Liquid oxygen , sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen , is a clear cyan liquid form of dioxygen O 2 . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard , an application which has continued to the present.
28-837: Dynetics is an American applied science and information technology company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama . Its primary customers are the United States Department of Defense (DoD), the United States Intelligence Community , and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Herschel Matheny and Steve Gilbert founded Dynetics in 1974. During the 1980s, Dynetics expanded to include electro-optic and infrared sensors, missile systems analysis and design, software development, modeling and simulation, and foreign materiel exploitation of radars, missiles, and missile seekers. In
56-582: A Bachelor of Science in applied science, an online completion Bachelor of Science in applied science, and a Master of Applied Science. Coursework is centered on science, agriculture, and natural resources with a wide range of options, including ecology, food genetics, entrepreneurship, economics, policy, animal science, and plant science. In New York City, the Bloomberg administration awarded the consortium of Cornell-Technion $ 100 million in City capital to construct
84-400: A boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (15 psi). Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 1:861 and because of this, it is used in some commercial and military aircraft as a transportable source of breathing oxygen. Because of its cryogenic nature, liquid oxygen can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also
112-806: A proposal to NASA for HLS Appendix H for a concept called the Dynetics Human Landing System (DHLS), which in April 2020 was one of three proposals funded for further design work in a US$ 253 million in NASA development funding contract during 2020/2021, along with Blue Origin 's Integrated Lander Vehicle (US$ 579 million) and SpaceX ' Starship HLS (US$ 135 million). At the end of the ten-month program, NASA will evaluate which contractors will be offered contracts for initial demonstration missions and select firms for development and maturation of lunar lander systems. NASA's Stephen Jurczyk identified
140-415: A provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional conceptual framework , such as working hypotheses or pillar questions. The OECD 's Frascati Manual describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with basic research & experimental development . Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in
168-417: A very powerful oxidizing agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further, if soaked in liquid oxygen , some materials such as coal briquettes, carbon black , etc., can detonate unpredictably from sources of ignition such as flames, sparks or impact from light blows. Petrochemicals , including asphalt , often exhibit this behavior. The tetraoxygen molecule (O 4 )
196-432: Is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation in a cryogenic air separation plant . Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985,
224-599: Is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering , civil engineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering . Some scientific subfields used by engineers include thermodynamics , heat transfer , fluid mechanics , statics , dynamics , mechanics of materials , kinematics , electromagnetism , materials science , earth sciences , and engineering physics . Medical sciences , such as medical microbiology , pharmaceutical research , and clinical virology , are applied sciences that apply biology and chemistry to medicine. In Canada,
252-420: Is the practice of using natural science , mathematics , and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering , each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics , applied science, and types of application. Engineering
280-532: Is the use of empirical methods to collect data for practical purposes. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques for a specific state , business , or client-driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with basic or pure research. Basic geographical research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in explaining
308-596: The FASTSAT (Fast Affordable Science and Technology Satellite) nanosatellite and the purchase of Orion Propulsion. Its space business continued to grow with a 2013 selection to compete for the Space Launch System Advanced Booster design contract with NASA. On December 27, 2019, Leidos announced the purchase of Dynetics for US$ 1.65 billion, and acquisition was complete on 31 January 2020. Dynetics divides its services and products into
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#1732780656024336-404: The 1990s, Dynetics continued to grow its core business and expanded into the automotive supply industry as a provider of electrical test systems. Since 2000, Dynetics has been selling information technology (IT) and cybersecurity services, including winning a contract to provide IT services to NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The company entered the space business with the development of
364-758: The GNVQ qualifications offered up to 2005. These courses regularly come under scrutiny and are due for review following the Wolf Report 2011; however, their merits are argued elsewhere. In the United States, The College of William & Mary offers an undergraduate minor as well as Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in "applied science". Courses and research cover varied fields, including neuroscience , optics , materials science and engineering , nondestructive testing , and nuclear magnetic resonance . University of Nebraska–Lincoln offers
392-594: The Netherlands, and other places, the Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the Bachelor of Engineering and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying, and engineering. There are also Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of
420-474: The USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases. Liquid oxygen is the most common cryogenic liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen , kerosene or methane . Liquid oxygen was used in the first liquid fueled rocket . The World War II V-2 missile also used liquid oxygen under
448-729: The best combination of performance and long-term sustainability. Applied science Applied science is the application of the scientific method and scientific knowledge to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines, such as engineering and medicine . Applied science is often contrasted with basic science , which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict natural or other phenomena. There are applied natural sciences, as well as applied formal and social sciences. Applied science examples include genetic epidemiology which applies statistics and probability theory , and applied psychology , including criminology . Applied research
476-402: The development of what was then the world's largest precision-guided air-dropped system, the 22,600 lb (10,300 kg) MOAB bomb . In May 2014, Dynetics announced that they will build up to 18 satellites to orbit Earth, in order to gather more data about the planet for the government and businesses. The company will be partnering with OmniEarth LLC, Harris Corp. and Draper Laboratories for
504-635: The engineering sciences. In Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree. In the United Kingdom's educational system , Applied Science refers to a suite of "vocational" science qualifications that run alongside "traditional" General Certificate of Secondary Education or A-Level Sciences. Applied Science courses generally contain more coursework (also known as portfolio or internally assessed work) compared to their traditional counterparts. These are an evolution of
532-592: The following categories: intelligence, missiles, aviation, cyber, automotive, and space. The company opened a new building in 2012 called "The Solutions Complex" that is 226,500 sq ft (21,040 m) of research and development facilities located in Cummings Research Park in Huntsville, Alabama . Dynetics operates remote operations additionally in Michigan , Florida , Virginia , Ohio , and Texas . Dynetics served as systems integrator for
560-505: The fuel drop tanks and low crew module as innovative strengths, but the propulsion system was a low-maturity risk. They received a management rating of "very good" but a technical rating of "marginal", making the Dynetics proposal the worst-rated project. Robert Wright of Dynetics reported that the Dynetics team selected methane and LOX as the fuel/oxidizer system for their HLS lander because their studies indicated that this choice offered
588-477: The knowledge obtained from applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them. Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory. Engineering
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#1732780656024616-413: The literature associated with individual disciplines. Applied research is a method of problem-solving and is also practical in areas of science, such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution. More specifically, this study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With
644-442: The messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a random sample . Thus, transparency in the methodology is crucial. Implications for the interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered. Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions: Since applied research has
672-440: The nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel, there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially. The surface tension of liquid oxygen at its normal pressure boiling point is 13.2 dyn/cm. In commerce, liquid oxygen
700-586: The processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Instead, applied research utilizes existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues. Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services. The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow. Applied research deals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies. Because applied research resides in
728-777: The project. Dynetics also partnered with rocket propulsion company Aerojet Rocketdyne to help design upgrades to NASA 's Space Launch System . In 2016, Dynetics was one of four companies to be awarded a contract by DARPA for an air-recoverable experimental unmanned aerial vehicle . Dynetics was chosen from the four companies to build the aircraft, which became the Dynetics X-61 Gremlins . The first X-61A made its maiden flight in January 2020. Dynetics, working with Sierra Nevada Corporation 's Space Systems participated in some early human landing system (HLS) design studies under NASA's HLS Appendix E program. They submitted
756-428: The universities' proposed Applied Sciences campus on Roosevelt Island. LOX Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic : it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet . Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and
784-528: Was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis , who proposed it to explain why liquid oxygen defied Curie's law . Modern computer simulations indicate that, although there are no stable O 4 molecules in liquid oxygen, O 2 molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins , forming transient O 4 units. Liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point at −196 °C (77 K) than oxygen's −183 °C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of
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