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77-556: This service is operated with 6 different trainsets: the E1000 series , EMU3000 , TEMU1000 ( Taroko Express ), DR2800 , DR3100, and the TEMU2000 ( Puyuma Express ). The now-retired EMU100 was the first trainset built for this service, which was used for 30 years, terminating ordinary runs at June 15, 2009. Taiwan Railways' West Coast Mainline (WCML) Electrification Project was completed in 1978, leading wholesale timetable recast on

154-429: A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits . A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without

231-403: A DC component flowing in the windings. A saturable reactor exploits saturation of the core to control alternating current. Knowledge of leakage inductance is also useful when transformers are operated in parallel. It can be shown that if the percent impedance and associated winding leakage reactance-to-resistance ( X / R ) ratio of two transformers were the same, the transformers would share

308-435: A commuter train. Tzu-chiang has very few stops, and station dwell time is a small portion of the total trip time, and therefore is preferred by many passengers. Although it is not a commuter train, the annual passenger count on Tzu-chiang consists of 20% of Taiwan Railways’ total ridership. Below is a sample of running times based on the 23 December 2010 schedule: E1000 series The E1000 locomotive, commonly known as

385-401: A flux equal and opposite to that produced by the primary winding. The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and

462-670: A large transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. Transformers may require protective relays to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency. One example is in traction transformers used for electric multiple unit and high-speed train service operating across regions with different electrical standards. The converter equipment and traction transformers have to accommodate different input frequencies and voltage (ranging from as high as 50 Hz down to 16.7 Hz and rated up to 25 kV). At much higher frequencies

539-493: A massive modernization program, TRA placed an order for 64 electric locomotives from Union Carriage & Wagon and 384 passenger cars from Hyundai Precision and Industries to expand the service. Rated at 6600 hp apiece, the E1000 was and still is TRA's most powerful locomotive. The units were arranged into trainsets of fourteen units, with two locomotives bracketing 12 coaches. As part of TRA's attempt to attract riders in 2002, 32 restaurant cars were ordered to supplement

616-523: A metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction , discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since

693-493: A nameplate that indicate the phase relationships between their terminals. This may be in the form of a phasor diagram, or using an alpha-numeric code to show the type of internal connection (wye or delta) for each winding. The EMF of a transformer at a given flux increases with frequency. By operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact because a given core is able to transfer more power without reaching saturation and fewer turns are needed to achieve

770-432: A number of approximations. Analysis may be simplified by assuming that magnetizing branch impedance is relatively high and relocating the branch to the left of the primary impedances. This introduces error but allows combination of primary and referred secondary resistances and reactance by simple summation as two series impedances. Transformer equivalent circuit impedance and transformer ratio parameters can be derived from

847-433: A permeability many times that of free space and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux to a path which closely couples the windings. Early transformer developers soon realized that cores constructed from solid iron resulted in prohibitive eddy current losses, and their designs mitigated this effect with cores consisting of bundles of insulated iron wires. Later designs constructed

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924-469: A reference to the national desire to take military action against Mainland China at that time), East China Sea (Tong Hi), Safety (Ping An), Etiquette (Lee Yee), Human Rights (Ren Chen), Victory (Sheng Li), Freedom (Zee Yu), Complexity of God (Fu Shen), Practical (Tah She), Four Virtues (Sss Wae), etc. The statistics showed that Tzu-chiang, Victory, and Freedom were the top choices gathering 33% of votes each. TRA reported this finding to Provincial government, and

1001-649: A safety concern when operating at high speeds. After four month of intensive troubleshooting involving TRA Mechanical section and the original equipment manufacturers, the vehicles were re-launched on 2 January 1979 in revenue passenger service. It was not until 1 July 1979, when the West Coast Mainline Electrification Project had reached substantial completion throughout its entire project length, had Tzu-chiang been able to reach its full potential of operating at 120 km/h. Taking 4 hours and 10 minutes between Taipei and Kaohsiung,

1078-671: A second generation of Tzu-chiang EMUs, to improve service frequency and relieve congestion. In the Budget Year 1984–85, funds were made available to order 11 sets of three-car EMU200 units from Union Carriage & Wagon works of South Africa. This order of Tzu-chiang EMUs were configured in three car sets, including driving motor coach (with conductor 's or guard's office) 55EMC200, transformer power 45EP200, and driving motor coach 55EM200. The new EMUs were delivered in 1986, with eight sets delivered assembled, but three sets delivered as kits and assembled locally by Tang Eng Iron Works as

1155-499: A technology-transfer program. Most had been accepted into service by June 1987. During the 1985 bidding for EMU200, due to various procurement irregularities, the Italian Socimi carbuilder protested the award. TRA chose to use funds from Budget Year 1986 and place a further order for EMU300 with Socimi even before all EMU200 sets were accepted for service. The further order was intended for extra capacity relief. The carbody

1232-468: A transformer design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply. Leaky transformers may be used to supply loads that exhibit negative resistance , such as electric arcs , mercury- and sodium- vapor lamps and neon signs or for safely handling loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders . Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio-frequency transformers in circuits that have

1309-519: Is at the expense of flux density at saturation. For instance, ferrite saturation occurs at a substantially lower flux density than laminated iron. Large power transformers are vulnerable to insulation failure due to transient voltages with high-frequency components, such as caused in switching or by lightning. Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses. Transformers' efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity. The efficiency of typical distribution transformers

1386-402: Is between about 98 and 99 percent. As transformer losses vary with load, it is often useful to tabulate no-load loss , full-load loss, half-load loss, and so on. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are constant at all load levels and dominate at no load, while winding loss increases as load increases. The no-load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on

1463-515: Is delivered via overhead lines , and each locomotive features four motors for a combined 2,336 kilowatts (3,133 hp) per locomotive. The trains are designed to run in 12-15 passenger car configurations. The bogies were supplied by Krauss-Maffei , while the braking system are supplied by Knorr-Bremse . Originally, the E1000 series featured 32 dining cars . When the TRA phased out on-board dining,

1540-425: Is given by the universal EMF equation: A dot convention is often used in transformer circuit diagrams, nameplates or terminal markings to define the relative polarity of transformer windings. Positively increasing instantaneous current entering the primary winding's 'dot' end induces positive polarity voltage exiting the secondary winding's 'dot' end. Three-phase transformers used in electric power systems will have

1617-421: Is rarely attempted; the 'real' transformer model's equivalent circuit shown below does not include parasitic capacitance. However, the capacitance effect can be measured by comparing open-circuit inductance, i.e. the inductance of a primary winding when the secondary circuit is open, to a short-circuit inductance when the secondary winding is shorted. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by

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1694-580: The Chu-Kuang Express (introduced earlier in 1970). Tze-chiang was so-named from a phrase in an address that Chiang Kai-shek , the former President of Republic of China (Taiwan), delivered to his countrymen on 26 October 1971 in response to United Nations Resolution 2758 , in which he urged the country to " Respect the Homeland, Strengthen Self ("Tzu-chiang"); Respond to Change without Fear. " U.N. Resolution 2758 formally recognised Beijing as

1771-613: The PP Tze-chiang , is a series of electric push-pull trains used by the Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA), operated as part of the Tze-chiang limited express service. The locomotives were built by Union Carriage & Wagon and GEC-Alsthom , while the passenger cars were built by Hyundai Precision & Industries and Tang Eng Iron Works . The E1000 series was built to replace

1848-515: The EMU100 series . In 1994, the TRA came to an agreement with a South Korean manufacturer Hyundai Precision & Industries to build 64 locomotives and 400 passenger cars for $ 7.2 billion NTD . Hyundai manufactured the passenger cars, while the locomotives were built by Union Carriage & Wagon and GEC-Alsthom . The first arrived in April 1996 and passenger services commenced on September 26 of

1925-504: The Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) piloted business class service on selected departures. However, due to low ticket sales, the experiment was terminated. In 2010, TRA redesignated certain former business class coaches (BCK) on the Chu-Kuang Express as Tzu-chiang . As of 2013, the next generation of tilting trains, designated the TEMU2000 series, has been introduced into commercial service. They are intended to replace

2002-468: The magnetizing branch of the model. Core losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the core and are proportional to the square of the core flux for operation at a given frequency. The finite permeability core requires a magnetizing current I M to maintain mutual flux in the core. Magnetizing current is in phase with the flux, the relationship between the two being non-linear due to saturation effects. However, all impedances of

2079-433: The power grid . Ideal transformer equations By Faraday's law of induction: where V {\displaystyle V} is the instantaneous voltage , N {\displaystyle N} is the number of turns in a winding, dΦ/dt is the derivative of the magnetic flux Φ through one turn of the winding over time ( t ), and subscripts P and S denotes primary and secondary. Combining

2156-579: The DR2800 series from Tokyu Car , a derivative of the American Budd Company 's proven Rail Diesel Car design, introducing the new service to non-electrified lines. These were followed up with the DR2900 series, built with a modified exterior but to the same essential by Nippon Sharyo. A subsequent order incorporated enough differences to warrant a separate designation, and these were labelled

2233-753: The DR2800, DR2900, and DR3000 series of DMUs as the Eastern Line's electrification completes. In the early 1970s, the West Coast Mainline Electrification Scheme was already planned. Taiwan Railways had ordered 94 electric locomotives , and also 13 five-car electric multiple unit sets from General Electric Company . Identified as the EMU100 series , the set included driving power coach 50EP100, motor coach 55EM100, two trailers 40ET100, and driving trailer 40ED100. The sets were assembled by British Rail Engineering Limited 's York Carriage Works in 1976. Throughout 1978

2310-547: The DR3000 class despite being of the same design. The final series of DMUs for this service would be the DR3100 series, ordered in the early 2000s as a way to minimize development costs for the concurrent DR1000 series of commuter DMUs, with which they shared many characteristics, both in appearance and machinery. With the entire length of TRA's main lines electrified, there have been no subsequent orders for DMUs. In 1996, as part of

2387-505: The E1000 and other South Korean-produced equipment are resolved. The two reached an agreement of $ 300 million NTD in 2018. By 2010, remedial work to the locomotives done under supervision of Alstom had improved reliability, and the carriages began undergoing repainting to resolve the paint issues. Despite the problems, however, the E1000 series has been a regular fixture within the Tze-chiang family since entry into service owing to

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2464-750: The EMU100 broke prior service speed records set by the White Steel Train DR2700 diesel multiple unit operating as the Kuang-Hwa Express , and became TRA's newest-generation premier express. In the mid-1980s, Taiwan experienced significant economic growth and increased living standards. As people became more affluent, the Tzu-chiang train was no longer considered a privilege of the elite. The EMU100 often operated at full capacity, in sold out conditions. TRA thus planned to purchase

2541-744: The EMU1200 remain in service, as of 2015 this is by the barest margin; only one of the 9-car sets was operational. In 2006, TRA took delivery of its first tilting trains, the TEMU1000, a series based on the JR 885 series . With a maximum operational speed of 130 km/h and the ability to round curves 25 km/h faster than the TRA's other trains, the TEMU1000s were ideal for services on the Yilan Line, with its many curves. Though initially christened under

2618-454: The EMU300 became something of an urban legend, often unofficially called Tzu-chiang Super Express or Tzu-chiang Tokkyu . Even after the introduction of the much more powerful E1000 Push-Pull trainset, remanufactured EMU200 trainsets, and TEMU series of tilting trains, this speed record remained unbroken. Around the same time, TRA began ordering the first of several series of DMUs, starting with

2695-450: The EMU300, due to its 130 km/h service capability. During the 2 September 1989 schedule revision, the EMU300 was assigned to direct and semi-direct Tzu-chiang Express, stopping at fewer stations than regular Tzu-chiang. Train No. 1019 was scheduled for 3 hours and 47 minutes between Taipei and Kaohsiung (via Coast Line), breaking the previous speed record set by the EMU100. Amongst railfans ,

2772-495: The TEMU1000 series, TRA placed an order for 34 second-generation TEMU2000 series trainsets in 2010, with deliveries beginning in 2012. The TEMU2000 is based loosely off of the N700 Shinkansen , however it is for the most part an independent design. The TEMU2000 entered commercial service on 6 February 2013. They have supplemented also supplemented the E1000 series and their older cousins in long-distance service. Similarly to

2849-734: The TEMU1000, the trainsets are dubbed Puyuma Express , though, like the Taroko title the TEMU1000s bear, it does not have any practical meaning. In 2018, TRA announced that they will acquire newer EMUs used on the Tze-chiang services to replace the aging fleet of E1000s push-pull trains. The new sets, the EMU3000 series , which consists of 12 cars per set, entered service in August 2021, and deliveries are expected to be completed by 2024. Similar to Taiwan High Speed Rail 's 700T Series , and unlike

2926-482: The WCML. At about the same time, the new EMU100 vehicles ordered for express passenger service on the WCML was introduced. Up until this point, the highest-class passenger train on the WCML had been the diesel and electric locomotive hauled Kwan-Kung (Tourist) Express , which was phased out of service on 25 April 1978. All express passenger schedules were re-allocated to a new class of deluxe electric express service, and

3003-452: The banner of Taroko Express , the trains were soon relegated to regular Tze-Chiang service-level, the only difference between them and other trains being their routes: between Taipei/Hsinchu/Shulin and Hualien and Kaohsiung and Changhua, though some have been seen on longer-distance runs from Kaohsiung to Hualien now that the EMU200 and EMU300 series trains are being withdrawn. Impressed with

3080-421: The carbody and electrical equipment were completed and shipped to Taiwan for testing. However, after delivering the last set of the order (EMU308), Socimi unexpectedly declared bankruptcy and ceased operations. This resulted in an immediate parts shortage, therefore almost as soon as delivered, EMU308 was sacrificed to provide parts (termed a 'Christmas Tree'). Despite these issues, the TRA had high expectation for

3157-402: The cars were briefly used as baggage cars. Currently, 11 of the dining cars are reconfigured as handicapped-accessible passenger cars, while 20 of the cars are reconfigured as "family cars', which feature a different seat layout, a children's play area, and breastfeeding rooms. [REDACTED] Media related to TRA E1000 at Wikimedia Commons Transformer In electrical engineering ,

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3234-428: The cars, as the order had been placed with Daewoo shortly before the company merged with the rolling stock division of Hyundai P&I and formed what became Hyundai Rotem . The latter disagreed with the terms of the contract, and a lawsuit was filed by TRA. However, the suit was settled out-of-court, with Hyundai Rotem given the go-ahead to finish TRA's massive order of EMU500-series commuter trains from Daewoo, while TRA

3311-507: The core magnetomotive force cancels to zero. According to Faraday's law , since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of turns. The transformer winding voltage ratio is equal to the winding turns ratio. An ideal transformer is a reasonable approximation for a typical commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely proportional to

3388-456: The core, the transformer is core form; when windings are surrounded by the core, the transformer is shell form. Shell form design may be more prevalent than core form design for distribution transformer applications due to the relative ease in stacking the core around winding coils. Core form design tends to, as a general rule, be more economical, and therefore more prevalent, than shell form design for high voltage power transformer applications at

3465-400: The corresponding current ratio. The load impedance referred to the primary circuit is equal to the turns ratio squared times the secondary circuit load impedance. The ideal transformer model neglects many basic linear aspects of real transformers, including unavoidable losses and inefficiencies. (a) Core losses, collectively called magnetizing current losses, consisting of (b) Unlike

3542-441: The designation EMU1200 has also been used to refer to the re-manufactured units. Within several years of entering service, however, serious design faults emerged with the rebuilt EMUs. Most notably, their original electrical components, though refurbished, had never been designed to withstand the additional load created by the train's new systems, and as a result the trains suffered frequent failures of their electrical systems. While

3619-440: The electrical supply. Designing energy efficient transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel , or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of construction represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost. Transformer losses arise from: Closed-core transformers are constructed in 'core form' or 'shell form'. When windings surround

3696-448: The equivalent circuit shown are by definition linear and such non-linearity effects are not typically reflected in transformer equivalent circuits. With sinusoidal supply, core flux lags the induced EMF by 90°. With open-circuited secondary winding, magnetizing branch current I 0 equals transformer no-load current. The resulting model, though sometimes termed 'exact' equivalent circuit based on linearity assumptions, retains

3773-424: The following series loop impedances of the model: In normal course of circuit equivalence transformation, R S and X S are in practice usually referred to the primary side by multiplying these impedances by the turns ratio squared, ( N P / N S )  = a . Core loss and reactance is represented by the following shunt leg impedances of the model: R C and X M are collectively termed

3850-461: The following tests: open-circuit test , short-circuit test , winding resistance test, and transformer ratio test. If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal , the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E rms of the winding, and the supply frequency f , number of turns N , core cross-sectional area A in m and peak magnetic flux density B peak in Wb/m or T (tesla)

3927-592: The government of " China " and de-recognized Taipei , at the same time revoking Taipei's U.N. membership. For this reason, the Tzu-chiang is also sometimes referred to as the "Self-Strengthening Express". The EMU100 "electric express" was formally introduced on 15 August 1978 at a fare of NT$ 1.32 per kilometer. The first services operated between Taipei and Taichung (via Coast Line), and as electric catenaries were erected, switched to operating via Mountain Line . As

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4004-412: The ideal model, the windings in a real transformer have non-zero resistances and inductances associated with: (c) similar to an inductor , parasitic capacitance and self-resonance phenomenon due to the electric field distribution. Three kinds of parasitic capacitance are usually considered and the closed-loop equations are provided Inclusion of capacitance into the transformer model is complicated, and

4081-465: The ideal transformer identity : where L {\displaystyle L} is winding self-inductance. By Ohm's law and ideal transformer identity: An ideal transformer is linear , lossless and perfectly coupled . Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductance and zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. i p n p  −  i s n s  = 0). A varying current in

4158-443: The invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission , distribution , and utilization of alternating current electric power. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect

4235-408: The large class size, and with the electrification of railroads, the E1000 has begun to replace DMU on East Coast Tze-chiang services. In a report from 2015, the TRA listed the E1000 series as one of the trains to be replaced in the near future as it approaches its 30-year lifespan. The E1000 series is configured in a push-pull arrangement, with a locomotive at each end of the train. Electricity

4312-445: The limitations of early electric traction motors . Consequently, the transformers used to step-down the high overhead line voltages were much larger and heavier for the same power rating than those required for the higher frequencies. Operation of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than intended will lead to reduced magnetizing current. At a lower frequency, the magnetizing current will increase. Operation of

4389-455: The load power in proportion to their respective ratings. However, the impedance tolerances of commercial transformers are significant. Also, the impedance and X/R ratio of different capacity transformers tends to vary. Referring to the diagram, a practical transformer's physical behavior may be represented by an equivalent circuit model, which can incorporate an ideal transformer. Winding joule losses and leakage reactance are represented by

4466-662: The lower end of their voltage and power rating ranges (less than or equal to, nominally, 230 kV or 75 MVA). At higher voltage and power ratings, shell form transformers tend to be more prevalent. Shell form design tends to be preferred for extra-high voltage and higher MVA applications because, though more labor-intensive to manufacture, shell form transformers are characterized as having inherently better kVA-to-weight ratio, better short-circuit strength characteristics and higher immunity to transit damage. Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high permeability silicon steel . The steel has

4543-509: The maintenance contract's performance bond following Hyundai's merger with Rotem, and subsequent withdrawal of support staff from Taiwan in 2003, prompted TRA to sue the company in 2005 for $ 1.7 billion NTD in damages; however, the lawsuit never came to fruition. Nevertheless, in response, Minister of Transportation and Communications Lin Ling-san banned South Korean companies from participating in future transportation bids until problems with

4620-629: The older sets, the EMU3000 has a business class car with larger seats, charging ports, internet access, and complimentary drinks and snacks. Taiwan Railways in 1976 chose the name Tzu-chiang through the use of a riders' panel, based on forty internally selected names given in interviews of over 3,000 randomly selected riders, tallied and reported to the provincial government for final decision. These internally selected names included Kai-Shek (Chung-Cheng), President (Zong Tong), Fearless (Wu De), Humble (Ji Che), Divine State (Shen Ju), Counterattack (Fan Gong,

4697-427: The poor quality of stainless-steel painting processes at the time of production, the coaches were also not painted, but rather had stickers applied, which began to fade, mottle, and peel after exposure to weather and sunshine in service. The multitude of problems plaguing the class earned them the derisive nickname "Beggar Gang Train" among enthusiasts and the press. The poor state of repair, combined with paying-off of

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4774-444: The power supply. It is not directly a power loss, but results in inferior voltage regulation , causing the secondary voltage not to be directly proportional to the primary voltage, particularly under heavy load. Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low leakage inductance. In some applications increased leakage is desired, and long magnetic paths, air gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may deliberately be introduced in

4851-401: The primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Such flux is termed leakage flux , and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of

4928-415: The provincial chairman Hsieh Tung-Min at the time chose the name Tzu-chiang, hoping that these cars will Respect the Homeland, Strengthen Self (Tzu-chiang); Respond to Change without Fear (莊敬自強，處變不驚), and can Self-Strengthen Without Rest (自強不息). Taiwan Railway printed various Edmondson tickets during the early days of Tzu-chiang operations. Some tickets were printed in a landscape form factor (rather than

5005-439: The ratio of eq. 1 & eq. 2: where for a step-up transformer a < 1 and for a step-down transformer a > 1. By the law of conservation of energy , apparent , real and reactive power are each conserved in the input and output: where S {\displaystyle S} is apparent power and I {\displaystyle I} is current . Combining Eq. 3 & Eq. 4 with this endnote gives

5082-420: The remainder receiving a completely re-designed front end. The trains were also fitted with completely new interiors, LED displays, and other systems, however the project ran severely over-budget, which resulted in upgrades to the original EMUs' electrical and propulsion systems never being carried out. The new EMUs debuted in a red-and-white livery and were redesignated in the 1200 series for unknown reasons, hence

5159-436: The same impedance. However, properties such as core loss and conductor skin effect also increase with frequency. Aircraft and military equipment employ 400 Hz power supplies which reduce core and winding weight. Conversely, frequencies used for some railway electrification systems were much lower (e.g. 16.7 Hz and 25 Hz) than normal utility frequencies (50–60 Hz) for historical reasons concerned mainly with

5236-416: The same year. At the time of the units' arrival, trains were popular since they were first to use a streamlined design, contrasting with the boxy design of its predecessor. However, the TRA soon reported that the trains suffered from frequent traction motor failures and insufficient power delivery due to poor maintenance, oftentimes requiring a third locomotive to be attached to the rear as a backup. Due to

5313-493: The service was extended to Chiayi and Tainan , the service was formally christened "Tze-Chiang Limited Express". As electrification progressed, the service was eventually extended to between Keelung and Kaohsiung . After 1980, other equipment was introduced and assigned to Tze-Chiang service, including EMU200, EMU300, E1000 Push-Pull, TEMU1000 tilting train on electrified lines, and DR2800, DR2900, and DR3000 on non-electrified lines. From 6 July 1991 through 31 March 1992,

5390-401: The sets were delivered to Taiwan for testing and acceptance. Although full service was inaugurated on 15 August 1978, within a month the EMU100 units had been temporarily sidelined due to air conditioning trouble and various component issues. The 50-ton motor power coach (50EP100), which contained the 25 kV AC main transformer , was too heavy and caused bogie suspension stress issues, and was

5467-450: The trainsets. However, with the elimination of dining service, these were converted to baggage cars. With the withdrawal of the EMU100 series from regular service, the E1000 has established itself as the backbone of the TRA's long-distance fleet, though it has found its role undermined by delivery of the TEMU lineup. Allegedly, TRA encountered legal troubles with Hyundai during the delivery of

5544-637: The transformer core size required drops dramatically: a physically small transformer can handle power levels that would require a massive iron core at mains frequency. The development of switching power semiconductor devices made switch-mode power supplies viable, to generate a high frequency, then change the voltage level with a small transformer. Transformers for higher frequency applications such as SMPS typically use core materials with much lower hysteresis and eddy-current losses than those for 50/60 Hz. Primary examples are iron-powder and ferrite cores. The lower frequency-dependant losses of these cores often

5621-418: The transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force or voltage in the secondary winding. This electromagnetic induction phenomenon is the basis of transformer action and, in accordance with Lenz's law , the secondary current so produced creates

5698-409: The usual portrait), and are termed 'Wide Tze Chiang' by ticket collecting enthusiasts. In the early days of Tzu-chiang, the timetable showed a variety of inconsistent names, such as "Electric Special Express", "Tzu-chiang Special Express", etc. Although different equipment is used to fulfill express schedules, the same fare is charged for the service. Based on 2008 fare tariff , the per-mile fare basis

5775-420: Was NT$ 2.27 per kilometer. Taipei (via West Coast Mainline) to Kaohsiung is NT$ 845; to Pingtung is NT$ 893; (via East Coast Mainline) to Hualien is NT$ 441, and (via diesel DMU service) to Taitung is NT$ 786. Although Tzu-chiang is formally classified as a long-distance train , TR also sells short-distance unreserved tickets, and contactless fare media is also accepted, therefore many Taiwanese passengers use it as

5852-698: Was built by Socimi in Milan, Italy, whereas the British firm of Brush Traction in Loughborough supplied electrical equipment. Based on the TRA Four Year Car Equipment Strategy, the EMU300 was considered a "complication" (節外生枝). Tzu-chiang EMU300 was a fleet of eight sets (24 cars), including driving motor coach (with guard's office) 50EMC300, transformer power coach 45EP300, and driving motor coach 50EM300. During 1988, most of

5929-407: Was given the option to purchase new EMU600 series trains and received its E1000 cars under the original contract. In 2008, TRA commissioned the first of its rebuilt EMU200 trainsets as part of an internal rebuild program. The program consisted of forming a single 9-car trainset out of what was previously 3 3-car trainsets, and to this end the majority of the EMU200 cabs were converted to coaches, with

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