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29-450: EARS may refer to: Places [ edit ] Gate of the Ears , a gate in the city of Granada (Andalusia, Spain) East African Rift System Brands, enterprises, and organizations [ edit ] EARS (software) or Election Agents Record System, software which is used in connection with elections Electronic Arts, Redwood Shores,

58-561: A circle and are framed in an alfiz . The Córdoban style of horseshoe arch spread all over the Caliphate and adjacent areas, and was adopted by the successor Muslim emirates of the peninsula, the taifas , as well as by the architecture of the Maghreb under subsequent dynasties. Its use remained especially consistent in the form of mosque mihrabs . In the northern Iberian Peninsula, where Asturias and other Christian kingdoms ruled,

87-401: A tower 10 or 11 meters high, the structure was a monumental gate heavily protected by a square tower and three arches. The exterior had a large horseshoe arch , made with voussoirs of stone from Sierra Elvira. It was crowned by a balcony where, according to legend, the ears of criminals were nailed. The gate also had a machicolation , closed in 1507, forming what would become a chapel . As it

116-685: Is also found in early Christian architecture in Byzantine Anatolia and became characteristic of Christian architecture in Cappadocia , though the origins of this regional feature are sometimes debated. An early example of its use in Anatolia is found at the Alahan Monastery in present-day southern Turkey , dating most likely from the 5th century CE. In Visigothic Spain , horseshoe arches are found, for example, in of

145-638: The Almoravids (11th-12th centuries), the first pointed horseshoe arches began to appear in the region and then became more widespread during the Almohad period (12th-13th centuries). This pointed horseshoe arch is likely of North African origin. Art historian Georges Marçais attributed it in particular to Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia ), where it was present in earlier Aghlabid and Fatimid architecture . As Muslim rule retreated in Al-Andalus,

174-522: The Church of Santa Eulalia de Boveda near Lugo and the Church of Santa Maria de Melque near Toledo . Some tombstones from that period have been found in the north of Spain with horseshoe arches in them, eliciting speculation about a pre-Roman local Celtic tradition. In early Islamic architecture , some horseshoe arches appeared in Umayyad architecture of the 7th to 8th centuries. They are found in

203-613: The Emirate period , used horseshoe arches prominently and ubiquitously, often enclosing them in an alfiz (rectangular frame) to accentuate the effect of its shape. This can be seen at a large scale in their major work, the Great Mosque of Córdoba . Its most distinctive form, however, was consolidated in the 10th-century during the Caliphal period , as seen at Madinat al-Zahra , where the arches consist of about three quarters of

232-849: The Ibn Tulun Mosque , completed in 879. Wijdan Ali also describes this as the first systematic use of the pointed variant. Horseshoe arches of a slightly pointed form were also used in Aghlabid architecture of the 9th century, including the Great Mosque of Kairouan (circa 836) and the Mosque of Ibn Khayrun (866). It was in Al-Andalus (on the Iberian Peninsula ) and western North Africa (the Maghreb ) that horseshoe arches developed their characteristic form. Prior to

261-1072: The Moorish arch and the keyhole arch , is a type of arch in which the circular curve is continued below the horizontal line of its diameter, so that the opening at the bottom of the arch is narrower than the arch's full span. Evidence for the earliest uses of this form are found in Late Antique and Sasanian architecture , and it was then used in Spain by the Visigoths . But in the 19th century, perhaps when these earlier uses had not been realized, it became emblematic of Islamic architecture , especially Moorish architecture and Mozarabic art in Iberia . It also made later appearances in Moorish Revival and Art Nouveau styles. Horseshoe arches can take rounded, pointed or lobed form. The origins of

290-725: The Mudéjar style , which developed from the 12th to the 16th centuries under Spanish Christian rule, continued the tradition of horseshoe arches in the Iberian Peninsula. Horseshoe arches also continued to be used in the Maghreb, in the architecture of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . Horseshoe arches were also common in Ghurid and Ghaznavid architecture (11th-13th centuries) in Central Asia , though in this region they had sharp pointed apexes, in contrast with those of

319-598: The Muslim invasion of Spain , the Visigoths of the Iberian Peninsula used them in their architecture . Although it is possible that Andalusi architecture borrowed the horseshoe arch from Umayyad Syria, these local precedents make it just as likely that it developed locally instead. The "Moorish" arch, however, was of a slightly different and more sophisticated form than the Visigothic arch, being less flat and more circular. The Umayyads of Al-Andalus, starting with

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348-726: The Sultan Qalawun Complex in Cairo, built in 1285. Andalusi-style horseshoe arches are also found alongside the minaret of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, probably dating from 13th-century renovations ordered by Sultan Lajin to the older 9th-century mosque. In addition to their use across the Islamic world, horseshoe arches became popular in Western countries in Moorish Revival architecture, which became fashionable in

377-587: The Umayyad Mosque of Damascus , though their horseshoe shape is not very pronounced. They are also found in the Umayyad Palace at the Amman Citadel in present-day Jordan . According to Giovanni Teresio Rivoira, an archeologist writing in the early 20th century, the pointed variant of the horseshoe arch is of Islamic origin. According to Rivoira, this type of arch was first used in

406-693: The 19th century. They were widely used in Moorish Revival synagogues. They were employed in the Neo-Mudéjar style in Spain, another type of Moorish Revival style. They are used in some forms of Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture , a 19th-century style associated with the British Raj . Exaggerated horseshoe arches were also popular in some forms of Art Nouveau architecture , notably in Brussels . Among other examples, this can be seen on

435-658: The Alhambra Woods, on the Sabika Hill leading to the Alhambra, where it remains today. Unfortunately, many of its original features were still lost. A Catholic Monarch hung a painting on the second arch of the gate: Our Lady of the Rose , named after the flower that the child is holding. Its sides are decorated with the initials of the kings. The kings may have placed the canvas there during one of their visits to

464-563: The Ears The Spanish name Bibrambla or Bibarrambla comes from the gate's Arabic name, Bab al-Ramla , meaning "Gate of Sand" or "Gate of the Sandbank". The gate was later nicknamed "Arch of the Ears" (Spanish: Arco de las Orejas ). Local legend suggests that this name is linked to the tradition of taking the ears (and other body parts) of executed criminals and hanging them for display. Another theory suggests that during

493-470: The city. A grandstand was also installed under the voussoirs of the first arc in 1507. The chapel was closed and left a hole that exposed the image of the Virgin to the plaza. This was common in many Spanish gates that contained such paintings. The purpose was to Christianize the main elements of Muslim architecture and show visitors the new religion of the newly conquered city. Originally, the painting followed

522-414: The family Haliotidae, also known as abalone, ear shells, or sea ears; See also [ edit ] Bunny ears (disambiguation) Ear (disambiguation) Ears , multiple form for the sense organ that detects sound Lend Me Your Ears (disambiguation) Rabbit Ears (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

551-532: The headquarters of video game company Electronic Arts Emirates Amateur Radio Society , a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in the United Arab Emirates Ultimate Ears , an American custom in-ear monitor (IEM), speaker, and earphone manufacturer Biology [ edit ] Auricularia auricula-judae , a fungus also known as "Jew's Ears" or "Judas's Ear" Venus's ears , gastropod molluscs in

580-823: The horseshoe arch are complicated. It appeared in pre-Islamic Sasanian architecture such as the Taq-i Kasra in present-day Iraq and the Palace of Ardashir in southwestern Iran (3rd century CE). It also appeared in Late Roman or Byzantine architecture , as well as in Roman Spain . In Byzantine Syria , the form was used in the Baptistery of Saint Jacob at Nusaybin (4th century CE) and in Qasr Ibn Wardan (564 CE). Another possible origin of

609-502: The horseshoe arch motif is India, where rock-cut temples with mildly incurved horseshoe arches survive from early periods, though these were sculpted in rock rather than constructed, and probably imitate earlier forms in wood. For example, horseshoe arch shapes are found in parts of the Ajanta Caves and Karla Caves dating from around the 1st century BCE to 1st century CE. Horseshoe arches made of baked brick have been found in

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638-552: The reign of Philip IV of Spain , a floating tablao carrying too many people had sunk. The ears of dead women were mutilated in an effort to remove their earrings, giving the Gate of the Ears its name. The original gate's construction is attributed to the Nasrid period (13th to 15th centuries) and credited to Sultan Yusuf I ( r.  1333–1354 ). The gate was built of rammed earth , with some elements made in stone. Topped by

667-608: The schemes of the late Spanish- Flemish school. Its Gothicism is most noticeable in the angels, smaller in size and with angular wings. By contrast, the faces of the Virgin and Child favored greater naturalism and remarkable sweetness. [REDACTED] Media related to Puerta de Bibarrambla at Wikimedia Commons 37°10′30″N 3°35′22″W  /  37.17500°N 3.58944°W  / 37.17500; -3.58944 Horseshoe arch The horseshoe arch ( Arabic : قوس حدوة الحصان ; Spanish : arco de herradura ), also called

696-692: The so-called Tomb of the Brick Arches in Aksum (present-day Ethiopia ), built during the Kingdom of Aksum and tentatively dated to the 4th century CE. In a 1991 publication, archeologist Stuart C. Munro-Hay suggests that these could be evidence that transmission of architectural ideas took place via routes not previously considered by scholars. He suggests that the brick-built horseshoe arches could have been an Aksumite innovation based on ideas transmitted via trade with India. Further evidence of their use

725-432: The title EARS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EARS&oldid=1018915138 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gate of

754-636: The use of horseshoe arches continued under the influence of previous Visigothic architecture and of contemporary Islamic architecture. The addition of an alfiz around horseshoe arches was one detail more specifically borrowed from Islamic styles. Starting in the 9th century, some Mozarabs (Christians living under Muslim rule) left al-Andalus and settled in the northern Christian territories, where they contributed to popularizing this form locally, as exemplified by San Miguel de Escalada (10th century). The Mozarabs also incorporated horseshoe arches into their art, such as in illuminated manuscripts . Under

783-955: The western Islamic world. Sometimes they were cusped or given multifoil flourishes. Around the same time or not long afterward, they begin to appear as far east as India , in Indo-Islamic architecture , such as in the Alai Darwaza gatehouse (dating from 1311) at the Qutb Complex in Delhi , though they were not a consistent feature in India. Some pointed arches with a slightly horseshoe shape appear in Ayyubid architecture in Syria. It appears, exceptionally, in some instances of Mamluk architecture . For example, it appears in some details of

812-472: Was documented in part thanks to the work of Scottish artist David Roberts . After demolition, the remaining pieces of the gate were stored in the Archeological Museum of Granada . In 1933 or 1935, Leopoldo Torres Balbás , the curator-architect in charge of the Alhambra's conservation, executed a partial reconstruction of the gate. The reconstructed structure was placed in a new location in

841-482: Was not primarily a military or defensive building, it had a more elegant line. In the 19th century the gate was designated a national monument . It was demolished between 1873 and 1884 on the orders of the city council, which wished to implement modernization projects. A campaign to preserve the gate was supported by the Spanish president of the time but failed to dissuade the council. The gate's former appearance

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