66-707: EPH or Eph may refer to: Science and technology [ edit ] Ephedrine Ephrin receptor Extractable petroleum hydrocarbons Environmental Public Health Transportation [ edit ] East Pakenham railway station , Melbourne Elephant & Castle railway station , in London Ephrata station , in Ephrata, Washington, United States Ephrata Municipal Airport , Washington, United States Other uses [ edit ] Eph (album) , by British post-rock band Fridge Energetický
132-469: A decongestant . The drug is additionally available in combination with guaifenesin in the form of oral tablets and liquids. Ephedrine is provided as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt in pharmaceutical formulations. Ephedrine should not be used in conjunction with certain antidepressants, namely norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), as this increases the risk of symptoms due to excessive serum levels of norepinephrine. Bupropion
198-404: A hydroxyl group at the β position . Because of ephedrine's structural similarity to methamphetamine, it can be used to create methamphetamine using chemical reduction in which ephedrine's hydroxyl group is removed; this has made ephedrine a highly sought-after chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine . The most popular method for reducing ephedrine to methamphetamine
264-452: A neoclassical compound built from the combining forms tachy- + -cardia , which are from the Greek ταχύς tachys , "quick, rapid" and καρδία, kardia , "heart". As a matter both of usage choices in the medical literature and of idiom in natural language , the words tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia are usually used interchangeably, or loosely enough that precise differentiation
330-411: A performance-enhancing drug in exercise and sports . It can increase heart rate , blood pressure , and cardiac contractility as well as act as a psychostimulant . Ephedrine is often used in combination with caffeine for performance-enhancing purposes. In chemical synthesis , ephedrine is used in bulk quantities as a chiral auxiliary group. In saquinavir synthesis, the half-acid
396-478: A sympathomimetic amine , acts on part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing activation of α- and β-adrenergic receptors via induction of norepinephrine release . The presence of direct interactions with α-adrenergic receptors is unlikely, but still controversial. L -ephedrine, and particularly its stereoisomer norpseudoephedrine (which
462-620: A diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Many commercial immunoassay screening tests directed at the amphetamines cross-react appreciably with ephedrine, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish ephedrine from other phenethylamine derivatives. Blood or plasma ephedrine concentrations are typically in the 20–200 μg/L range in persons taking the drug therapeutically, 300–3000 μg/L in abusers or poisoned patients and 3–20 mg/L in cases of acute fatal overdosage. The current World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) limit for ephedrine in an athlete's urine
528-467: A long QT interval. Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes ( paroxysmal tachycardia ) , but if VT persists it is extremely dangerous, often leading to ventricular fibrillation . This is a type of tachycardia that originates from above the ventricles, such as the atria. It is sometimes known as paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT). Several types of supraventricular tachycardia are known to exist. Atrial fibrillation
594-731: A melting point of 187−188 °C. The racemic form of ephedrine is racephedrine ((±)-ephedrine; dl -ephedrine; (1 RS ,2 SR )-ephedrine). A stereoisomer of ephedrine is pseudoephedrine . Derivatives of ephedrine include methylephedrine ( N -methylephedrine), etafedrine ( N -ethylephedrine), cinnamedrine ( N -cinnamylephedrine), and oxilofrine (4-hydroxyephedrine). Analogues of ephedrine include phenylpropanolamine (norephedrine) and metaraminol (3-hydroxynorephedrine). The presence of an N - methyl group decreases binding affinities at α-adrenergic receptors, compared with norephedrine. Ephedrine, though, binds better than N -methylephedrine , which has an additional methyl group at
660-404: A narrow complex tachycardia, intravenous adenosine may be attempted. In all others, immediate cardioversion is recommended. If the problem is a simple acceleration of the heart rate that worries the patient, but the heart and the general patient's health remain stable enough, it is possible to correct it by a simple deceleration using some physical maneuvers called vagal maneuvers . But, if
726-532: A natural health product, with a limit of 0.4 g (400 mg) per package, the limit established by the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act as it is considered as Class A Precursor. In 1997, the FDA proposed a regulation on ephedra (the herb from which ephedrine is obtained), which limited an ephedra dose to 8 mg (of active ephedrine) with no more than 24 mg per day. This proposed rule
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#1732797394278792-483: A normal human resting heart rate is based on age. Cutoff values for tachycardia in different age groups are fairly well standardized; typical cutoffs are listed below: Heart rate is considered in the context of the prevailing clinical picture. When the heart beats excessively or rapidly, the heart pumps less efficiently and provides less blood flow to the rest of the body, including the heart itself. The increased heart rate also leads to increased work and oxygen demand by
858-672: A průmyslový holding , a Czech energy company E Pluribus Hugo voting system used by the Hugo Awards , a single divisible vote with least popular elimination Epistle to the Ephesians , a book of the Christian Bible Europapress Holding , now Hanza Media, a Croatian media company Williams Ephs , the athletic teams at Williams College Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
924-789: A qualified physician and only when other options are unavailable. Ephedrine is a potentially dangerous natural compound; as of 2004 the US Food and Drug Administration had received over 18,000 reports of adverse effects in people using it. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are more common with systemic administration (e.g. injection or oral administration) compared to topical administration (e.g. nasal instillations). ADRs associated with ephedrine therapy include: Overdose of ephedrine may result in sympathomimetic symptoms like tachycardia and hypertension . Ephedrine with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) like phenelzine and tranylcypromine can result in hypertensive crisis . Ephedrine,
990-435: Is oxidatively deaminated into benzoic acid , and a small fraction is converted into 1,2-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropane. Ephedrine is eliminated mainly in urine , with 60% (range 53–79%) excreted unchanged. The elimination half-life of ephedrine is 6 hours. Its duration of action orally is 2 to 4 hours and via intravenous or intramuscular injection is 60 minutes. The elimination of ephedrine
1056-698: Is 10 μg/mL. Ephedrine in its natural form, known as máhuáng (麻黄) in traditional Chinese medicine , has been documented in China since the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) as an antiasthmatic and stimulant. In traditional Chinese medicine, máhuáng has been used as a treatment for asthma and bronchitis for centuries. In 1885, the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi based on his research on traditional Japanese and Chinese herbal medicines . The industrial manufacture of ephedrine in China began in
1122-421: Is 10 to 20 minutes, and via intravenous infusion is within seconds. Its plasma protein binding is approximately 24 to 29%, with 5 to 10% bound to albumin . Ephedrine is largely not metabolized . Norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) is an active metabolite of ephedrine formed via N - demethylation . About 8 to 20% of an oral dose of ephedrine is demethylated into norephedrine, about 4 to 13%
1188-420: Is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and sympathomimetic agent that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia . It has also been used for asthma , narcolepsy , and obesity but is not the preferred treatment. It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion . It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle , vein , or just under the skin . Onset with intravenous use
1254-443: Is a non- catecholamine sympathomimetic with cardiovascular effects similar to those of adrenaline /epinephrine: increased blood pressure, heart rate and contractility. Like pseudoephedrine it is a bronchodilator , with pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect. Ephedrine may decrease motion sickness , but it has mainly been used to decrease the sedating effects of other medications used for motion sickness. Ephedrine
1320-513: Is also found to have quick and long-lasting responsiveness in congenital myasthenic syndrome in early childhood and also even in the adults with a novel COLQ mutation. Ephedrine is administered by intravenous boluses. Redosing usually requires increased doses to offset the development of tachyphylaxis , which is attributed to the depletion of catecholamine stores. Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss , specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown. In mice, ephedrine
1386-472: Is also present in Catha edulis ) has indirect sympathomimetic effects and due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier , it is a CNS stimulant similar to amphetamines , but less pronounced, as it releases norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain . The oral bioavailability of ephedrine is 88%. The onset of action of ephedrine orally is 15 to 60 minutes, via intramuscular injection
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#17327973942781452-404: Is an example of an antidepressant with an amphetamine-like structure similar to ephedrine, and it is an NDRI. Its action bears more resemblance to amphetamine than to fluoxetine in that its primary mode of therapeutic action involves norepinephrine and to a lesser degree dopamine, but it also releases some serotonin from presynaptic clefts. It should not be used with ephedrine, as it may increase
1518-469: Is available as a prescription-only pharmaceutical drug in the form of an intravenous solution , under brand names including Akovaz, Corphedra, Emerphed, and Rezipres as well as in generic forms , in the United States . It is also available over-the-counter in the form of 12.5 and 25 mg oral tablets for use as a bronchodilator and as a 0.5% concentration nasal spray for use as
1584-622: Is called reflex tachycardia. This can happen in response to a decrease in blood volume (through dehydration or bleeding ), or an unexpected change in blood flow . The most common cause of the latter is orthostatic hypotension (also called postural hypotension ). Fever , hyperventilation , diarrhea and severe infections can also cause tachycardia, primarily due to increase in metabolic demands. Upon exertion, sinus tachycardia can also be seen in some inborn errors of metabolism that result in metabolic myopathies , such as McArdle's disease (GSD-V) . Metabolic myopathies interfere with
1650-474: Is called pseudoephedrine. The isomer which is marketed is (−)-(1 R ,2 S )-ephedrine. In the outdated D / L system (+)-ephedrine is also referred to as D -ephedrine and (−)-ephedrine as L -ephedrine (in which case, in the Fisher projection , the phenyl ring is drawn at the bottom). Often, the D / L system (with small caps ) and the d/l system (with lower-case ) are confused. The result
1716-435: Is currently limited and monitored, with specifics varying from state to state. Tachycardia Tachycardia , also called tachyarrhythmia , is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate . In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise ) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within
1782-418: Is dependent on urinary pH . Ephedrine, or (−)-(1 R ,2 S )-ephedrine, also known as (1 R ,2 S )-β-hydroxy- N -methyl-α-methyl-β-phenethylamine or as (1 R ,2 S )-β-hydroxy- N -methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative . It is similar in chemical structure to phenylpropanolamine , methamphetamine , and epinephrine (adrenaline). It differs from methamphetamine only by
1848-515: Is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect. When given by injection, it lasts about an hour, and when taken by mouth, it can last up to four hours. Common side effects include trouble sleeping , anxiety , headache , hallucinations , high blood pressure , fast heart rate , loss of appetite , and urinary retention . Serious side effects include stroke and heart attack . While likely safe in pregnancy , its use in this population
1914-415: Is its INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BAN Tooltip British Approved Name , while the hydrochloride salt of the racemic form is racephedrine hydrochloride and this is its USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name . As a phenethylamine , ephedrine has a similar chemical structure to amphetamines and is a methamphetamine analog having the methamphetamine structure with
1980-454: Is known to stimulate thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue , but because adult humans have only small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place mostly in the skeletal muscle . Ephedrine also decreases gastric emptying . Methylxanthines such as caffeine and theophylline have a synergistic effect with ephedrine with respect to weight loss. This led to creation and marketing of compound products. One of them, known as
2046-436: Is no such term as "healthy/physiologic supraventricular tachycardia". The same themes are also true of AVRT and AVNRT . Thus this pair is an example of when a particular prescription (which may have been tenable 50 or 100 years earlier) can no longer be invariably enforced without violating idiom. But the power to differentiate in an idiomatic way is not lost, regardless, because when the specification of physiologic tachycardia
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2112-437: Is not explicit. Some careful writers have tried to maintain a logical differentiation between them, which is reflected in major medical dictionaries and major general dictionaries. The distinction is that tachycardia be reserved for the rapid heart rate itself, regardless of cause, physiologic or pathologic (that is, from healthy response to exercise or from cardiac arrhythmia ), and that tachyarrhythmia be reserved for
2178-456: Is not generally needed. Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. It is usually a regular, wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute. A medically significant subvariant of ventricular tachycardia is called torsades de pointes (literally meaning "twisting of the points", due to its appearance on an EKG), which tends to result from
2244-533: Is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . It is available as a generic medication . It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra genus. Over-the-counter dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the United States , with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese medicine , where its presence is noted by má huáng . Ephedrine
2310-749: Is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. In general, it is an irregular, narrow complex rhythm. However, it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a bundle branch block is present. At high rates, the QRS complex may also become wide due to the Ashman phenomenon . It may be difficult to determine the rhythm's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute. Depending on the patient's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control, atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute (or even higher if an accessory pathway
2376-412: Is poorly studied. Use during breastfeeding is not recommended. Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α- and β-adrenergic receptors . Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1 R ,2 S )- enantiomer of β-hydroxy- N -methylamphetamine . Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926. It
2442-643: Is present). However, new-onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common reentrant tachycardia. It is a regular narrow complex tachycardia that usually responds well to the Valsalva maneuver or the drug adenosine . However, unstable patients sometimes require synchronized cardioversion . Definitive care may include catheter ablation . AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) requires an accessory pathway for its maintenance. AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction (where
2508-435: Is resolved as its salt with l-ephedrine. In January 2002, Health Canada issued a voluntary recall of all ephedrine products containing more than 8 mg per dose, all combinations of ephedrine with other stimulants such as caffeine, and all ephedrine products marketed for weight-loss or bodybuilding indications, citing a serious risk to health. Ephedrine is still sold as an oral nasal decongestant in 8 mg pills as
2574-708: Is similar to the Birch reduction , in that it uses anhydrous ammonia and lithium metal in the reaction. The second-most popular method uses red phosphorus and iodine in the reaction with ephedrine. Moreover, ephedrine can be synthesized into methcathinone via simple oxidation . As such, ephedrine is listed as a table-I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances . Ephedrine has been used as
2640-414: Is that the levorotary l-ephedrine is wrongly named L -ephedrine and the dextrorotary d-pseudoephedrine (the diastereomer) wrongly D -pseudoephedrine. The IUPAC names of the two enantiomers are (1 R ,2 S )- respectively (1 S ,2 R )-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol. A synonym is erythro -ephedrine. Ephedrine may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor possible abuse by athletes, confirm
2706-481: Is the generic name of the drug and its BAN Tooltip British Approved Name . Its DCF Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française is ephédrine while its DCIT Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana is efedrina . In the case of the hydrochloride salt , its generic name is ephedrine hydrochloride and this is its USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name , BANM Tooltip British Approved Name , and JAN Tooltip Japanese Accepted Name . In
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2772-473: Is thought to be 220 bpm minus age. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a diagnosis of exclusion , a rare but benign type of cardiac arrhythmia that may be caused by a structural abnormality in the sinus node . It can occur in seemingly healthy individuals with no history of cardiovascular disease. Other causes may include autonomic nervous system deficits , autoimmune response, or drug interactions. Although symptoms might be distressing, treatment
2838-459: The ECA stack , contains ephedrine with caffeine and aspirin. It is a popular supplement taken by bodybuilders seeking to cut body fat before a competition. A 2021 systematic review found that ephedrine led to a 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) weight loss greater than placebo, raised heart rate , and reduced LDL and raised HDL , with no statistically significant difference in blood pressure . Ephedrine
2904-541: The 1920s, when Merck began marketing and selling the drug as ephetonin. Ephedrine exports from China to the West grew from 4 to 216 tonnes between 1926 and 1928. Ephedrine was first introduced for medical use in the United States in 1926. It was introduced in 1948 in Vicks Vatronol nose drops (now discontinued) which contained ephedrine sulfate as the active ingredient for rapid nasal decongestion. Ephedrine
2970-791: The FDA did not have proper evidence that low dosages of ephedrine alkaloids are actually unsafe, but on August 17, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver upheld the FDA's final rule declaring all dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated, and therefore illegal for marketing in the United States. Furthermore, ephedrine is banned by the NCAA, MLB, NFL, and PGA. Ephedrine is, however, still legal in many applications outside of dietary supplements. Purchasing
3036-433: The aforementioned activities and time frames. Those with GSD-V also experience " second wind ", after approximately 6–10 minutes of light-moderate aerobic activity, such as walking without an incline, where the heart rate drops and symptoms of exercise intolerance improve. An increase in sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes the heart rate to increase, both by the direct action of sympathetic nerve fibers on
3102-422: The case of the sulfate salt, its generic name is ephedrine sulfate or ephedrine sulphate and the former is its USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name while the latter is its BANM Tooltip British Approved Name . A synonym of ephedrine sulfate is isofedrol . These names all refer to the (1 R ,2 R )- enantiomer of ephedrine. The racemic form of ephedrine is known as racephedrine and this
3168-445: The cause of the tachycardia is chronic (permanent), it would return after some time, unless that cause is corrected. Besides, the patient should avoid receiving external effects that cause or increase tachycardia. The same measures than in unstable tachycardia can also be taken, with medications and the type of cardioversion that is appropriate for the patient's tachycardia. The word tachycardia came to English from Neo-Latin as
3234-450: The emergency treatment of AVRT, because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway. Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction. It tends to be a regular, narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity. The management of tachycardia depends on its type (wide complex versus narrow complex), whether or not
3300-494: The existing medical literature ignores it even when the words stand alone but also because the terms for specific types of arrhythmia (standard collocations of adjectives and noun) are deeply established idiomatically with the tachycardia version as the more commonly used version. Thus SVT is called supraventricular tachycardia more than twice as often as it is called supraventricular tachyarrhythmia; moreover, those two terms are always completely synonymous—in natural language there
3366-453: The experimental log P of methamphetamine is 2.1, of amphetamine is 1.8, of pseudoephedrine is 0.89, of phenylpropanolamine is 0.7, of phenylephrine is -0.3, and of norepinephrine is -1.2. Methamphetamine has high brain permeability, whereas phenylephrine and norepinephrine are peripherally selective drugs . The optimal log P for brain permeation and central activity is about 2.1 (range 1.5–2.7). Ephedrine hydrochloride has
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#17327973942783432-659: The heart and by causing the endocrine system to release hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) , which have a similar effect. Increased sympathetic stimulation is usually due to physical or psychological stress. This is the basis for the so-called fight-or-flight response , but such stimulation can also be induced by stimulants such as ephedrine , amphetamines or cocaine . Certain endocrine disorders such as pheochromocytoma can also cause epinephrine release and can result in tachycardia independent of nervous system stimulation. Hyperthyroidism can also cause tachycardia. The upper limit of normal rate for sinus tachycardia
3498-587: The heart). Tachycardia can lead to fainting . When the rate of blood flow becomes too rapid, or fast blood flow passes on damaged endothelium , it increases the friction within vessels resulting in turbulence and other disturbances. According to the Virchow's triad , this is one of the three conditions (along with hypercoagulability and endothelial injury/dysfunction ) that can lead to thrombosis (i.e., blood clots within vessels). Some causes of tachycardia include: Drug related: The upper threshold of
3564-517: The heart, which can lead to rate related ischemia . An electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to classify the type of tachycardia. They may be classified into narrow and wide complex based on the QRS complex . Equal or less than 0.1s for narrow complex. Presented in order of most to least common, they are: Tachycardias may be classified as either narrow complex tachycardias (supraventricular tachycardias) or wide complex tachycardias. Narrow and wide refer to
3630-473: The impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway) or antidromic conduction (which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node). Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia, and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics ventricular tachycardia . Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in
3696-402: The likelihood of side effects. Ephedrine should be used with caution in patients with inadequate fluid replacement, impaired adrenal function, hypoxia , hypercapnia , acidosis , hypertension , hyperthyroidism , prostatic hypertrophy , diabetes mellitus , cardiovascular disease, during delivery if maternal blood pressure is >130/80 mmHg, and during lactation. Contraindications for
3762-413: The muscle's ability to create energy. This energy shortage in muscle cells causes an inappropriate rapid heart rate in response to exercise. The heart tries to compensate for the energy shortage by increasing heart rate to maximize delivery of oxygen and other blood borne fuels to the muscle cells. "In McArdle's, our heart rate tends to increase in what is called an 'inappropriate' response. That is, after
3828-440: The nitrogen atom. Also the steric orientation of the hydroxyl group is important for receptor binding and functional activity. Ephedrine exhibits optical isomerism and has two chiral centres, giving rise to four stereoisomers . By convention, the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1 R ,2 S ) and (1 S ,2 R ) is designated ephedrine, while the pair of enantiomers with the stereochemistry (1 R ,2 R ) and (1 S ,2 S )
3894-468: The pathologic form (that is, an arrhythmia of the rapid rate type). This is why five of the previously referenced dictionaries do not enter cross-references indicating synonymy between their entries for the two words (as they do elsewhere whenever synonymy is meant), and it is why one of them explicitly specifies that the two words not be confused. But the prescription will probably never be successfully imposed on general usage , not only because much of
3960-437: The person is stable or unstable, and whether the instability is due to the tachycardia. Unstable means that either important organ functions are affected or cardiac arrest is about to occur. Stable means that there is a tachycardia, but it does not seem an immediate threat for the patient's health, but only a symptom of an unknown disease, or a reaction that is not very dangerous in that moment. In those that are unstable with
4026-477: The presence of a hydroxyl group (–OH). Chemically, ephedrine is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae ). It is most usually marketed as the hydrochloride or sulfate salt . It has an experimental log P of 1.13, while its predicted log P values range from 0.9 to 1.32. The lipophilicity of amphetamines is closely related to their brain permeability . For comparison to ephedrine,
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#17327973942784092-437: The start of exercise it increases much more quickly than would be expected in someone unaffected by McArdle's." As skeletal muscle relies predominantly on glycogenolysis for the first few minutes as it transitions from rest to activity, as well as throughout high-intensity aerobic activity and all anaerobic activity, individuals with GSD-V experience during exercise: sinus tachycardia, tachypnea , muscle fatigue and pain, during
4158-445: The title EPH . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EPH&oldid=1224041243 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ephedrine Ephedrine
4224-512: The use of ephedrine include: closed-angle glaucoma , phaeochromocytoma , asymmetric septal hypertrophy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis), concomitant or recent (previous 14 days) monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) therapy, general anaesthesia with halogenated hydrocarbons (particularly halothane), tachyarrhythmias or ventricular fibrillation, or hypersensitivity to ephedrine or other stimulants. Ephedrine should not be used at any time during pregnancy unless specifically indicated by
4290-480: The width of the QRS complex on the ECG . Narrow complex tachycardias tend to originate in the atria, while wide complex tachycardias tend to originate in the ventricles. Tachycardias can be further classified as either regular or irregular. The body has several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure . If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This
4356-466: Was withdrawn, in part, in 2000 because of "concerns regarding the agency's basis for proposing a certain dietary ingredient level and a duration of use limit for these products." In 2004, the FDA created a ban on ephedrine alkaloids marketed for reasons other than asthma, colds, allergies, other disease, or traditional Asian use. On April 14, 2005, the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah ruled
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