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32-732: The village, situated in the March of Austria , was first mentioned in an 1143 deed issued by Duke Henry XI of Bavaria , whereby one Chunradus (Conrad) of Tolersheim appeared as a witness. Owing to its location near the Austrian border with Bohemia the nearby market town held by the Lords of Ottenstein was devastated during the Hussite Wars in 1427 and again in the run-up to the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. The municipal area included

64-771: A military exclusion zone (renamed Truppenübungsplatz Allentsteig ) to this day, now operated by the Austrian Armed Forces . Since 1981, however, the main square, the ruins of the Romanesque parish church of Saints Peter and Paul, and its surrounding graveyard have been made accessible to visitors. In 1986, the church was reconsecrated as a "church of peace" by the Bishop of Sankt Pölten . The expelled inhabitants were not compensated until 1955. March of Austria The Margraviate of Austria ( Latin : Marcha Austriae ; German : Markgrafschaft Österreich )

96-513: A famous deed of donation issued by Emperor Otto III at Bruchsal in November 996. The phrase regione vulgari vocabulo Ostarrîchi , that is, "the region commonly called Ostarrîchi ", probably only referred to some estates around the manor of Neuhofen an der Ybbs ; nevertheless the term Ostarrîchi is linguistic ancestor of the German name for Austria, Österreich . Later

128-828: A frontier along the Danube from the Traungau to Szombathely and the Rába river including the Vienna basin . By the 890s, the Pannonian march seems to have disappeared, along with the threat from Great Moravia, during the Hungarian invasions of Europe . Upon the defeat of Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria at the 907 Battle of Pressburg , all East Frankish lands beyond the Enns river were lost. In 955, King Otto I of Germany had started

160-551: A great friend of the church and founder of abbeys. He patronised towns and developed a great level of territorial independence. In 1139, Leopold IV inherited Bavaria. When his successor, the last margrave, Henry Jasomirgott , was deprived of Bavaria in 1156, Austria was elevated to a duchy independent from Bavaria by the Privilegium Minus of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa . From 1192 the House of Babenberg also ruled over

192-413: A military training point of view, its very severe winter weather conditions. The local authorities had bestowed honorary citizenship upon Hitler and re-constructed a grave of honour ( Ehrengrab ) for his grandmother, though to no avail. In the period up to 31 October 1941, Wehrmacht troops forcibly resettled all 2000 villagers before bombing their houses as part of the training exercises. In World War II

224-638: A new Eastern March ( marcha orientalis ) erected and by about 960, he appointed Burchard as margrave. In 976, during a general restructuring of Bavaria upon the insurrection of Duke Henry II the Wrangler , Otto's son and successor Emperor Otto II deposed Burchard and appointed the Babenberg count Leopold the Illustrious from the House of Babenberg margrave in turn for his support. Margravial Austria reached its greatest height under Leopold III ,

256-536: Is in the latter region. The Vienna Woods was the royal hunting grounds from the 11th century until 1850. Under the influence of the Avars , a Slavic population settled here after the Völkerwanderung , which may account for village names such as Döbling , Liesing or Gablitz . From the 16th century onwards forestry was practised. Industrial development beginning circa 1840 encouraged increased settlement of

288-661: The Agilolfing dukes of Bavaria against the invasions of the Avars . When the Avars disappeared in the 820s, they were replaced largely by West Slavs , who settled here within the state of Great Moravia . The March of Pannonia was set apart from the Duchy of Friuli in 828 and set up as a march against Moravia within the East Frankish regnum of Bavaria. These march, already called marcha orientalis , corresponded to

320-491: The Avars , who were defeated and conquered during the reign of Charlemagne (d. 814). Throughout the Frankish period, the region was under jurisdiction of Eastern Frankish rulers, who held Bavaria and appointed frontier commanders ( counts ) in eastern regions. At the beginning of the 10th century, the region was raided by Magyars . They were defeated in the Battle of Lechfeld (955) and gradual German reconquest of

352-712: The Danube and some tectonic lines near Vienna. The northern area is part of the Alps' sandstone zone, while its south is part of the Northern Limestone Alps . In the east, the border is the thermal line , which forms a geological break line to the Viennese Basin . Beeches , oaks and hornbeams grow throughout the north of the Wienerwald forest; in the south are conifers , mostly pines and firs . The Föhrenberge (Pine Mountains) natural park

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384-723: The Hungarian settlement area in the Pannonian Basin ran along the Morava ( March ) and Leitha rivers, with the Gyepű borderland (the present-day Burgenland region) beyond. In the north, the march bordered on the Bohemian duchy of the Přemyslids , and the lands in the south belonged to the Dukes of Carinthia , also newly instated in 976. The early march corresponded closely to

416-643: The Industrieviertel , two of the four quarters of Lower Austria. Reaching into the city of Vienna itself, they are a favourite outdoor destination for the densely populated area around the city. The highest elevation in the Vienna Woods is Schöpfl at 893 metres (2,930 ft) above sea level , the location of the Leopold Figl observatory . Important rivers in the Vienna Woods are the Wien ,

448-743: The Saxon Eastern March ( Sächsische Ostmark ) in the northeast. During the Anschluss period of 1938–45 the Nazi authorities tried to replace the term "Austria" with Ostmark . The march comprised the lands north and south of the Danube river, with the Enns tributary in the west forming the border with the Traungau shire of the Bavarian stem duchy . The eastern frontier with

480-684: The Schwarzenbergpark , were created on the territory of the city of Vienna during the 19th century. The natural park Sandstein-Wienerwald is near Purkersdorf , some 20 km (12 mi) west of Vienna. There are also some caves, such as the Dreidärrischenhöhle ("cave of the three deaf men"). The mountain ranges of the Vienna Woods are the transition between the Eastern Alps and the Carpathians , separated by

512-679: The Schwechat and the Triesting . The northeasternmost Leopoldsberg overlooking the Danube and the Vienna Basin forms the eastern end of the Alpine chain. Even though the Vienna Woods are a protected landscape and important recreational area, they are threatened by urban sprawl . The Lainzer Tiergarten , an extensive park populated by wild boar and other woodland animals, as well as

544-655: The Thaya river and the Bohemian march of Moravia was begun, and the Hungarian March was merged into Austria. The margraves' residence later was moved down the Danube to Klosterneuburg until 1145, when Vienna became the official capital. The Babenbergs had a defense system of several castles built in the Wienerwald mountain range and along the Danube river, among them Greifenstein . The surrounding area

576-531: The Austrian Alps some valleys retained their Rhaeto-Romance speakers until the 17th century. The first marches covering approximately the territory that would become Austria and Slovenia were the Avar March and the adjacent March of Carantania (the later March of Carinthia ) in the south. Both were established in the late 8th century by Charlemagne upon the incorporation of the territory of

608-460: The area. Through the northern part of the Vienna Woods (from Tulln an der Donau ), a march of Polish troops of King Jan III Sobieski took place, which were to help Vienna in September 1683. In 1870, plans were brought forward to clear most of the forest, but this caused widespread public resistance, in which Josef Schöffel was one of the most important figures. In 1987, the governors of

640-531: The facility was home to the 392nd Infantry Division and the site of several prisoner-of-war camps including Stalag XVII-C and Oflag XVII-A (from June 1940) near the abandoned village of Edelbach . Upon implementation of the 1945 German Instrument of Surrender and the Allied occupation of Austria, the training ground was seized by the Soviet Army and, despite raised claims for restitution, has remained

672-732: The grave of his paternal grandmother, Maria. According to testimony given during the Nuremberg Trials by Hans Frank , head of the Nazi General Government in Poland, Hitler feared further clarification of the unconfirmed rumour that his paternal grandfather was a Graz Jew named Leopold Frankenberger. However, no evidence has ever supported this claim. The real reason for the area's selection may lie in its relatively sparse population, poor soils and consequently low agricultural yields, lack of industry, and not least, from

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704-477: The information on the baptism registry. The same registry was altered some 39 years later when, in 1876, Alois legitimised Johann Georg Hiedler as his father and his surname was changed to Hitler. After the 1938 Anschluss which annexed Austria to Nazi Germany , Hitler ordered Döllersheim, Zwettl, Allentsteig, and several other smaller neighbouring villages to be evacuated in favour of a large military training area , even though (or perhaps because) it contained

736-534: The march was also called the Margraviate of Austria ( German : Markgrafschaft Österreich ) or the Bavarian Eastern March ( Bayerische Ostmark , the second word being a German translation of marcha orientalis , though no example of this usage in relation to Austria is known before the 19th century). The Bavarian designation is used in historiography in order to differentiate it from

768-538: The modern region of Lower Austria . The initial Babenberger residence was probably at Pöchlarn on the former Roman limes , but maybe already Melk , where subsequent rulers resided. The original march coincided with the modern Wachau , but was shortly enlarged eastwards at least as far as the Wienerwald . Under Margrave Ernest the Brave (1055–1075), the colonisation of the northern Waldviertel up to

800-463: The nearby hamlet of Strones , where in 1837 Alois Hitler , the father of Adolf Hitler , was born the illegitimate son of the local peasant woman Maria Schicklgruber (1795–1847). Strones was very small at the time of Alois's birth and did not even have a church with a baptismal registry. Accordingly, Maria went to the Döllersheim parish to record the birth with the local priest, who duly entered

832-725: The neighbouring Duchy of Styria . The line became extinct with the death of Duke Frederick II of Austria at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River . The heritage was finally asserted by the German king Rudolph of Habsburg against King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . 48°13′N 16°22′E  /  48.217°N 16.367°E  / 48.217; 16.367 Vienna Woods The Vienna Woods ( German : Wienerwald , pronounced [ˈviːnɐˌvalt] ) are forested highlands that form

864-518: The northeastern foothills of the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Lower Austria and Vienna . The 45-kilometre-long (28 mi) and 20–30-kilometre-wide (12–19 mi) range of hills is heavily wooded and a popular recreation area with the Viennese. The Vienna Woods are bounded by the rivers Triesting , Gölsen , Traisen and Danube , and are on the border of the Mostviertel and

896-512: The reconquest with his victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld . The obscurity of the period from circa 900 until 976 leads some to posit that a Pannonian or Austrian march existed against the Magyars , alongside the other marches which had been incorporated into Bavaria by 952 ( Carniola , Carinthia , Istria , and Verona ). However, much of Pannonia was still conquered by the Magyars. Otto I had

928-417: The region began. By about 970, newly retaken frontier regions along the river Danube were reorganized into a frontier county ( margraviate ) that became known as the Bavarian Eastern March ( Latin : Marcha orientalis ) or Ostarrichi ( German : Österreich ). The first known margrave was Burkhard , who is mentioned in sources since 970 several times as Margrave of Marcha orientalis. Since 976, it

960-665: Was colonized and Christianized by the Bavarian Bishops of Passau , with ecclesiastical centres at the Benedictine abbey of Sankt Pölten , at Klosterneuburg Monastery and Heiligenkreuz Abbey . The early margraviate was populated by a mix of Slavic and native Romano-Germanic peoples who were apparently speaking Rhaeto-Romance languages , remnants of which remain today in parts of northern Italy ( Friulian and Ladin ) and in Switzerland ( Romansh ). In

992-462: Was a medieval frontier march , centered along the river Danube , between the river Enns and the Vienna Woods ( Wienerwald ), within the territory of the modern Austrian provinces of Upper Austria and Lower Austria . It existed from c.  970 to 1156. It stemmed from the previous frontier structures, initially created for the defense of eastern Bavarian borders against

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1024-664: Was governed by margraves from the Franconian noble House of Babenberg . The margraviate was protecting the eastern borders of the Holy Roman Empire , towards neighbouring Hungary . It became an Imperial State in its own right, when the Austrian margraves were elevated to Dukes of Austria in 1156. Timeline In contemporary Latin sources, the entity was called: Marcha orientalis ("Eastern march"), marchia Austriae , or Austrie marchionibus . The Old High German name Ostarrîchi first appeared on

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