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27-634: EMK may refer to: Communist Movement of Euskadi (Basque: Euskadi Mugimendu Komunista ) Eastern Maninka language Early Middle Korean Emmonak Airport , in Alaska ELKL Motif Kinase; see MARK2 Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche, the United Methodist Church in Germany Several organizations named for US Senator Edward M. Kennedy , such as

54-420: A democratic constitution. The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry , coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure

81-536: A result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats: For the Senate, 207 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system , with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of

108-618: A satellite of abertzale coalition . Their campaign posters were known for their humor and the use of pop references to criticize other parties. During the 80's, EMK decided to support the new social movements that emerged in the early eighties, including the campaign against NATO membership in a referendum in 1986 , the movements of insubordination to the military service or the LGBT movement. In 1991, after several years of collaboration, EMK and LKI decided to merge, resulting in Zutik (in

135-720: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Communist Movement of Euskadi Although initially influenced by Trotskyism , thriving in Europe after the French May 68 , EMK adopted a Maoist ideology, inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution , but over the years, specially after 1981-82, EMK gradually abandoned its previous ideologies ( Orthodox Marxism , Leninism , Maoism ). Active in Navarre and

162-725: The Basque Autonomous Community , is coordinated at the Spanish level with the Communist Movement (MC), of which EMK was one of the founders. EMK appeared after a split in ETA , after the workerist sector left the organization, founding ETA Berri . In 1969 ETA Berri changed its name to Komunistak-Movimiento Comunista Vasco , and adopted a maoist political line. In 1972 EMK finally adopted its last name: Euskadi Mugimendu Komunista . EMK joined in 1975

189-634: The Democratic Convergence Platform , a coalition created by much of the opposition, led by the Socialist Party (PSOE), to fight against Francoist Spain . The EMK took an active role in all the riots and protests of the time and in the creation of the modern labor movement and tried, along with other organizations, the establishment of an organization that coordinated all the Basque revolutionary left , which eventually

216-738: The Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate in Boston, Massachusetts Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title EMK . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMK&oldid=1244935874 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Basque-language text Short description

243-527: The King could appoint senators in a number not higher than one-fifth of the elected seats. The law also provided for by-elections to fill Senate seats vacated up to two years into the legislature. The death of Francisco Franco in 1975 paved the way for Spain's transition from an autocratic, one-party dictatorship into a democratic , constitutional monarchy . As per the Succession Law of 1947,

270-649: The OIC-EKE (which in 1979 would eventually be integrated in EMK). EMK finally decided to support abstention in the autonomic referendum of 1979 . EMK also left UNAI the same year. In the Navarrese elections of the same year EMK failed to gain any seats in the Parliament of Navarre . On April 2, 1983 EMK became independent organizationally from the Communist Movement (MC), to explore new political spaces, which led

297-627: The Senate . It was the first free election held in Spain since 1936 , prior to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . It was called by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez as part of the political reform of the Francoist regime , ongoing since shortly after Francisco Franco 's death in 1975 and promoted by his successor, King Juan Carlos I . Its aim was to elect a Constituent Cortes that

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324-547: The Spanish monarchy was restored under the figure of Juan Carlos I , who quickly became the promoter of a peaceful democratic reform of state institutions. This move was supported by western countries , an important sector of Spanish and international capitalism, a majority of the opposition to Francoism—organized into the Democratic Convergence Platform and the Democratic Junta , which in 1976 would both merge into

351-498: The 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands , districts were the islands themselves, with the larger— Majorca , Gran Canaria and Tenerife —being allocated three seats each, and the smaller— Menorca , Ibiza – Formentera , Fuerteventura , La Gomera – El Hierro , Lanzarote and La Palma —one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally,

378-598: The Congress and Senate . If the Senate rejected the bill as passed by Congress, discrepancies were to be submitted to a mixed commission and, if the deadlock persisted, a joint sitting of both chambers would convene as a single legislative body in order to resolve on the issue by an absolute majority. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal suffrage , which comprised all nationals over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their civil and political rights. For

405-408: The Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation , with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain . Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with

432-744: The Democratic Coordination—and a growing part of the Franco regime itself, weary of popular mobilization after the outcome of the Carnation Revolution in neighbouring Portugal in 1974. However, as incumbent Prime Minister Carlos Arias Navarro rejected any major transformation of the Spanish political system, rather supporting the preservation of Francoist laws, he was dismissed by the King in July 1976, who appointed Adolfo Suárez for

459-651: The autonomic process, considering it not enough. The same year the Euskadiko Ezkerra sent Juan María Bandrés (only Euskadiko Ezkerra senator ) to the Basque General Council (the preautonomic Basque government and the decision of Euskadiko Ezkerra of voting to the candidate of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) to the presidency of the council, precipitated the decision of EMK, that left Euskadiko Ezkerra , along with

486-646: The autonomous community of the Basque Community ) and Batzarre ( Navarre ). Spanish legislative election, 1977 Adolfo Suárez UCD Adolfo Suárez UCD The 1977 Spanish general election was held on Wednesday, 15 June 1977, to elect the Spanish Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain . All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 207 seats in

513-403: The organization to support the coalition Auzolan , comprising Liga Komunista Iraultzailea (LKI), LAIA and Nueva Izquierda ( Euskadiko Ezkerra split). After the electoral defeat of Auzolan , EMK began a joint campaign with the trotskyist formation LKI , adopting a pro- abertzale speech and asking several times to vote for HB , which has led some historians to believe that the party became

540-516: The post. Suárez's plans for political reform involved the transformation of Spanish institutions in accordance to the Francoist legal system through the approval of a "political reform bill" as a Fundamental Law of the Realm . This was meant as a step beyond Arias Navarro's plans to update—but preserve—the Francoist regime, with Suárez intending to implement democracy "from law to law through law"—in

567-449: The remaining 248 fixed among the constituencies in proportion to their populations, at a rate of approximately one seat per each 144,500 inhabitants or fraction greater than 70,000. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting . The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. As

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594-599: The resignation of Francisco Letamendia Also, in Navarre EMK, EIA , OIC-EKE and ORT formed the electoral coalition Navarrese Left Union (UNAI), that was the third most voted party in Navarre (9.47%), but failed to gain any seat. UNAI sent Jesús Urra to the commission of the Parliamentary Assembly in 1977, to prepare the autonomic agreement. However, in February 1978 EMK was dissatisfied with

621-627: The words of Torcuato Fernández-Miranda —without the outright liquidation of the Francoist system as called for by opposition parties. Thus, on 18 November 1976, the 1977 Political Reform Act was passed by the Francoist Cortes , later ratified in a referendum on 15 December 1976 with overwhelming popular support. As set out in Suárez's scheme, the Act called for an electoral process to elect new Cortes that were to be responsible for drafting

648-455: Was high at 78.8%, the second highest for any nationwide election held ever since. Under the 1977 Political Reform Act , the Spanish Cortes were envisaged as a provisional legislature that was to approve a new constitution in a short timespan. Initiative for constitutional amendment belonged to the Congress of Deputies , as well as to the national government . Constitutional bills required to be passed by an absolute majority in both

675-486: Was not totally possible, although the majority of the organizations (including the EMK) created a common platform, the Euskal Erakunde Herritarra (EEH). For the first legislative elections of 1977 EMK made a coalition with Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia (EIA) called Euskadiko Ezkerra (EE) candidate Patxi Iturrioz took a few months the only parliamentary seat obtained in the elections, following

702-619: Was the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of Felipe González , which—supported by the German SPD and running a campaign intended to highlight González's youth and charisma—won 118 seats and became the main left-of-centre party by a wide margin. The Communist Party of Spain (PCE), which had been the main opposition force to the dictatorship, and the right-wing People's Alliance (AP) of former Francoist minister Manuel Fraga , performed below expectations. Turnout

729-556: Was to draft a new constitution , which would ultimately lead to the repealing of the Fundamental Laws of the Realm and the culmination of the country's transition to democracy . The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), the electoral coalition created to serve as Suárez's political platform in government, emerged as the largest party overall, albeit 11 seats short of an absolute majority. The election surprise

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