A Fessenden oscillator is an electro-acoustic transducer invented by Reginald Fessenden , with development starting in 1912 at the Submarine Signal Company of Boston. It was the first successful acoustical echo ranging device. Similar in operating principle to a dynamic voice coil loudspeaker , it was an early kind of transducer, capable of creating underwater sounds and of picking up their echoes .
18-568: E24 may refer to: HMS E24 , a Royal Navy submarine Nimzo-Indian Defense , Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code European route E24 , a road in Great Britain between Birmingham and Ipswich The chassis designation for the Nissan Caravan van between 1988 and 2015 E24 series of preferred numbers E24 Näringsliv , a Swedish online business newspaper E24 Næringsliv ,
36-472: A Norwegian online business newspaper A daily British television programme about news from the entertainment industry, shown on BBC News BMW E24 , a car produced between 1976 and 1989 E24 (TV channel) , an Indian cable television and satellite network Keinawa Expressway , route E24 in Japan [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
54-457: A displacement of 662 long tons (673 t) at the surface and 807 long tons (820 t) while submerged. She had a total length of 180 feet (55 m) and a beam of 22 feet 8.5 inches (6.922 m). She was powered by two 800 horsepower (600 kW) Vickers eight-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines and two 420 horsepower (310 kW) electric motors. The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) and
72-437: A submerged speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). British E-class submarines had fuel capacities of 50 long tons (51 t) of diesel and ranges of 3,255 miles (5,238 km; 2,829 nmi) when travelling at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). E20 was capable of operating submerged for five hours when travelling at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). E24 was armed with a 2-pounder deck gun, mounted forward of
90-423: Is buried in a separate grave to others. Lieutenant-Commander Naper was identified because of the 2+half rings on sleeve, and the fact that his skeleton was 6 ft tall. All the skulls of those in the boat were found in a pyramidal formation. The sunken wreck lay at a downward angle, causing the heads to become detached from the bodies and to roll down the slope into that position. Three bodies were found lying under
108-635: The Heligoland Bight . A positional report was issued late that night. Her commander, Lieutenant-Commander George W.E. Naper, was ordered to enter the Bight in darkness on the surface via the Amrum Bank. Once in position he was to lay mines in a zigzag formation. As mines were known to have been laid by the Germans off Ameland , Naper was ordered to return by the same route. She did not return from
126-439: The battery boards directly on top of the batteries, with arms folded. They may have died of the effects of chlorine gas before the rest of the crew. Artefacts from E24 and her crew, such as smoking pipes belonging to Naper, a bottle of blackberries , the sextant, a firing pistol and boots are on display at Cuxhaven, as are the submarine's conning tower and propellers. Fessenden oscillator The creation of this device
144-404: The conning tower. She had five 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes , two in the bow, one either side amidships, and one in the stern; a total of 10 torpedoes were carried. E-Class submarines had wireless systems with 1 kilowatt (1.3 hp) power ratings; in some submarines, these were later upgraded to 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) systems by removing a midship torpedo tube. Their maximum design depth
162-597: The mission, and was logged as missing on 24 March 1916. Divers hunting for a Second World War-era U-boat in 1973 raised sections of a mined submarine wreck, including the conning tower . The boat was towed to Cuxhaven where the wreck was identified as a British E-class boat, rather than a German submarine. The German government then informed the Admiralty . Human remains found in the wreck are buried in Ohlsdorf Cemetery , Hamburg . E24 ' s commander
180-505: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E24&oldid=1166898356 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HMS E24 HMS E24
198-500: The sea floor. The device could also be used as an underwater telegraph, sending Morse code through the water. The Fessenden underwater signalling apparatus , or more usually just "The Fessenden", was fitted to Royal Navy submarines in World War I . British K-series submarines were equipped with Fessenden oscillators starting in 1915. However, a submarine signalling the surface could be heard by any nearby (enemy) hydrophone , so
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#1732782777957216-552: The system had restricted utility during wartime patrols. During the First World War the Fessenden oscillator was applied to detection of submarines , but its rather low operating frequency of around 1 kilohertz gave it a very broad beam, unsuitable for detecting and localising small targets. In peacetime, the oscillator was used for depth finding, where the lack of directionality was not a concern, and Fessenden designed
234-421: The water on one side, was attached on the other side to a copper tube, which was free to move in the circular gap of a magnet system. The magnet system had a direct-current winding to provide a polarizing magnetic field in the gap, and an alternating current winding that induced currents in the copper tube. These induced currents produced a magnetic field that reacted against the polarizing field. The resulting force
252-472: Was 100 feet (30 m) although in service some reached depths of below 200 feet (61 m). Some submarines contained Fessenden oscillator systems. Her complement was three officers and 28 men. E24 belonged to the Harwich -based 9th Flotilla at the time of her loss. She was the second E-class boat to be converted into a minelayer . E24 left Harwich on the morning of 21 March 1916 to lay mines in
270-470: Was an E-class submarine of the Royal Navy built by Vickers , Barrow-in-Furness . She was launched on 9 December 1915 and was commissioned on 9 January 1916. E24 was a mine-laying submarine. E24 was mined off Heligoland Bight on 24 March 1916. A salvage operation was attempted in 1973 as she was believed to be a German U-boat . Like all post- E8 British E-class submarines , E24 had
288-471: Was communicated to the membrane and in turn provided acoustic vibrations into the water. Unlike previous underwater sound sources such as underwater bells, the Fessenden oscillator was reversible; the AC winding could be connected to a head set and underwater sounds and echoes could be heard. Using this device Fessenden was able to detect icebergs at a distance of about 2 miles, and occasionally detected echoes from
306-474: Was motivated by the RMS Titanic disaster of 1912, which highlighted the need to protect ships from collisions with icebergs, obstacles, and other ships. Because of its relatively low operating frequency, it has been replaced in modern transducers by piezoelectric devices. The oscillator in the name referred to the fact that the device vibrated and moved water in response to a driving AC current. It
324-492: Was not an electronic oscillator but a mechanical one in that it generated repetitive mechanical vibrations. Electronic oscillators did not yet exist when this device was created. Because the design of the device does not depend on a resonant response, it should not be considered a harmonic oscillator . The Fessenden oscillator somewhat resembled a modern dynamic microphone or dynamic loudspeaker in overall construction. A circular metal plate, clamped at its edge, in contact with
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