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59-625: Eduard Stiefel and his two senior assistants Heinz Rutishauser and Ambros Speiser were inspired by models in the USA and United Kingdom when developing the ERMETH. In 1949 Rutishauser and Speiser undertook study trips to Howard Aiken ( Harvard University ), John von Neumann ( Princeton University ) and to the University of Cambridge , which operated the EDSAC . In 1950, Stiefel rented for five years

118-496: A few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a Client Center (formerly the Industry Solutions Lab ), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions. The Zürich lab is world-renowned for its scientific achievements—most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for

177-407: A fixed point number (14 digits, sign, check digit) or two instructions (2 digits for instruction type, 1 digit for index register, 4 digits for memory address) could be stored. An example: The compiler developed by Hans Rudolf Schwarz for Algol 60 programs occupied 4,000 memory cells with double instructions so that 6,000 cells remained available for an application program and its user data. If this

236-469: A heart attack from which he recovered. On 10 November 1970, he died in his office from acute heart failure . After his untimely death, his wife Margaret shepherded the publication of his posthumous works. In the preface to his text Systematic Programming: An Introduction , Niklaus Wirth referred to Rutishauser as "... the originator of the idea of programming languages, and the co-author of ALGOL-60". IBM Zurich Research Laboratory IBM Research

295-666: A lecturer; in German, a Privatdozent . In 1955, he was appointed extraordinary professor, and 1962, Associate Professor of Applied Mathematics at the ETH. In 1968, he became the head of the Group for Computer Science which later became the Computer Science Institute and ultimately in 1981, The Division of Computer Science at ETH Zürich. At least since the 1950s Rutishauser suffered from heart problems. In 1964, he suffered

354-453: A real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure. IBM Research – Almaden

413-641: A single organisation. The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $ 22 million in Australian Federal Government funding and an undisclosed amount provided by the State Government . The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from the State Government ended. Approximately 80 full-time researchers were made redundant. IBM Research – Brazil

472-888: Is IBM Vice President of AI Technology and serves as the Director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel. In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus. The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of

531-546: Is in Almaden Valley, San Jose , California . Its scientists perform basic and applied research in computer science , services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology. Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly 700 acres (2.8 km ) of land in the Santa Teresa Hills above Silicon Valley . The site, built in 1985 for the research center,

590-595: Is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high-profile projects is called DOME , which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the Square Kilometer Array . The research projects pursued at

649-773: Is located on the same campus in Rüschlikon. In addition to the IBM Research Division, the IBM Scientific Centers, which were active in various functions from 1964 to the early 1990s, were another remarkable research unit. In contrast to the central control of the Research Division from the headquarters in Armonk in the USA, the IBM Scientific Centers were structured in a decentralized manner. Each center functioned as an integral part of

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708-531: Is one of twelve research laboratories comprising IBM Research, its first in South America . It was established in 2011, with locations in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social Data Analytics and Natural Resources Solutions. The new lab, IBM 's ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores

767-599: Is the research and development division for IBM , an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York , with operations in over 170 countries. IBM Research is the largest industrial research organization in the world and has twelve labs on six continents. IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame , 19 National Medals of Technology , five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes . As of 2018 ,

826-445: Is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated from social networking sites [such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area is nanotechnology applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And

885-1156: The reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, relational databases , and Deep Blue ( grandmaster -level chess -playing computer). There are a number of computer scientists "who made IBM Research famous." These include Frances E. Allen , Marc Auslander , John Backus , Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist) , Erich Bloch , Grady Booch , Fred Brooks (known for his book The Mythical Man-Month ), Peter Brown, Larry Carter, Gregory Chaitin , John Cocke , Alan Cobham , Edgar F. Codd , Don Coppersmith , Wallace Eckert , Ronald Fagin , Horst Feistel , Jeanne Ferrante , Zvi Galil , Ralph E. Gomory , Jim Gray , Joseph Halpern , Kenneth E. Iverson , Frederick Jelinek , Reynold B. Johnson , Benoit Mandelbrot , Robert Mercer , C. Mohan , Kirsten Moselund , Michael O. Rabin , Arthur Samuel , Barbara Simons , Alfred Spector , Gardiner Tucker , Moshe Vardi , John Vlissides , Mark N. Wegman and Shmuel Winograd . IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents: Historic research centers for IBM also include IBM La Gaude ( Nice ),

944-556: The Automated Teller Machine (ATM), the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor manufacturing process, Watson artificial intelligence and the Quantum Experience . Advances in nanotechnology include IBM in atoms , where a scanning tunneling microscope was used to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym . It

1003-805: The Cambridge Scientific Center , the IBM New York Scientific Center , 330 North Wabash ( Chicago ), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, and IBM Laboratory Vienna . In 2017, IBM invested $ 240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has

1062-519: The Java Card OpenPlatform (JCOP), a smart card operating system . Most recently the lab was involved in the development of SuperMUC , a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water. The Zürich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zürich laboratory

1121-612: The Jeopardy! television quiz show. The Watson technology is now being commercialized as part of a project with healthcare company Anthem Inc. Other notable developments include the Data Encryption Standard (DES), fast Fourier transform (FFT), Benoît Mandelbrot 's introduction of fractals , magnetic disk storage ( hard disks ), the MELD-Plus risk score, the one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM),

1180-594: The Scanning Tunneling Microscope and high-temperature superconductivity , both of which were awarded the Nobel Prize . IBM Research was behind the inventions of the SABRE travel reservation system, the technology of laser eye surgery , magnetic storage, the relational database , UPC barcodes and Watson , the question-answering computing system that won a match against human champions on

1239-603: The 1950s, including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961. Notable company inventions include the floppy disk , the hard disk drive , the magnetic stripe card , the relational database , the Universal Product Code (UPC) , the financial swap , the Fortran programming language, SABRE airline reservation system , DRAM , copper wiring in semiconductors , the smartphone , the portable computer ,

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1298-673: The ETH Zurich and Ambros Speiser left to the industry, becoming the founding director of the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Rüschlikon . From there on, the completion of the ERMETH was supervised by Peter Läuchli  [ de ] and Alfred Schai . With various technical and financial setbacks, the ERMETH was built up as a one-off unit from 1955 onwards and gradually put into operation from 1956 onwards; it performed its task until October 1963, when it

1357-406: The ETH and other universities as well as from industry and from civil and military federal agencies. The ERMETH was also used in teaching. Optional programming lectures were held from the 1950s onwards, and there were also exercises (in groups) on the computer system. If students had written a program and transferred it to punched cards, they could hand in their punched card package and, depending on

1416-723: The ETH, and from 1945 to 1948, a mathematics teacher in Glarisegg and Trogen. In 1948, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from ETH with a well-received thesis on complex analysis . From 1948 to 1949, Rutishauser was in the United States at the Universities of Harvard and Princeton to study the state of the art in computing. From 1949 to 1955, he was a research associate at the Institute for Applied Mathematics at ETH Zürich recently founded by Eduard Stiefel , where he worked together with Ambros Speiser on developing

1475-670: The EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications. In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration with Ben-Gurion University of

1534-714: The Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972. Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The lab’s offices are situated in three locations across Israel: Haifa , Tel Aviv , and Beer Sheva . IBM Research – Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare. Aya Soffer

1593-586: The IBM Zürich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science & Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing & Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni. On 17 May 2011, IBM and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich opened the Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center , which

1652-412: The IBM organization in its respective region or country. This organization also financed the center and ultimately determined its content and strategic direction. The task of an IBM Scientific Center was to contribute with its research, its expertise and its cooperation projects for the benefit of the respective country and thus to contribute to the reputation of IBM in this country or this region. While

1711-542: The Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program. In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in physics , chemistry , computer science , and electronics . IBM Research – Haifa, previously known as

1770-607: The Negev. IBM Research – Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in Rüschlikon near Zürich , Switzerland. In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in Adliswil , Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rüschlikon in 1962. The Zürich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of

1829-581: The company has generated more patents than any other business in each of 25 consecutive years, which is a record. The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University . This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County, New York , starting in

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1888-909: The development of photoresists and the quantum mirage effect. The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory: Rakesh Agrawal , Miklos Ajtai , Rama Akkiraju , John Backus , Raymond F. Boyce , Donald D. Chamberlin , Ashok K. Chandra , Edgar F. Codd , Mark Dean , Cynthia Dwork , Don Eigler , Ronald Fagin , Jim Gray , Laura M. Haas , Jean Paul Jacob , Joseph Halpern , Andreas J. Heinrich , Reynold B. Johnson , Maria Klawe , Jaishankar Menon , Dharmendra Modha , William E. Moerner , C. Mohan , Stuart Parkin , Nick Pippenger , Dan Russell , Patricia Selinger , Ted Selker , Barbara Simons , Malcolm Slaney , Arnold Spielberg , Ramakrishnan Srikant , Larry Stockmeyer , Moshe Vardi , Jennifer Widom , Shumin Zhai . IBM Research – Australia

1947-461: The first Swiss computer ERMETH , and developed the programming language Superplan (1949–1951), the name being a reference to Rechenplan (English: computation plan), in Konrad Zuse 's terminology, designating a single Plankalkül program. He contributed especially in the field of compiler pioneering work and was eventually involved in defining the languages ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60 . He

2006-473: The fully electronic CDC 1604A. The ERMETH has been used in research and development for very different tasks. The employees of the Institute of Applied Mathematics used it for their own scientific topics to develop numerical algorithms and working aids in the sense of first operating system components. But they were also active as consultants and helpers for computing work of other ERMETH users. They came from

2065-552: The growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation. In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large-scale events such as the 2016 Summer Olympics . Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: "The main area is related to natural resources management , involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second

2124-437: The higher programming language Algol (Algol 58 and Algol 60), machine-independent programming later became possible; for the input of letters, the ERMETH 1958 had to be supplemented with a paper tape reader. The ERMETH had an arithmetic unit with 1,500 electron tubes . A 1.5-ton magnetic drum with space for 10,000 words to 16 decimal places (14 digits, sign, check digit), which rotated at 100 revolutions per second, served as

2183-489: The individual centers, as far as they were still alive in 1989, can be found in. A comprehensive description of the evolution, projects, and success stories of the IBM Heidelberg Scientific Center from its very beginning and to shortly before its end can be found in. The history of the IBM Scientific Centers began in 1964 with the founding of the first four centers in the USA (marked with * in

2242-511: The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope and the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity , respectively. Other key inventions include trellis modulation , which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; Token Ring , which became a standard for local area networks and a highly successful IBM product; the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and

2301-615: The last one is smarter cities." The IBM Research – Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories. It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL. Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Tokyo , it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to Yamato in 1992 and back to Tokyo in 2012. IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory

2360-462: The main memory. This also determined the operating speed of the ERMETH per command step, because the average access time to the commands and numbers stored on the drum was 5 milliseconds; the much higher operating speed of the electron tubes did not change this. The use of the 10'000 words of the working memory was very flexible. For each word (with 16 decimal places), either a floating-point number (11 valid digits, 3-digit exponent, sign and check digit),

2419-603: The only existing digital computer in continental Europe at that time, the Zuse Z4 , completed by Konrad Zuse in 1945, for the ETH in order to gain experience with a calculating machine during the construction of the ERMETH. The ERMETH had (in contrast to the Z4) a classical von Neumann architecture , i.e. it was a calculating machine in which program and processed data were stored in the same main memory; thus, numbers, as well as program parts, could be processed automatically. The ERMETH

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2478-466: The products and services of IBM, and patent filings. TRL conducts research in microdevices, system software , security and privacy , analytics and optimization , human computer interaction , embedded systems , and services sciences. TRL collaborates with the Japanese universities , and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to

2537-415: The program counter to the first command. Under program control, user data was then read in (from punch cards) and parameter values were requested (via the keyboard) from the user. Already in 1952, Heinz Rutishauser had presented the concept of the compiler for the use of machine-independent computer languages in his habilitation thesis on "automatic computation plan production". Thanks to the development of

2596-660: The program quality, received the expected or a wrong result or even a program abort printed out the next day. After its dismantling in 1963, the ERMETH was stored for the time being as an important exhibit for the planned Technorama in Winterthur and then exhibited there from 1982 to 2004. Since the end of 2006, it has been on permanent loan from ETH Zurich to the Museum of Communication in Bern . Heinz Rutishauser Heinz Rutishauser (30 January 1918 – 10 November 1970)

2655-403: The research laboratories of the IBM Research Division had to be very restrictive with regard to scientific cooperation projects with non-IBM institutions for patent reasons and other reasons, technical-scientific and application-oriented cooperation projects with universities and other public research institutions were an important part of IBM's mission for the scientific centers. Because of this,

2714-426: The spectrum of activities of such a center was often very broad. For example, some research groups could deal with topics that can be assigned to basic or product-oriented research, while others dealt with application-oriented research topics, for example satellite-based soil classification. Descriptions of the thematic focus and research projects as well as a selection of references to the scientific publications of

2773-425: The visually handicapped, IBM Home Page Reader in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ( ja:aiBrowser ) in 2007. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at IBM Toyosu Facility . TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals. They have also contributed to

2832-484: Was a Swiss mathematician and a pioneer of modern numerical mathematics and computer science . Rutishauser's father died when he was 13 years old and his mother died three years later, so together with his younger brother and sister he went to live in their uncle's home. From 1936, Rutishauser studied mathematics at the ETH Zürich where he graduated in 1942. From 1942 to 1945, he was assistant of Walter Saxer at

2891-691: Was a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified , maintains, and supports ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68 . Among other contributions, he introduced several basic syntactic features to computer programming , notably the reserved word (keyword) for for a for loop , first as the German für in Superplan, next via its English translation for in ALGOL 58. In 1951, Rutishauser became

2950-509: Was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 in Melbourne . It was involved in social media , interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics. The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the company’s first laboratory combining research and development in

3009-518: Was chosen because of its close proximity to Stanford University , UC Santa Cruz , UC Berkeley and other collaborative academic institutions. Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM. IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed by Reynold B. Johnson . Among its first developments

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3068-522: Was designed for numerical calculations and worked in true decimal (not binary or hexadecimal) and had instructions for all four basic arithmetic operations with floating-point and fixed-point numbers, but not for processing letters. At the start of operation (1956), it consisted of devices ( hardware ) and stored user programs ( software ), but had no operating system , so that each user had to first read in his program, which had already been prepared on punch cards in machine language and then start it by setting

3127-642: Was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals. TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with IBM Yamato Facility in Yamato , Kanagawa Prefecture in 1993. In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent Ultraviolet rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL. The team led by Chieko Asakawa ( ja:浅川智恵子 ), IBM Fellow since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for

3186-441: Was dismantled and packed. A planned licensed version of ERMETH by a private company did not come about. After spatial alterations a CDC 1604A of Control Data Corporation took its place from April 1964. The available computing power at ETH increased by a factor of 100 with the transition from the electromechanical Z4 to the ERMETH, but by a factor of 400 with the transition from the ERMETH with its time-critical magnetic drum memory to

3245-455: Was either on punched cards or on an IBM - typewriter , which, however, also output only digits. Thus, punched cards could also be used for intermediate storage of large amounts of data as secondary storage. The electrical power consumption of the ERMETH was 30 kW . It reacted sensitively to fluctuations in the mains voltage, for example when the tram went into operation in the morning. In 1955, Heinz Rutishauser became an associate professor at

3304-612: Was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchō, Tokyo . It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. Hisashi Kobayashi was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986. JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986. In 1988, English-to-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT)

3363-401: Was not enough, all 10,000 cells could be used, but only after overwriting the compiler. In this case, however, the compiler had to be reloaded before the next Algol program from punch cards, which alone took almost an hour. For numerical data input, mainly punch cards of the type Remington-edge with 90 columns were used, later on also 5-channel punch tape for Algol program input. Data output

3422-609: Was the IBM 350 , the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in the IBM 305 RAMAC computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division. Directors of the center include hard disc drive developer Jack Harker . Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986. Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as

3481-519: Was the first time atoms had been precisely positioned on a flat surface. Major undertakings at IBM Research have included the invention of innovative materials and structures, high-performance microprocessors and computers , analytical methods and tools, algorithms , software architectures , methods for managing, searching and deriving meaning from data and in turning IBM's advanced services methodologies into reusable assets. IBM Research's numerous contributions to physical and computer sciences include

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