, persuaded

9396-464: The south-west, the new title of Marquess of Montagu , and the betrothal of his young son George Neville to the king's eldest daughter and current heir, Elizabeth of York . George was made Duke of Bedford in recognition of his future prospects. All this, however, evidently failed to mollify Montagu. Warwick and Clarence again rebelled in 1470, apparently aiming to put Clarence on the throne. Defeated, they fled abroad, where they made common cause with

9504-401: The standing of a duke. The legacy of the Middleham Nevilles instead became the object of dispute between King Edward's brothers: Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and Clarence, who had returned to the family fold before the Battle of Barnet. Clarence, whose claim was founded on his marriage to Isabel Neville, gained the earldoms of Warwick and Salisbury. Gloucester acquired the old Neville estates in

9612-507: The status of Earls and then Marquesses of Abergavenny . This line continues; the present head of the family is Christopher Nevill, the 6th Marquess . His family lands have been eroded through the passage of time (whether by subdivision or inheritance tax ), but the main home, at Eridge Park in East Sussex, has been in the family since 1448. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby See also House of Neville , Template:Wars of

9720-420: The three saints buried at the site. The continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past 1000 years as a place of religious worship, learning and residence; The site's role as a political statement of Norman power imposed upon a subjugate nation, as one of the country's most powerful symbols of the Norman Conquest of Britain; The importance of the site's archaeological remains, which are directly related to

9828-447: The throne, but Edward soon counter-attacked successfully, and Warwick and Montagu were killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Warwick and Montagu were never formally attainted , which would have meant the forfeiture of their property. Nonetheless, the victorious Yorkists did not allow the process of inheritance to follow its normal legal course. Montagu's estates should have passed to his son George Neville, Duke of Bedford, along with

9936-507: The title Durham Gospel Fragment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durham_Gospel_Fragment&oldid=698822334 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Durham Cathedral Durham Cathedral , formally

10044-456: The two "top lines" come together. There are ten bells in the central tower hung for change ringing in the English style . The tenor weighs 28 long cwt 0 qr 6 lb (3,142 lb or 1,425 kg), diameter 590.5 inches (15,000 mm) tuned to D. Five of the bells (4, 7, 8, 9 and 10) are recognised as historically significant by Church Buildings Council (formerly

10152-817: The two men later fell out. Their estrangement was due in large part to the king's secret marriage in 1464 to Elizabeth Woodville . This humiliated Warwick, who had negotiated an agreement with Louis XI of France for Edward to marry the French king's sister-in-law. Relations were further aggravated by the subsequent influence of the Woodvilles, who successfully opposed Warwick over foreign policy. In 1469 Warwick seized control of government, in conjunction with his brother George Neville, Archbishop of York , and Edward's own brother George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence . Their alliance had been sealed by Clarence's marriage to Warwick's daughter Isabel . Warwick and Clarence imprisoned

10260-404: The veteran soldier William Neville, Lord Fauconberg , as Earl of Kent . He, Warwick, and Salisbury's younger son John Neville , now ennobled as Baron Montagu , directed the suppression of lingering Lancastrian resistance in the north, where the ousted dynasty clung on for three years after their decisive defeat at the Battle of Towton in 1461. The Percys were among the principal supporters of

10368-562: The wars of the late 13th and 14th centuries against Scotland, and later in the Hundred Years' War in France was of key importance in further enhancing the family's standing. In 1334 Ralph Neville, Lord of Raby was appointed one of the wardens of the marches , the chief officers for frontier defence, and the Nevilles were habitually appointed to these posts thereafter. Ralph commanded the force that crushed an invading Scottish army at

10476-526: The work of Thetis Blacker . Elsewhere in the building the 1930s and 1940s saw the addition of several new stained glass windows by Hugh Ray Easton . Mark Angus's Daily Bread window in the north side of the nave, dates from 1984. In the Galilee Chapel a wooden statue of the Annunciation by the Polish artist Josef Pyrz was added in 1992, the same year as Leonard Evetts' Stella Maris window. In 1986,

10584-566: Was Robert de Neville , Sheriff of Yorkshire and Sheriff of Northumberland (1258). Other children include Geoffrey—who was to start a cadet branch of the family in Hornby, Lancashire —John, and Hugh. The identity of the mother, however, is disputed among scholars. A. F. Pollard , for example, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography in 1894 suggested that she was Margaret, daughter of Sir John de Longvillers. However, this Margaret

10692-537: Was dissolved in 1541, since when it has been governed by a dean and chapter . The cathedral precinct formed part of Durham Castle from the eleventh century. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms the cathedral housed 3000 Scottish prisoners of war , 1,700 of whom died in the building. The present building was substantially completed between 1093 and 1133, replacing the Anglo-Saxon 'White Church'. It

10800-516: Was translated to Durham , having just rebuilt Salisbury Cathedral in the Gothic style. At that moment the eastern end of Durham Cathedral was in urgent need of repair and the proposed eastern extension had failed. Le Poore employed the architect Richard Farnham to design an eastern terminal for the building in which many monks could say the Daily Office simultaneously. The resulting building

10908-470: Was Isabel de Neville (d.1248/54), who married Robert FitzMaldred (1170/4-1242/8). Geoffrey "de Neville" (d. c. 1242) inherited the estates of his mother's family as well as his father's, and adopted his mother's surname, but retained his paternal arms of Gules, a saltire argent . In Norman-ruled England, a Norman surname was more prestigious and socially advantageous than his original English surname FitzRobert. Geoffrey de Neville's eldest son and heir

11016-526: Was by the architect George Gilbert Scott , working with Edward Robert Robson (who went on to serve as Clerk of Works at the cathedral for six years). In 1874 Scott was responsible for the marble choir screen and pulpit in the Crossing. In 1892 Scott's pupil Charles Hodgson Fowler rebuilt the Chapter House as a memorial to Bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot . The great west window, depicting the Tree of Jesse ,

11124-407: Was complete except for its tower. Durham soon became a site of pilgrimage, encouraged by the growing cult of Saint Cuthbert. King Canute was one of the early pilgrims, and granted many privileges and estates to the Durham monks. The defensible position, flow of money from pilgrims and power embodied in the church at Durham all encouraged the formation of a town around the cathedral, which established

11232-530: Was handed over to the king. The body of the saint was exhumed, and, according to the Rites of Durham , was discovered to be uncorrupted . It was reburied under a plain stone slab now worn smooth by the knees of pilgrims, but the ancient paving around it remains intact. Two years later, on 31 December 1540, the Benedictine monastery at Durham was dissolved, and the last Prior of Durham , Hugh Whitehead , became

11340-510: Was married until 1285, and there is evidence from a Lincolnshire fine of 1247 which refers to one Robert de Neville, knight, and his mother, Joan. The family's wealth and power grew steadily over the following centuries. Their regional power benefited greatly from frequent appointment to such royal offices as sheriff , castellan , justice of the forest, and justice of the peace in various parts of northern England. This prominent office-holding began with Geoffrey de Neville's son Robert, in

11448-601: Was more common in the far north of England, including in County Durham , the area of their earliest recorded landholdings. The male-line of the family can be traced back to a certain Uhtred, whose identity is unclear, since the ancestors of Robert FitzMaldred first appear in surviving records only decades after the Norman Conquest of England (1066) and Domesday Book (1086), which did not cover County Durham. In

11556-622: Was the Chapel of the Nine Altars. In 1250, the original roof of the cathedral was replaced by a vault which is still in place. The towers also date from the early 13th century, but the central tower was damaged by lightning and replaced in two stages in the 15th century, the master masons being Thomas Barton and John Bell. The bishop of Durham was the temporal lord of the County Palatine of Durham . The bishop competed for power with

11664-649: Was the gift of Dean George Waddington in 1867. It is the work of Clayton and Bell , who were also responsible for the Te Deum window in the south transept (1869), the Four Doctors window in the north transept (1875), and the Rose Window of Christ in Majesty ( c.  1876 ). There is also a statue of William Van Mildert (1826–1836), the last bishop with palatine powers, and driving force behind

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