Misplaced Pages

#856143

46-590: EHG may refer to Eastern Hunter-Gatherer , an archaeogenetic lineage Eyehategod Ezdan Holding Group , a Qatari holding company Hagen Hauptbahnhof , a railway station in Hagen, Germany EH Güterverkehr, a subsidiary of Eisenbahn und Häfen GmbH Eskualdeko Hiri Garraioa , the Pamplona city transport Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

92-585: A punitive expedition of Cossacks and gendarmes led by the vice-governor of the governorate in Samara. After the decree of Tsar Nicholas II on religious tolerance the Old Believers were forced to pay taxes in favour to the Orthodox Church that they believed to be heretical. The then Ministry of Interior forbade Samara's public officials to prosecute in this practice, which was contrary to

138-419: A border territory. At the end of 2012, there are protected areas of the following categories in the Samara region: state nature reserve, national parks , biosphere reserves, protected areas of regional importance, botanical gardens , therapeutic areas. At the moment, a unique network of various protected natural areas has been formed in the Samara region. It is based on protected areas of federal significance:

184-501: A distance of about 3,000 kilometers, reaching as far as the Baltic Sea . This technological spread was much faster than the spread of agriculture itself, and mainly occurred through technology transfer between hunter-gatherer groups, rather than through the demic diffusion of agriculturalists. Samara Oblast The oblast borders Tatarstan in the north, Orenburg Oblast in the east, Kazakhstan ( West Kazakhstan Province ) in

230-478: A large number of skeletons of prehistoric Eastern Europe. Thirty-seven samples were from Mesolithic and Neolithic Ukraine (9500-6000 BC). These were classified as intermediate between EHG and SHG. The males belonged exclusively to R haplotypes (particularly subclades of R1b1 and R1a ) and I haplotypes (particularly subclades of I2 ). Mitochondrial DNA belonged almost exclusively to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4 ). A large number of individuals from

276-554: A new ancestral component, West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG). WSHGs contained about 20% EHG ancestry, 73% ANE ancestry, and 6% East Asian ancestry. The EHG have been argued by some to represent a possible source for the Pre-Proto-Indo-European language (see also Father Tongue hypothesis ). Unlike the Yamnaya culture people (or closely related groups), which are associated with speakers of Proto-Indo-European,

322-527: A rebellion took place in November that year at the village of Novaya Tsarevshchina (now Volzhsky) and spread to the village of Stary Buyan, leading to the formation of the short-lived separatist state, the Stary Buyan Republic , within the governorate. There was little local opposition to the new state, and after the failure of local police to end the rebellion, it was successfully suppressed by

368-465: A sample of Y-DNA extracted from a Pit–Comb Ware individual. This belonged to R1a15-YP172 . The four samples of mtDNA extracted constituted two samples of U5b1d1 , one sample of U5a2d , and one sample of U4a . Günther et al. (2018) analyzed 13 SHGs and found all of them to be of EHG ancestry. Generally, SHGs from western and northern Scandinavia had more EHG ancestry (ca 49%) than individuals from eastern Scandinavia (ca. 38%). The authors suggested that

414-458: Is a distinct ancestral component that represents Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe . The eastern hunter-gatherer genetic profile is mainly derived from Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry, which was introduced from Siberia , with a secondary and smaller admixture of European western hunter-gatherers (WHG). However, the relationship between the ANE and EHG ancestral components

460-675: Is by far the main component of the Yuzhny Oleny group, and is among the highest within the rest of the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG). As hunter-gatherers, the EHGs initially relied on stone tools and artifacts derived from ivory, horns or antlers. From circa 5,900 BC, they started to adopt pottery in the area of the northern Caspian Sea , or possibly from beyond the Ural. In barely three or four centuries, pottery spread over

506-655: Is not yet well understood due to lack of samples that could bridge the spatiotemporal gap. During the Mesolithic, the EHGs inhabited an area stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Urals and downwards to the Pontic–Caspian steppe . Along with Scandinavian hunter-gatherers (SHG) and western hunter-gatherers (WHG), the EHGs constituted one of the three main genetic groups in the postglacial period of early Holocene Europe. The border between WHGs and EHGs ran roughly from

SECTION 10

#1732772004857

552-707: Is on the border with the Republic of Tatarstan (54°41's. w. and 51°23' v. d.). The westernmost point lies on the border with the Ulyanovsk region (53°22' s. w. and 47°55' v. d.), and the extreme eastern one is on the border with the Orenburg region (54°20's. w. and 52°35' v. d.). Due to the proximity of the West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan , part of the Bolshechnigovsky district has the status of

598-541: Is the largest city in Russia which does not serve as the administrative center of a federal subject. Population : 3,172,925 ( 2021 Census ) ; 3,215,532 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,239,737 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,265,586 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.33 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 69.33 years (male — 64.62, female — 73.86) Ethnic groups : According to

644-818: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation , 2 from A Just Russia - For Truth , 1 from the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia , 1 from New People . Gennady Kotelnikov (United Russia) was elected chairman of the Duma. Andrey Kislov (United Russia) was elected as the representative of the Samara provincial Duma in the Federation Council until 2026. Since September 2017, the position of Governor of Samara Oblast has been held by Dmitry Azarov . On 25 September 2017, he

690-539: The Dnieper Rapids for a period of 4,000 years. The Ukrainian samples belonged exclusively to the maternal haplogroup U , which is found in around 80% of all European hunter-gatherer samples. The people of the Pit–Comb Ware culture (PCW/CCC) of the eastern Baltic bear 65% EHG ancestry. This is in contrast to earlier hunter-gatherers in the area, who were more closely related to WHG. This was demonstrated using

736-790: The Indo-European languages were initially spoken by EHGs living in Eastern Europe. Others have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in Eastern Europe, but among CHG-rich West Asian populations South of the Caucasus which later absorbed EHG-rich groups North of the Caucasus. It was noted that haplogroups may not correlate with autosomal ancestry components and historical language dispersals. The EHGs are suggested to have had mostly brown eyes and light skin, with "intermediate frequencies of

782-641: The Iron Gates Mesolithic in the Balkans were estimated to be of 85% WHG and 15% EHG descent. The males at these sites carried exclusively R1b1a and I (mostly subclades of I2a ) haplotypes. mtDNA belonged mostly to U (particularly subclades of U5 and U4 ). People of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture were found to harbor about 20% hunter-gatherer ancestry, which was intermediate between EHG and WHG. Narasimshan et al. (2019) coined

828-786: The KITLG gene that controls melanocyte development and melanin synthesis, which is associated with blond hair and first found in an individual from Siberia dated to around 17,000 BP, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine c.  10,000 BP , suggesting that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia. Many remains of East Hunter-Gatherers dated to circa 8,100 BP (6,100 BCE) have also been excavated at Yuzhny Oleny island in Lake Onega . The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry

874-592: The Zvejnieki burial ground , which mostly belonged to the Kunda culture and Narva culture in the eastern Baltic, were analyzed. These individuals were mostly of WHG descent in the earlier phases, but over time EHG ancestry became predominant. The Y-DNA of this site belonged almost exclusively to haplotypes of haplogroup R1b1a1a and I2a1 . The mtDNA belonged exclusively to haplogroup U (particularly subclades of U2 , U4 and U5 ). Forty individuals from three sites of

920-519: The 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the oblast was: According to a 2012 survey 35% of the population of Samara Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to any church or are members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 3% are Muslims , and 1% of the population are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic folk religion). In addition, 30% of

966-577: The ANE lineage (represented by Malta and Afontova Gora 3), which later substantially contributed to the formation of the EHG. The formation of the EHG ancestral component is estimated to have happened 13,000–15,000 years BP. EHG associated remains belonged primarily to the human Y-chromosome haplogroups R1 , with a lower frequency of haplogroup J and Q . Their mitochondrial chromosomes belonged primarily to haplogroup U2 , U4 , U5 , as well as C1 and R1b . Geneflow from an East Asian-like source towards

SECTION 20

#1732772004857

1012-580: The Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the decision of the presidium of the parliament to rename the region, amending Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, which entered into force on May 16, 1992. On 1 August 1997 Samara Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 22 February 2002. Tolyatti

1058-543: The EHG contributed around 9.4% (4.4%–14.7%). EHGs may have mixed with "an Armenian-like Near Eastern source", which formed the Yamnaya culture, as early as the Eneolithic (5200-4000 BC). The people of the Yamnaya culture were found to be a mix of EHG and a "Near Eastern related population". During the 3rd millennium BC, the Yamnaya people embarked on a massive expansion throughout Europe , which significantly altered

1104-521: The EHG-rich Dnieper–Donets culture people show no evidence of Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) or Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry. Both Dnieper-Donets males and Yamnaya males carry the same paternal haplogroups (R1b and I2a), suggesting that the CHG and EEF admixture among the Yamnaya came through EHG males mixing with EEF and CHG females. Based on this, David W. Anthony , this suggests that

1150-563: The Internal and External Capital Markets"). Samara Oblast (or Samara Region) has several special investment sites which are built to implement new plants, industries, factories, create new jobs and increase investments in the Samara Region. In order to help Russian and foreign investors to select a site for project implementation, to provide consulting services free of charge Ministry for Economic Development, Investments and Trade of

1196-862: The Middle Volga Krai were renamed Kuybyshev and Kuybyshev Krai, respectively, in honor of the Bolshevik leader Valerian Kuybyshev . On December 5, 1936, Kuybyshev Krai was transformed into Kuybyshev Oblast upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution . On January 25, 1991 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the Kuibyshev Oblast was renamed the Samara Oblast. On April 21, 1992,

1242-458: The Pit–Comb Ware culture was more closely related to EHG. Northern and eastern areas of the eastern Baltic were found to be more closely related to EHG than southern areas. The study noted that EHGs, like SHGs and Baltic hunter-gatherers, carried high frequencies of the derived alleles for SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, which are codings for light skin . Mathieson et al. (2018) analyzed the genetics of

1288-544: The SHGs were a mix of WHGs who had migrated into Scandinavia from the south, and EHGs who had later migrated into Scandinavia from the northeast along the Norwegian coast. SHGs displayed higher frequences of genetic variants that cause light skin ( SLC45A2 and SLC24A5 ), and light eyes ( OCA/Herc2 ), than WHGs and EHGs. Members of the Kunda culture and Narva culture were also found to be more closely related with WHG, while

1334-537: The Samara Region organized a Non-Profit Unitary Organization – Fund "Investment Promotion Agency of the Samara Region". The Agency cooperates with investors on the "one-stop-shop" principle, as well as: During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Samara CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of

1380-472: The blue-eye variants" and "high frequencies of the light-skin variants." An EHG from Karelia was determined by Günther (2018) to have high probabilities of being brown-eyed and dark haired, with a predicted intermediate skin tone. Another EHG from Samara was predicted to be light skinned, and was determined to have a high probability of being blue-eyed with a light hair shade, with a 75% calculated probability of being blond-haired. The rs12821256 allele of

1426-484: The central regions of the region and is represented by a combination of areas of broad-leaved forests, most often oak and meadow steppes. Red deer , roe deer , elk , and sometimes bears are found in these forests. The south of the region is occupied by steppes consisting of typchak and sagebrush . The Samara region contains a remarkable succession of archaeological cultures from 7000 BC to 4000 BC. These sites have revealed Europe's earliest pottery ( Elshanka culture ),

EHG - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-580: The day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . Governors: The current 7th convocation was elected in September 2021 until 2026. All 50 deputies were elected from parties: 36 from United Russia , 10 from

1518-739: The genetic landscape of the continent. The expansion gave rise to cultures such as Corded Ware , and was possibly the source of the distribution of Indo-European languages in Europe. The people of the Mesolithic Kunda culture and the Narva culture of the eastern Baltic were a mix of WHG and EHG, showing the closest affinity with WHG. Samples from the Ukrainian Mesolithic and Neolithic were found to cluster tightly together between WHG and EHG, suggesting genetic continuity in

1564-609: The lower Danube , northward along the western forests of the Dnieper towards the western Baltic Sea . During the Neolithic and early Eneolithic , likely during the 4th millennium BC , EHGs on the Pontic–Caspian steppe mixed with Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHGs) with the resulting population, almost half-EHG and half-CHG, forming the genetic cluster known as Western Steppe Herder (WSH). WSH populations closely related to

1610-463: The middle reaches of the Volga , on both sides of it. This is the fifth largest region of the Volga region — it occupies an area of 53.6 thousand km2, which is 0.31% of the territory of Russia. The region stretches from north to south for 335 km, and from west to east for 315 km. The southernmost point of the region lies on the border with Kazakhstan (51°47' s. w. and 50°47' v. d.), the northernmost point

1656-675: The oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Samara Oblast is the fundamental law of

1702-578: The oblast. The Legislative Assembly of Samara Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run

1748-570: The people of the Yamnaya culture are supposed to have embarked on a massive migration leading to the spread of Indo-European languages throughout large parts of Eurasia. Haak et al. (2015) identified the EHG as a distinct genetic cluster in two males only. The EHG male of Samara (dated to ca. 5650–5550 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a* and mt-haplogroup U5a1d . The other EHG male, buried in Karelia (dated to ca. 5500-5000 BC) carried Y-haplogroup R1a1 and mt-haplogoup C1g . The authors of

1794-475: The population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is atheist , and a further 10% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. In 1997, Samara Oblast became one of the few federal subjects to receive the approval of the President of Russia to implement external bonded loans (Presidential decree No. 1212, dated 12.10.1997 "On Creating Conditions to Conduct Loans Operations on

1840-449: The south, Saratov Oblast in the southwest and Ulyanovsk Oblast in the west. It is located in 3 natural landscape zones: the forest zone (coniferous and broad-leaved forests), the basis of which is pine-oak forests, pine forests and broad-leaved forests with the participation of oak and maple. Spruce occasionally joins them. Areas of the southern taiga are found on the coast of the region. The forest-steppe zone occupies

1886-600: The spirit of the decree. During the Russian Civil War , the region was heavily affected by the Russian famine of 1921–1922 . Under Soviet rule most of the governorate's territory was transformed into the Middle Volga Oblast, which was established on May 14, 1928, and a year later on October 20, 1929, it was again transformed into Middle Volga Krai. On January 27, 1935, Samara and

EHG - Misplaced Pages Continue

1932-413: The study also identified a WHG cluster and an SHG cluster, intermediate between WHG and EHG. They suggested that EHGs harbored mixed ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians (ANEs) and WHGs. Researchers have proposed various admixture proportion models for EHGs from WHGs and ANEs. Posth et al. (2023) found that most EHG individuals carried c. 70% ANE ancestry and c. 30% WHG ancestry The WHG-like ancestry

1978-583: The title EHG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EHG&oldid=967968017 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Eastern Hunter-Gatherer In archaeogenetics , eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) , sometimes east European hunter-gatherer or eastern European hunter-gatherer ,

2024-592: The world's oldest horse burial and signs of horse worship (the Syezzheye cemetery of Samara culture ) and the earliest kurgans associated with Proto-Indo-Europeans (e.g., Krivoluchye assigned to Khvalynsk culture ). The Russian Empire established the Samara Governorate as a guberniya in the area in 1851. It was administered from the city of Samara . During the Revolution of 1905 ,

2070-658: Was appointed acting governor by President Putin after the early resignation of Nikolay Merkushkin , and on 9 September 2018, he was elected by the United Russia party in early elections . Farit Mukhametshin has been appointed representative in the Federation Council of the Government of the Samara Region until 2023. The region is located in the southeastern part of the European territory of Russia, in

2116-470: Was most likely not derived from the Oberkassel and Villabruna clusters directly, but from a related and yet unsampled Epigravettian population. The high contribution from Ancient North Eurasians is also visible in a subtle affinity of the EHG to the 40,000-year-old Tianyuan man from Northern China and other East/Southeast Asians, which can be explained by geneflow from a Tianyuan-related source into

#856143