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21-554: Sable is portrayed in heraldic hatching by criss-crossing perpendicular lines. Sable is indicated by the abbreviation s. or sa. when a coat of arms is tricked . Sable can be traced back to Middle English, Anglo-French, and ultimately to the Middle Low German sabel , which refers to a species of marten known as a sable . This is related to the Middle High German zobel , which is of Slav origin and akin to

42-538: A crocodile , camel , and unicorn , were also included. The colophon of the book is a lively coat-of-arms of the current Archbishop of Mainz , which includes the first cross-hatching in woodcut. The book was a bestseller, reprinted thirteen times over the next three decades, including printings in France and Spain, for which the illustration blocks were shipped out to the local printers. The first edition in German

63-473: A large view of Jerusalem, which is the oldest known printed map of Jerusalem. The book also contained panoramas of five other cities: Iraklion , Modon , Rhodes , Corfu and Parenzo , which were visited on the way to the Holy Land. There were also studies of Near Eastern costume, and an Arabic alphabet - also the first in print. Pictures of animals purported to have been seen on the journey, including

84-459: A sphere radiant sable, its centre argent". In addition to the seven major examples, he describes occasional variants for the arms of some rody which also use sable charges on azure or gules fields. Sable charges on gules fields also appear in the armory used in Lithuania . This is not surprising, since a significant fraction of Lithuania's personal coats of arms are of Polish origin, so there

105-403: Is a certain similarity of style. Among these coats are those of Great Žemaitija : "a black bear with an argent chain on its neck on a field gules". Hatching Hatching ( French : hachure ) is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing (or painting or scribing) closely spaced parallel lines . When lines are placed at an angle to one another, it

126-677: Is all the biographical detail that is known of Reuwich; no other documentation for him has been discovered. No other books say that he printed or illustrated them, but it is believed that Reuwich also designed the woodcuts for some illustrations of plants for a herbal published in Mainz in 1485. In December 1486 a "Meister Erhard von Mainz" is recorded as installing stained-glass panels in the "Amtskellerei" in Amorbach in Bavaria ; this could be him. [REDACTED] The Sanctae Peregrinationes , or

147-569: Is associated with: Sable is considered a colour in British and French heraldry, and contrasts with lighter metals , argent and Or . However, in the heraldry of Germany , Poland and other parts of Central Europe , sable is not infrequently placed on colour fields . As a result, a sable cross may appear on a red shield, or a sable bird may appear on a blue or a red field, as in the arms of Albania . In Hungary , for example, one can find examples of sable on gules and azure fields as early as

168-497: Is called cross-hatching . Hatching is also sometimes used to encode colours in monochromatic representations of colour images, particularly in heraldry . Hatching is especially important in essentially linear media, such as drawing , and many forms of printmaking , such as engraving , etching and woodcut . In Western art , hatching originated in the Middle Ages , and developed further into cross-hatching, especially in

189-485: Is that the quantity, thickness and spacing of the lines will affect the brightness of the overall image and emphasize forms creating the illusion of volume . Hatching lines should always follow (i.e. wrap around) the form. By increasing quantity, thickness and closeness, a darker area will result. An area of shading next to another area which has lines going in another direction is often used to create contrast . Line work can be used to represent colors, typically by using

210-750: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO), though there are many other predefined patterns that may be used. Thus, the hatching pattern of steel varies from that of aluminum, copper, etc. The patterns are not only for metals. Patterns for grass, gravel, brick, and others are frequently found on architectural drawings. South, Helen (2009). The Everything Drawing Book . Everything Books. ISBN   978-1-60550-446-9 . Erhard Reuwich Erhard Reuwich ( Dutch : Reeuwijk )

231-618: The Holy Land , they went to Mount Sinai and Cairo . After taking a boat down the Nile to Rosetta , they took ship back to Venice. It is most unusual for an illustrator to be named at this time - no doubt the fact that Reuwich was also the printer helped. The book also says that he printed the first edition (in Latin ) at his house in Mainz ; he may have inserted this information himself. That

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252-628: The Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam , was the first printed illustrated travel-book, and marked a leap forward for book illustration generally. It featured five large fold-out woodcuts, the first ever seen in the West , including a spectacular five-foot-long (30 × 160 cm) woodcut panoramic view of Venice , where the pilgrims had stayed for three weeks. The book also contained a three-block map of Palestine and Egypt , centred on

273-513: The old master prints of the fifteenth century. Master ES and Martin Schongauer in engraving and Erhard Reuwich and Michael Wolgemut in woodcut were pioneers of both techniques, and Albrecht Dürer in particular perfected the technique of crosshatching in both media. Artists use the technique, varying the length, angle, closeness and other qualities of the lines, most commonly in drawing, linear painting and engraving. The main concept

294-777: The Russian sobol' , which likewise refers to the sable. Since at least the 14th century, sable has been used as a synonym for the colour black. Both sable and negro are used for black in Spanish heraldry. In Portugal, black is known as negro , and in Germany the colour is called schwarz . Sabel is the spelling used in Dutch heraldry. The different tinctures are traditionally associated with particular heavenly bodies, precious stones, virtues, and flowers, although these associations have been mostly disregarded by serious heraldists. Sable

315-429: The fifteenth century. Józef Szymański includes no fewer than seven examples of sable primary charges on either gules or azure fields out of the approximately 200 shields from this period whose blazons are known. These include the arms of Corvin , "Azure, a raven sable with a circlet or in its beak"; Kownaty, "Gules, a trumpet sable with a cord or, a Passion cross of the same issuing from its opening"; and Słońce, "Gules,

336-457: The same type of hatch to represent particular tones . For example, red might be made up of lightly spaced lines, whereas green could be made of two layers of perpendicular dense lines, resulting in a realistic image. Crosshatching is the technique of using line to shade and create value. In technical drawing , the section lining may indicate the material of a component part of an assembly. Many hatching patterns have been standardized by

357-422: The sixteenth century in the arms of the family Kanizsai (granted in 1519): Azure, an eagle's wing sable taloned Or between a decrescent argent and a sun Or. Another early Hungarian example was granted in 1628 to the family Karomi Bornemisza: Per fess gules, an eagle displayed sable crowned Or, and azure, a buffalo's head cabossed sable maintaining in its mouth a fish (argent?) . Polish examples abound as early as

378-524: Was a Dutch artist, as a designer of woodcuts , and a printer , who came from Utrecht but then worked in Mainz . His dates and places of birth and death are unknown, but he was active in the 1480s. He came from a family of painters in Utrecht, and his father may have been Hildebrand Reuwich, who was Dean of the painters' guild there in 1470. He traveled on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem , which gave rise to his most famous work. It has been suggested that he

399-765: Was a wealthy canon of Mainz Cathedral who made the pilgrimage in 1483–1484, taking with him, as the book explains, Erhard Reuwich of Utrecht, a "skillful artist", to make drawings of the sights. Breydenbach was made Dean of the Cathedral soon after his return. The party also included two friends, one a knight, and a cook. Leaving in April 1483 and arriving back in January 1484, they travelled first to Venice , where they stayed for three weeks. They then took ship for Corfu , Modon and Rhodes – all still Venetian possessions. After Jerusalem and Bethlehem and other sights of

420-542: Was published within a year of the Latin one, and it was also translated into French , Dutch and Spanish before 1500. Additional text-only editions and various abridged editions were also published. The illustrations were later adapted by Michael Wolgemut for the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493, and much copied by various other publishers. It was first suggested in 1936 that Reuwich should be identified as

441-574: Was the Master of the Housebook , but this has not been generally accepted. Perhaps more likely is his identification as an engraver known as the Master of the Book of Reason . The Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam or Sanctae Peregrinationes , an incunabulum account of a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, by Bernhard von Breydenbach , was published in 1486, with the illustrations drawn by Reuwich. Breydenbach

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