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92-561: The SP-1200 is associated with the golden age of hip hop . It enabled musicians to construct the bulk of a song within one piece of portable gear, a first for the industry, reducing production costs and increasing creative control for hip-hop artists. According to the Village Voice , "The machine rose to such prominence that its strengths and weaknesses sculpted an entire era of music: the crunchy digitized drums, choppy segmented samples , and murky filtered basslines that characterize

184-404: A , b , d {\displaystyle a,b,d} apply, The amount of charge displaced is strictly proportional to the applied force and independent of the piezoelectric element size and shape. Putting several elements mechanically in series and electrically in parallel is the only way to increase the charge output. The resulting charge is The charge produced is exactly proportional to

276-435: A drum machine to follow-up Drumulator , which would eventually become SP-12 and SP-1200. Design was led by Dave Rossum's electronic engineering, with functional design contributions from Marco Alpert (who would together go on to co-found Rossum Electro-Music, also known as "Rossum.") Work began with modifications to existing Drumulator microcode by new engineer Donna Murray allowing pitch shifting (tuning) of sounds. Though

368-484: A mature technology with excellent inherent reliability. They have been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical , aerospace , nuclear instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor in consumer electronics or a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the automotive industry , piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines . The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into

460-420: A tape machine , another sampler , or, most famously, a vinyl turntable with multiple and/or variable playback speeds , sounds can be pitched up (sped up) , allowing them to be sampled with SP-1200 using less sampling time (RAM) . SP-1200 can shift the pitch of the sounds down to the original pitch (and beyond) when they are played back. The prevalent technique compresses samples of longer durations into

552-419: A voltage source with a filter . The voltage V at the source is directly proportional to the applied force, pressure, or strain. The output signal is related to this mechanical force as if it had passed through the filter, which gives the transducer a very high and frequency-dependent output impedance , which results in a frequency response similar to Figure 1. Figure 2's detailed model includes

644-519: A "Turbo" option expanding the total available sample time to 5 seconds before it was eventually replaced in the product line when SP-1200 was released in August 1987. Combined with 10 seconds of user sampling time, SP-1200's $ 2995 price provided artists with a practical entrypoint to sample-based music production. The SP-1200 retained the capabilities, inputs and outputs of its predecessor, the SP-12 , minus

736-478: A 5,000-note maximum memory for sequences. The sequencer enables musicians to create patterns using both step programming and real-time recording using the touch-sensitive front panel buttons (and via external MIDI note input). Patterns can be organized into songs, and swing, quantization , and tempo and mix changes can be applied. SP-1200 can both generate SMPTE , MIDI, and analog clock signals and synchronize its tempo and sequencer to them. Users can also tap

828-521: A Black Man)") and anti- crack messages ("Megablast"). The album was a critical and commercial success, particularly in Europe, unusually so for a hip hop album at that time. Bum Rush the Show had been recorded on the heels of Run-DMC's Raising Hell , but was held back by Def Jam in order for them to concentrate on releasing and promoting Beastie Boys' Licensed to Ill . Chuck D of Public Enemy felt that by

920-445: A Black Planet ( Def Jam , April 10, 1990) A Tribe Called Quest - The Low End Theory ( Jive , September 24, 1991) Gang Starr - "Take it Personal" ( Chrysalis , March 30, 1992) Pete Rock & CL Smooth - " They Reminisce Over You (T.R.O.Y.) " ( Elektra , April 2, 1992) Miles Davis - Doo-Bop ( Rhino , Jun 30, 1992) A Tribe Called Quest - Midnight Marauders ( Jive , November 9, 1993) Wu-Tang Clan - Enter

1012-492: A Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back ( Def Jam , June 28, 1988) N.W.A . - Straight Outta Compton ( Ruthless , August 8, 1988) Ultramagnetic MCs - Critical Beatdown ( Next Plateau , October 4, 1988) Big Daddy Kane - It's a Big Daddy Thing ( Cold Chillin' , September 19, 1989) A Tribe Called Quest - People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ( Jive , April 10, 1990) Public Enemy - Fear of

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1104-566: A better rapper than everyone else." Robert Christgau in the Village Voice in 1990 wrote of Rakim's style as "calm, confident, clear. On their third album, as on their phase-shifting 1986 debut," he continues, "Eric B.'s samples truly are beats, designed to accentuate the natural music of an idealized black man's voice." Looking back at the late eighties in Rolling Stone in 1997, Ed Moralez describes Rakim as "the new-school MC of

1196-456: A brighter sound due to imaging (sounds above the Nyquist frequency ). SP-12 , and SP-1200 instead feature three pairs of analog lowpass filters at successively higher frequencies, including two dynamic SSM2044 filters on channels 1 and 2, while channels 7 and 8 are unfiltered entirely. SP-1200 uses drop-sample pitch-shifting (simply dropping or replaying sample data in order to pitch/speed

1288-461: A drug dealer then cheerfully sings "la la la la la la". Songs like these presaged the rise of an underground that matched violent lyrics to the hardcore drum machine tracks of the new-school. The cover of Criminal Minded was a further reflection of a move towards this sort of radical image, depicting the group in a half-light, holding firearms. The next album By All Means Necessary (1988) left that element behind for political radicalism following

1380-582: A feeling that the early innovators like Run-DMC and LL Cool J were by 1986 tainted by commercial success and out of touch with the streets. Boogie Down's first album Criminal Minded (1987) admitted a reggae influence and had KRS-One imitating the Beatles' " Hey Jude " on the title track. It also contained two tales of grim street life, yet played for callous laughs: "The P Is Free", in which KRS speaks of throwing out his girl who wants crack cocaine in exchange for sex, and "9mm Goes Bang", in which he shoots

1472-666: A higher – when carefully handled, almost unlimited – long term stability. There are also new single-crystal materials commercially available such as Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-PT). These materials offer improved sensitivity over PZT but have a lower maximum operating temperature and are currently more complicated to manufacture due to four compound vs. three compound material PZT. Thin film piezoelectric materials can be manufactured utilizing sputtering , CVD ( chemical vapour deposition ), ALD ( atomic layer epitaxy ) etc. methods. Thin film piezoelectric materials are used in applications where high frequency (> 100 MHz)

1564-474: A marketing strategist," the Village Voice referred to the golden age's "eclecticism", and Ben Duinker and Denis Martin of Empirical Musicology Review wrote that "The constant flow of new, boundary-pushing Golden Age album releases exemplifies this era's unprecedented stylistic fluidity." The specific time period that the golden age covers varies among different sources and may overlap with other subcurrents in hip hop. AllMusic writes, "Hip-hop's golden age

1656-622: A new SP-1200 product. Rossum announced an extremely limited 35th Anniversary edition of rebuilt SP-1200 units in 2020. In November 2021, Rossum announced a reissue of the SP-1200. The Rossum SP-1200 provides 20 seconds total sampling time, equal to twice the original SP-1200's 10 seconds. A new SD card interface replaces the 3.5" disk drive. The chassis is made entirely from metal to comply with modern emissions standards. The unavailable SSM2044 filters are replaced with functionally identical SSM2144 filter chips (IC) . Public Enemy - It Takes

1748-488: A new company, Rossum Electro-Music ("Rossum") that soon began receiving requests for SP-1200. Sound Semiconductor's announcement of SSI2144, an analog filter chip (IC) using a modern manufacturing process with the same internal circuit and sonic character as the SSM2044 (also designed by Dave Rossum), and Rossum's announcement of Assimil8or, a new hardware sampler in eurorack format in 2017, further fueled speculation of

1840-460: A piezoelectric constant/sensitivity that is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than those of the natural single crystal materials and can be produced by inexpensive sintering processes. The piezoeffect in piezoceramics is "trained", so their high sensitivity degrades over time. This degradation is highly correlated with increased temperature. The less-sensitive, natural, single-crystal materials ( gallium phosphate , quartz , tourmaline ) have

1932-545: A shared memory, resulting in Drumulator , the first programmable digital drum machine priced under $ 1000, significantly below the LM-1 and Linndrum . As a compromise between bandwidth and sampling time, the low 26.04 kHz sample rate was chosen early on. A major success, Drumulator sold over 10,000 units from 1983 to 1985 and saw E-mu grow to a medium-sized company. After Emulator II in 1984, E-mu decided to pursue

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2024-471: A thin membrane and a massive base is used, ensuring that an applied pressure specifically loads the elements in one direction. For accelerometers , a seismic mass is attached to the crystal elements. When the accelerometer experiences a motion, the invariant seismic mass loads the elements according to Newton's second law of motion F = m a {\displaystyle F=ma} . The main difference in working principle between these two cases

2116-546: A wack radio station, and as for Scott La Rock, you should be ashamed, when T La Rock said "It's Yours", he didn't mean his name". Boogie Down Productions had manufactured a disagreement with the Juice Crew's MC Shan , releasing "South Bronx" and "The Bridge is Over" in reply to his "The Bridge" and "Kill That Noise" respectively. KRS-One considered Run-DMC the epitome of rap music in 1984 and had begun to rap following their lead. He has also said that BDP's approach reflected

2208-428: A wide variety of sources gave birth to a new breed of producers and DJs who did not necessarily need formal musical training or instruments, just a good ear for sound collages. These samples were derived from a number of genres, ranging from jazz , funk and soul to rock and roll . For example, Paul's Boutique , Beastie Boys ' second studio album, drew from over 200 individual samples, 24 of which were featured on

2300-520: A working range of up to 1000 °C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common to piezoceramic materials. Gautschi in Piezoelectric Sensorics (2002) offers this comparison table of characteristics of piezo sensor materials vs other types: One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors

2392-502: Is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'. Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance , process control , and for research and development in many industries. Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used, and has become

2484-568: Is bookended by the commercial breakthrough of Run-D.M.C. in 1986 and the explosion of predominantly West Coast gangsta rap with N.W.A in the late 80s and Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg in 1993." The New York Times described hip-hop's golden age as the "late 1980s and early 90s". Ed Simons of the Chemical Brothers said, "there was that golden age of hip-hop in the early 90s when the Jungle Brothers made Straight Out

2576-418: Is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence on overall hip hop after the genre's emergence and establishment in the old-school era , and is associated with the development and eventual mainstream success of hip hop. There were various types of subject matter, while the music was experimental and the sampling from old records was eclectic. The artists most often associated with

2668-413: Is described by scholar Mickey Hess as "circa 1986-1994." Carl Stoffers of New York Daily News describes the golden age as "spanning from approximately 1986 to 1997." Brad Callas of Medium.com writes that "Hip-Hop's Golden Age is loosely bookended by the genre's commercial breakthrough in the late 1980s and the back-to-back deaths of 2Pac and Biggie in the late 1990s." In their article "In Search of

2760-446: Is often described as "warm," "dirty," and "gritty." The sound is attributed to SP-1200's low 26.04 kHz sampling rate and 12-bit linear sampling resolution . SP-1200 is known for the character of its drop-sample pitch-shifting . The analog SSM2044 filter chips (ICs) contribute to the timbre of E-mu's drum machines . The characteristic sound has sustained demand for the SP-1200 more than thirty-five years after its debut, despite

2852-692: Is sometimes referred to as "mid-school" or a "middle school" in hip hop, the phrase covering acts such as Gang Starr , the UMC's , Main Source , Lord Finesse , EPMD , Just Ice , Stetsasonic , True Mathematics, and Mantronix . The innovations of Run-DMC , LL Cool J , and new-school hip hop producers such as Larry Smith, and Rick Rubin of Def Jam Recordings , were quickly advanced on by Beastie Boys , Marley Marl and his Juice Crew MCs, Boogie Down Productions, Public Enemy, and Eric B. & Rakim. Hip hop production became denser, rhymes and beats faster, as

E-mu SP-1200 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-399: Is that nothing was contrived. Everything was still being discovered and everything was still innovative and new". Writer William Jelani Cobb said, "what made the era they inaugurated worthy of the term golden was the sheer number of stylistic innovations that came into existence... in these golden years, a critical mass of mic prodigies were literally creating themselves and their art form at

3036-434: Is that they cannot be used for truly static measurements. A static force results in a fixed amount of charge on the piezoelectric material. In conventional readout electronics, imperfect insulating materials and reduction in internal sensor resistance causes a constant loss of electrons and yields a decreasing signal. Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main effect on

3128-435: Is the way they apply forces to the sensing elements. In a pressure sensor, a thin membrane transfers the force to the elements, while in accelerometers an attached seismic mass applies the forces. Sensors often tend to be sensitive to more than one physical quantity. Pressure sensors show false signal when they are exposed to vibrations. Sophisticated pressure sensors therefore use acceleration compensation elements in addition to

3220-564: Is utilised in the measurement method and/or small size is favored in the application. Self-sensing materials with an aluminum matrix and embedded piezoelectric phases, such as PZT (lead zirconate titanate) or barium titanate, can be produced through Friction Stir Processing (FSP). In this process, the piezoelectric particles are dispersed into the aluminum matrix, creating a composite material capable of both structural and sensing functions. The piezoelectric particles generate an electrical signal in response to mechanical stress or strain, enabling

3312-506: The Achilles tendon , aortic walls, and heart valves . The way a piezoelectric material is cut defines one of its three main operational modes: A force applied along a neutral axis (y) displaces charges along the (x) direction, perpendicular to the line of force. The amount of charge ( Q x {\displaystyle Q_{x}} ) depends on the geometrical dimensions of the respective piezoelectric element. When dimensions

3404-670: The NAMM Winter Music & Sound Market and Musikmesse Frankfurt in February of 1985 before its official launch that summer at the NAMM International Music & Sound Expo . “SP” is an initialism for “Sampling Percussion,” and 12 is a reference to its 12-bit linear data format. At $ 2745, SP-12 remained a more attainable sampling drum machine as compared to the Linn 9000 , which started at $ 5000 (not including

3496-553: The Zilog Z80 microprocessor in the 4060 Programmable Polyphonic Keyboard and Sequencer released in 1977 and continued to use Z80 processors in many of its designs through SP1200 in 1987. Roger Linn hired Dave Rossum to review the electrical design of Linn LM-1 , the first digital drum machine. Precipitated by Sequential redesigning the Prophet 5 Rev 3 to use Curtis (CEM) chips (ICs) and no longer paying royalties to E-mu (for

3588-436: The cassette output and connectivity for the 1541 Commodore Computer 5.25" floppy disk drive. In their place, the SP-1200 uses an integrated disk drive for storing and loading sounds and sequences, making it particularly attractive to producers. Unlike the SP-12 and Drumulator , the SP-1200 does not use any ROM -based samples; all samples are stored in volatile RAM and loaded from 3.5" disk . Maximum sampling time

3680-450: The drum machine was augmented with the sampler technology. Rakim took lyrics about the art of rapping to new heights, while KRS-One and Chuck D pushed "message rap" towards black activism. Native Tongues artists' inclusive, sample-crowded music accompanied their positivity, Afrocentricity and playful energy. During the golden age of hip hop, samples were heavily used. The ability to sample different beats, riffs and patterns from

3772-595: The sex raps of 2 Live Crew and Too Short , and party-oriented music by acts such as the Fat Boys , MC Hammer , and Vanilla Ice . The golden age is noted for its innovation – a time "when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre", according to Rolling Stone . Referring to "hip-hop in its golden age", Spin 's editor-in-chief Sia Michel said, "there were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time", and MTV 's Sway Calloway added: "The thing that made that era so great

E-mu SP-1200 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-610: The vintage New York sound are all mechanisms of the machine." E-mu Systems began as a manufacturer of analog modular synthesizers 1971 and pioneered applications of digital technology in electronic musical instruments including a digital sequencer and the first digital polyphonic keyboard. E-mu supplemented income from modular synthesizers with royalties from the first ever analog chips (ICs) for analog synthesizers, created by Dave Rossum with Ron Dow and manufactured by Solid State Music (SSM), and by licensing and consulting for Linn , Oberheim , and Sequential . E-mu first used

3956-453: The "golden age" era of hip hop, with advances in lyrical technique, distinctive personalities of emerging artists like Biz Markie and Big Daddy Kane, and attaining crossover commercial success for hip hop music. Marley Marl's first production was an "answer record" to "Sucker MCs" in 1983 entitled "Sucker DJs" by Dimples D. Soon after came 14-year-old Roxanne Shanté's answer to UTFO 's "Roxanne Roxanne", "Roxanne's Revenge" (1985), sparking off

4048-560: The Golden Age Hip-Hop Sound", music theorists Ben Duinker and Denis Martin of Empirical Musicology Review use "the 11 years between and including 1986 and 1996 as chronological boundaries" to define the golden age, bookended by the releases of Raising Hell and License to Ill [ sic ] and the deaths of Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G. Will Lavin of uDiscover Music states "It's generally accepted that

4140-726: The Golden Age occurred from the mid '80s and mid '90s; it was then that all the elements of the culture – breaking, graffiti art and DJing – broke cover to enter the mainstream." Music critic Tony Green, in the book Classic Material , refers to the two-year period 1993–1994 as "a second Golden Age" that saw influential, high-quality albums using elements of past classicism – drum machines ( Roland TR-808 ), drum samplers ( Akai MPC60 , E-mu SP-1200 ), turntable scratches, references to old-school hip hop hits, and "tongue-twisting triplet verbalisms" – while making clear that new directions were being taken. Green lists as examples

4232-585: The Jungle and De La Soul made Three Feet High and Rising " (though these records were in fact made in 1988 and 1989 respectively). MSNBC called the 1980s the "Golden Age" of hip-hop music. The Guardian states, "The golden age of hip-hop, from 1986 to 1993, gave the world an amazing number of great records," and also describes the period in November 1993, when A Tribe Called Quest and Wu-Tang Clan released albums, as "The Next Golden age." The golden age

4324-500: The SP-12 sampling drum machine with more sampling time and an integrated disk drive, with E-mu reusing the sample playback engine used in SP-12 and in Drumulator since 1983. SP-1200 would become both the last E-mu sampler to not integrate custom E-mu chips (ICs) and the last to include analog SSM chips, using SSM2044 in its dynamic filters until they became unavailable in 1998. E-mu Systems updated SP-12 with improvements and

4416-519: The SP1200 (Tru Soul, April 13, 2019) Pete Rock - Return of the SP1200 V.2 (Tru Soul, Apr 23, 2022) Golden age hip hop Golden age hip hop refers to hip hop music created from the mid or mid-late 1980s to the early or early-mid 1990s, particularly by artists and musicians originating from the New York metropolitan area . A precursor to the new-school hip hop movement, it

4508-1043: The Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (Loud, November 9, 1993) Craig Mack - " Flava in Ya Ear " ( Bad Boy , July 26, 1994) The Notorious B.I.G. - Ready to Die ( Bad Boy , September 13, 1994) 2Pac - Me Against the World ( Interscope , March 14, 1995) The Pharcyde - Labcabincalifornia ( Delicious Vinyl , November 14, 1995) Lord Finesse - The Awakening ( Penalty , February 20, 1996) Daft Punk - Homework (Virgin, January 20, 1997) Juvenile - "Ha" ( Cash Money , October 17, 1998) Daft Punk - Discovery ( Virgin , March 12 2001) Jel - 10 Seconds ( Mush , October 22, 2002) Alicia Keys - " The Diary of Alicia Keys " ( J , December 2, 2003) Kid Koala - 12 Bit Blues ( Ninja Tune , September 17, 2012) Lord Finesse - The SP1200 Project: A Re-Awakening (Slice of Spice, July 28, 2014) Pete Rock - Return of

4600-521: The Wu-Tang Clan's Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) , Nas 's Illmatic , De La Soul's 1993 release Buhloone Mindstate , Snoop Doggy Dogg's Doggystyle , A Tribe Called Quest's third album Midnight Marauders and Outkast 's Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik . Dart Adams of Festival Peak described this "2nd Golden Era" as spanning 1992 to 1996, and cites the release of Puff Daddy and Mase 's " Can't Nobody Hold Me Down " in 1997 as being

4692-402: The air by simultaneously measuring resonance and capacitance. Computer controlled electronics vastly increase the range of potential applications for piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric sensors are also seen in nature. The collagen in bone is piezoelectric, and is thought by some to act as a biological force sensor. Piezoelectricity has also been shown in the collagen of soft tissue such as

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4784-457: The applied force and is generated at a right angle to the force. The charge is independent of the element size and shape. For n {\displaystyle n} elements mechanically in series and electrically in parallel the charge is In contrast to the longitudinal and shear effects, the transverse effect make it possible to fine-tune sensitivity on the applied force and element dimension. A piezoelectric transducer can be modeled as

4876-489: The availability of digital audio workstations and samplers / sequencers with superior technical specifications. SP-1200 uses a 12-bit linear data format and the same 26.04kHz sample rate E-mu previously used in Drumulator and SP-12 . The sample rate was chosen early on in Drumulator’s development as a compromise between bandwidth and sampling time. A reconstruction filter was deliberately omitted, resulting in

4968-515: The available memory , while reducing their fidelity and introducing notably more audible artifacts . SP-1200 enabled musicians to construct the bulk of a song within one piece of portable gear, a first for the industry. This reduced production costs while increasing creative control for hip-hop artists. The SP-1200 became associated with the golden age of hip hop . According to the Village Voice , "The machine rose to such prominence that its strengths and weaknesses sculpted an entire era of music:

5060-478: The biggest rappers in the genre's history... overwhelmingly based in New York City , golden age rap is characterized by skeletal beats , samples cribbed from hard rock or soul tracks, and tough dis raps... rhymers like PE's Chuck D, Big Daddy Kane, KRS-One, Rakim, and LL Cool J basically invented the complex wordplay and lyrical kung-fu of later hip-hop". In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop

5152-410: The button's impact. SP-12 was the first sampling drum machine released. The main changes from Drumulator to SP-12 were the introduction of integrated 12-bit linear user sampling allowing users to record their own sounds and improvements to the user interface, while the playback electronics remained mostly unchanged. E-mu SP-12 was initially advertised as “ Drumulator II” by E-mu Systems at

5244-442: The capacitance of the sensor surface itself, determined by the standard formula for capacitance of parallel plates . This simplified model's Norton equivalent (bottom of Figure 3) is a charge source in parallel with the source capacitance, with the charge directly proportional to the applied force. Piezoelectric technology can measure various physical quantities, most commonly pressure and acceleration. For pressure sensors ,

5336-425: The crunchy digitized drums, choppy segmented samples , and murky filtered basslines that characterize the vintage New York sound are all mechanisms of the machine." E-mu Systems's sampling drum machines had earned a strong following, especially from hip hop music producers seeking out its characteristic sound , by the time of SP-1200's initial discontinuation in 1990. Owing to unending demand, SP-1200

5428-414: The cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built-in miniature piezoelectric sensor. The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 10 N/m . Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression ,

5520-401: The drop-sample interpolation introduced a lot of distortion, musicians at E-mu thought it musically useful. E-mu especially sought to apply their Emulator experience to add a drum machine with user sampling features to the successful Drumulator product line. Scott Wedge invented a technology enabling dynamics to be performed using a piezo sensor on the circuit board listening for

5612-557: The earlier design using SSM chips), E-mu pivoted in 1980 from designing analog synthesizers to digital sampling technology and released the original Emulator sampling synthesizer in 1981. Just as engineering a digital sampler to operate using one shared memory had allowed Emulator to be made more attainable than systems including the Fairlight CMI , E-mu Systems co-founders Scott Wedge and Dave Rossum realized that an affordable digital drum machine could be invented using

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5704-782: The effect was almost one of scientific rigour. The group followed Paid in Full with Follow the Leader (1988), Let the Rhythm Hit 'Em (1990) and Don't Sweat the Technique (1992). Rakim is generally regarded as the most cutting-edge of the MCs of the new-school era. Jess Harvell in Pitchfork in 2005 wrote that "Rakim's innovation was applying a patina of intellectual detachment to rap's most sacred cause: talking shit about how you're

5796-432: The effects of the sensor's mechanical construction and other non-idealities. The inductance L m is due to the seismic mass and inertia of the sensor itself. C e is inversely proportional to the mechanical elasticity of the sensor. C 0 represents the static capacitance of the transducer, resulting from an inertial mass of infinite size. These inductances and capacitances are not real electrical elements of

5888-418: The end of the golden age of hip hop and its sampling practices. Notable hip hop producer and innovator, Marley Marl , formed the Juice Crew hip hop collective. Marl also founded Cold Chillin' Records and assembled various hip hop acts, including MC Shan , Big Daddy Kane, Biz Markie , Roxanne Shanté , Kool G Rap & DJ Polo , and Masta Ace . His Juice Crew collective was an important force in ushering

5980-417: The front panel Tap / Repeat button or an external footswitch to program the tempo . Selecting between banks A, B, C, and D gives access to each of the 32 sounds. Eight sliders are used to set sounds' pitch and volume parameters. Large buttons below each slider are used to select or play sounds with dynamics using a piezo sensor mounted on the circuit board. The distinctive character of SP-1200's sound

6072-420: The greatest advances in rapping technique. Kool G Rap , referring to the golden age in the book How to Rap said, "that era bred rappers like a Big Daddy Kane , a KRS-One, a Rakim, a Chuck D... their rapping capability and ability – these dudes were phenomenal". Many of hip hop's biggest artists were also at their creative peak. AllMusic said the golden age "witnessed the best recordings from some of

6164-603: The huge wave of answer records known as the Roxanne Wars . More disses (insults intended to show disrespect) from Shanté followed: "Bite This" (1985), "Queen of Rox" (1985), introducing Biz Markie on "Def Fresh Crew" (1986), "Payback" (1987), and "Have a Nice Day" (1987). Shante's "Have a Nice Day" had aimed some barbs at the principal two members of a new group from the Bronx called Boogie Down Productions (BDP): "Now KRS-ONE you should go on vacation with that name soundin' like

6256-642: The hugely successful Straight Outta Compton in 1988. Developments in the New York new-school continuum in this climate were represented by the Native Tongues groups—Jungle Brothers, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, Queen Latifah , Chi-Ali , and Monie Love —along with fellow travellers like Leaders of the New School , KMD and Brand Nubian . They moved away from aggressive, macho posturing, towards ambiguity, fun and Afrocentricity. Their music

6348-471: The institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion. Even though hip hop was used as a mechanism for different social issues it was still very complex with issues within the movement itself. There was also often an emphasis on black nationalism . Hip hop scholar Michael Eric Dyson stated, "during the golden age of hip hop, from 1987 to 1993, Afrocentric and black nationalist rap were prominent", and critic Scott Thill described

6440-485: The last track of the album. Samples and sound bites were not limited to just music. RZA of the Wu-Tang Clan , a hip hop collective formed in the 1990s, sampled sound clips from his own collection of 1970s kung-fu films to bolster and frame the group's gritty lyrical content . Many of the sample-laden albums released during this time would not be able to receive legal clearance today. The era also provided some of

6532-494: The moment, using a smooth baritone to become the jazz soloist of mystic Afrocentric rap." Public Enemy, having been reluctantly convinced to sign to a record label, released Yo! Bum Rush the Show on Def Jam in 1987. It debuted the Public Enemy logo, a circle of hatted b-boy in a sniper's cross-hairs, was replete with battle rhymes ("Miuzi Weighs a Ton", "Public Enemy #1"), social-political fare ("Rightstarter (Message to

6624-671: The murder of Scott La Rock , with its title and cover alluding to Malcolm X . KRS-One became involved with the Stop the Violence Movement at this time. Boogie Down Productions, along with Run-DMC and Public Enemy, associated the new-school as rap music with a strong message. Eric B. & Rakim appeared with the Marley Marl produced "Eric B. Is President" and "My Melody" on Zakia Records in 1986. Both tracks appeared on Paid in Full (1987). Just as Boogie Down Productions had,

6716-464: The new-school of hip hop. Philadelphia's Schoolly D self-released "Gangsta Boogie" in 1984, and "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?"/"Gucci Time" in 1985, leading to Saturday Night (Schoolly D, 1986, Jive , 1987). The West Coast, which became the home of gangsta rap, had Toddy Tee's influential Batteram mixtape in 1985, and Ice-T 's "Six in the Morning" in 1986 before N.W.A's first records, leading to

6808-488: The pair reflected changes in street life on their debut's cover, which depicted the two wearing large gold chains and surrounded by money. Like Criminal Minded , the sampling prevalent in the album cemented James Brown's status as a hip hop source, while Rakim's allusions showed the growing influence of mystic Islam-offshoot The Nation of Gods and Earths in hip-hop. The music was minimalist, austerely so, with many writers noting that coupled with Rakim's precise, logical style,

6900-596: The period are LL Cool J , Slick Rick , Ultramagnetic MC's , the Jungle Brothers , Run-DMC , Public Enemy , Beastie Boys , KRS-One , DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince , Eric B. & Rakim , De La Soul , Big Daddy Kane , EPMD , Biz Markie , Salt-N-Pepa , Queen Latifah , Gang Starr , and A Tribe Called Quest . Releases by these acts co-existed in this period with early gangsta rap artists such as Schoolly D , Ice-T , Geto Boys , N.W.A ,

6992-677: The piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the sensitivity reduces due to twin formation . While quartz sensors must be cooled during measurements at temperatures above 300 °C , special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate show no twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself. However, it is not true that piezoelectric sensors can only be used for very fast processes or at ambient conditions. In fact, numerous piezoelectric applications produce quasi-static measurements, and other applications work in temperatures higher than 500 °C . Piezoelectric sensors can also be used to determine aromas in

7084-970: The playback up or down ), producing significant additional (unfiltered) audible artifacts and distortion which proved to be musical useful. More advanced pitch-shifting algorithms like linear and higher-order interpolation reproduce high frequency data more accurately, but consequently may not sound as "warm" in comparison to simpler techniques. Upon its release, hip-hop producers embraced sampling loops and musical phrases such as breaks in addition to individual drum sounds with SP-1200. Early adopters soon innovated with techniques beyond looping by combining SP-1200's truncation and sequencing features to slice (or "chop") samples of drums and other instruments into shorter pieces and re-compose them to create original productions . Music producers discovered and shared techniques using SP-1200's tuning (pitch) features to enable samples longer than 2.5 seconds, and more than 10 seconds total sampling time, to be used. Using

7176-658: The pressure sensing elements. By carefully matching those elements, the acceleration signal (released from the compensation element) is subtracted from the combined signal of pressure and acceleration to derive the true pressure information. Vibration sensors can also harvest otherwise wasted energy from mechanical vibrations. This is accomplished by using piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical strain into usable electrical energy . Three main groups of materials are used for piezoelectric sensors: piezoelectric ceramics, single crystal materials and thin film piezoelectric materials. The ceramic materials (such as PZT ceramic) have

7268-505: The same time". The term golden age hip hop frames the late 1980s in mainstream hip hop, said to be characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence, and associated with Public Enemy , KRS-One and his Boogie Down Productions , Eric B. & Rakim , Ultramagnetic MCs , De La Soul , A Tribe Called Quest , and the Jungle Brothers due to their themes of Afrocentricity and political militancy, their experimental music, and their eclectic sampling . This same period

7360-595: The sampling add-in-card released later), and the Studio 440 from Sequential when it was released in 1986, also priced at $ 5000. In contrast to implementing unique sound engines for each of its other samplers so far, beginning with Emulator and Emulator II , and growing in ambition and scope with purpose-built ICs designed by Dave Rossum, including E-chip powering Emax (1986) and F-chips used in Emulator III (1987), SP-1200's short and low-risk development updated

7452-470: The sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This gives piezoelectric sensors ruggedness, an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation , enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline ) are extremely stable at high temperatures, enabling sensors to have

7544-462: The sensor surface itself. Piezo sensors typically use the flat region of the frequency response (the "usable region" in Figure ;1) between the high-pass cutoff and the resonant peak. The load and leakage resistance must be large enough that low frequencies of interest are not lost. A simplified equivalent circuit model (top of Figure 3) can be used in this region, in which C s represents

7636-520: The start of mainstream rap's "Jiggy Era". According to copyright, music and pop culture scholars Kembrew Mcleod and Peter DiCola, the golden age of hip-hop sampling spans from 1987 to 1992. Artists and record labels were not yet aware of the permanence of hip-hop culture in mainstream media, and did not yet accept it as a legitimate institution. They believe the ruling made in Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc. marked

7728-413: The time as "the golden age of hip hop, the late '80s and early '90s when the form most capably fused the militancy of its Black Panther and Watts Prophets forebears with the wide-open cultural experimentalism of De La Soul and others". Stylistic variety was also prominent; MSNBC said that in the golden age, "rappers had an individual sound that was dictated by their region and their communities, not by

7820-485: The time their first record was released, Boogie Down Productions and Rakim had already changed the landscape for how an MC could rap. Public Enemy were already recording their second album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988) when Bum Rush hit stores. The underground sound, centered on urban violence, that was to become gangsta rap , existed on the East Coast soon after Run-DMC had inaugurated

7912-410: The transducer, but rather act as a mechanical–electrical analogy . R i however is an actual electric resistance representing the insulation leakage resistance of the transducer. If the sensor is connected to a load resistance , this also acts in parallel with the insulation resistance, both increasing the high-pass cutoff frequency. Also not shown in this schematic is the actual capacitance of

8004-544: The use of the original in Biz Markie 's song "Alone Again." No copyright case precedents were cited in the ruling of the final verdict, and the presiding judge's opinion was prefaced with the words "Thou Shalt not Steal." The sixties pop band the Turtles filed a lawsuit in 1989 against hip hop group De La Soul for the uncleared use of a sampled element derived from their original 1968 track " You Showed Me ." The lawsuit

8096-653: Was also used as a form of social protest. Lyrical content from the era often drew attention to a variety of social issues including Afrocentric living, drug use, crime and violence, religion, culture, the state of the American economy, and the modern man's struggle. Conscious and political hip hop tracks of the time were a response to the effects of American capitalism and former President Reagan's conservative political economy. According to Tricia Rose, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and

8188-499: Was doubled from the upgraded SP-12 Turbo, to 10 seconds, though the maximum duration of an individual sound remained limited to 2.5 seconds. SP-1200 provides additional unfiltered versions of the signals from its first six channels (not available on SP-12 ) using TRS connections for each individual output, providing the option to use unfiltered signals from all eight channels / voices alternatively to their analog filters . The SP-1200 can store up to 100 patterns, 100 songs, and has

8280-570: Was reissued by E-mu in 1993 with a cooler-running power supply and black chassis that complied with contemporaneous electrical regulations, and became E-mu's longest-lived product in 1996. E-mu continued to build SP-1200 units until the unavailability of aging parts including the analog SSM2044 filter chips (ICs) , forced the instrument's second discontinuation, marked by a "Final Edition" of SP-1200 units, in 1998. In 2015, E-mu Systems co-founder and original SP-12 and SP-1200 designer Dave Rossum returned to designing synthesizers , co-founding

8372-453: Was sample-crowded, more open and accessible than their new-school predecessors. De La Soul's debut sampled everyone from the Turtles to Steely Dan , while A Tribe Called Quest matched tough beats to mellow jazz samples and playful, thoughtful raps. This lawsuit was known for effectively ending the "Wild West" period for sampling during the golden age of hip hop. In 1991, Gilbert O'Sullivan 's song publisher sued Warner Brothers Records over

8464-398: Was settled out of court for a reported $ 1.7 million, though group members later claimed that the actual payout was significantly less. Piezoelectric sensor A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure , acceleration , temperature , strain , or force by converting them to an electrical charge . The prefix piezo-

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