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81-630: A separate company, EUnet GB, was founded in 1993 in the United Kingdom, which also played a role in the early commercial Internet in the UK . The roots of EUnet, originally an abbreviation for European UNIX Network, go back to 1982 under the auspices of the EUUG (European UNIX Users Group), later EurOpen, and the first international UUCP connections. FNET was the French branch of EUnet. Once there

162-733: A company network or over telephone connections or data networks such as Packet Switch Stream . In the early 1980s, British academic networks started a standardisation and interconnection effort based on X.25 and the Coloured Book protocols. Known as the United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association (UK ERNA), and later JNT Association, this became JANET , the UK's national research and education network (NREN). JANET linked all universities, higher education establishments, and publicly funded research laboratories. It began operation in 1984, two years ahead of

243-451: A duty to assess all UK government statistics. Following Gordon Brown's announcement of new constitutional arrangements for public appointments, Sir Michael also became, on 18 July, the first such nominee to appear before the House of Commons Treasury Committee and to have his nomination subject to confirmation by the House. On 7 February 2008, following the first meeting of the shadow board, it

324-647: A gateway between the ARPANET and British academic networks, the first international heterogenous network for computer resource sharing . By 1975, 40 British academic research groups were using the link. The specification of the Transmission Control Program was developed in the U.S. in 1974 through research funded and led by DARPA and Stanford University . The following year, testing began with concurrent implementations at University College London, Stanford University, and BBN . UCL played

405-832: A head office in the city of Newport , Wales, and other offices in 2 Marsham Street in London and Titchfield in Hampshire. The Family Records Centre in Myddelton Street in Islington , London, moved to the National Archives in Kew in 2008. They also have an Archive Storage site located in Christchurch , Dorset. The London (Pimlico) office was the head office until April 2006 when the corporate headquarters

486-480: A pan-European Eunet in 1994. In April 1998 the company together with nearly all of the national European business partners of EUnet was sold to Qwest Communications International, which in turn later merged EUnet into the ill-fated joint-venture KPNQwest . In 2000, it was estimated that KPNQwest was carrying more than 50% of European IP traffic. Some of the ISPs operating under the name EUnet today can be traced back to

567-486: A persistent connection which can't be guaranteed with internet-based DECT systems. The share of households with Internet access in the United Kingdom grew from 9 percent in 1998 to 93 percent in 2019. In 2019, virtually all adults aged 16 to 44 years in the UK were recent internet users (99%), compared with 47% of adults aged 75 years and over; in aggregate, the third-highest in Europe. Internet bandwidth per Internet user

648-500: A significant player in the quad play telecoms market, offering ADSL line rental and call packages to customers (who have to pay a supplement if they are not also Sky television subscribers). Whilst Virgin Media is the nearest direct competitor, their quad play product is available to fewer homes given the fixed nature of their cable infrastructure. TalkTalk is the next DSL-based ISP with a mature quad play product portfolio ( EE 's being

729-438: A significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work. Adrian Stokes and Sylvia Wilbur , among others at UCL, programmed the computer used as the local node for the network at UCL and were "probably one of the first people in this country ever to send an email, back in 1974". Kirstein co-authored with Vint Cerf one of the most significant early technical papers on the internetworking concept in 1978. Further work

810-504: A wide range of the information about the United Kingdom that can be used for social and economic policy-making as well as painting a portrait of the country as its population evolves over time. This is often produced in ways that make comparison with other societies and economies possible. Much of the data on which policy-makers depend is produced by ONS through a combination of a decennial population census, samples and surveys and analysis of data generated by businesses and organisations such as

891-614: A world-wide information system known as the World Wide Web (WWW). Operating on the Internet, it allows documents to be created for reading or accessing services with connections to other documents or services, accessed by clicking on hypertext links, enabling the user to navigate from one document or service to another. Nicola Pellow worked with Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau on the WWW project at CERN. British Telecom began using

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972-482: Is overseen by the government watchdog Ofcom . According to Ofcom's 2007 report the average UK citizen used the Internet for 36 minutes every day. The Ofcom Communications Market 2018 report showed 42% of adults had access and use of a Smart TV by 2018, compared to just 5% in 2012 exemplifying the extra bandwidth required by broadband providers on their networks. Cable Internet access uses coaxial cables or optical fibre cables. The main cable service provider in

1053-773: The Cambridge Ring . During the 1970s, the NPL team researched internetworking on the European Informatics Network (EIN). Based on datagrams , the network linked Euratom , the French research centre INRIA and the UK’s National Physical Laboratory in 1976. The transport protocol of the EIN helped to launch the INWG and X.25 protocols. Building on the work of James H. Ellis in

1134-697: The Domain Name System in 1984. Postel adopted this idea for the DNS, which used the ISO standard country abbreviations except for following the "UK" convention already in use in the UK's Name Registration Scheme , rather than the ISO-standard "GB". The .uk Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) was registered in July 1985, seven months after the original generic top-level domains such as .com and

1215-659: The NSFNET in the United States and was the fastest X.25 network in the world. The National Computing Centre 1976 publication 'Why Distributed Computing' which came from considerable research into future configurations for computer systems, resulted in the UK presenting the case for an international standards committee to cover this area at the ISO meeting in Sydney in March 1977. This international effort ultimately led to

1296-502: The OSI model as an international reference model, published in 1984. For a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which standard , the OSI model or the Internet protocol suite would result in the best and most robust computer networks. Public dialup information, messaging and e-commerce services, were pioneered through

1377-585: The Prestel services developed by Post Office Telecommunications in 1979. Commercial networking services between the UK and the US were being developed in late 1990. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee , working at CERN in Switzerland, wrote a proposal for "a large hypertext database with typed links". The following year, he specified HTML , the hypertext language, and HTTP , the protocol. These concepts became

1458-663: The Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 . In July 2007, Sir Michael Scholar was nominated by the government to be the three-day-a-week non-executive chairman of the Statistics Board which, with the intention of re-establishing faith in the integrity of government statistics, was to take on statutory responsibility for oversight of UK statistics in April 2008 and oversee the Office for National Statistics; also having

1539-588: The UK Parliament . The ONS is responsible for the collection and publication of statistics related to the economy, population and society of the United Kingdom; responsibility for some areas of statistics in Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales is devolved to the devolved governments for those areas. The ONS functions as the executive office of the National Statistician , who is also

1620-711: The UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris where he passed the concept on to J. C. R. Licklider . After meeting with Licklider in 1965, Donald Davies conceived the idea of packet switching for data communications. He proposed a commercial national data network and developed plans to implement the concept in a local area network, the NPL network , which operated from 1969 to 1986. He and his team, including Derek Barber and Roger Scantlebury , carried out work to analyse and simulate

1701-612: The 1970s. This was one of the first public data networks in the world when it began operating in 1976. EPSS was replaced with the Packet Switch Stream (PSS) in 1980. PSS connected to the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), which was created in 1978 through a collaboration between Post Office Telecommunications and two US telecoms companies. IPSS provided worldwide networking infrastructure. British research contributed to

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1782-487: The 2004 Big Brother Award for the "Most Heinous Government Organisation" from the campaigning organisation Privacy International for its Citizen Information Project . The project is one of several that led the Information Commissioner to warn that there is a danger of the country "sleepwalking" into a surveillance society . In December 2012 the organisation's new website to provide statistics to

1863-619: The BBC's first website went online in 1994. Other early websites which went online in 1993 hosted in the UK included JumpStation , which was the first WWW search engine hosted at the University of Stirling in Scotland; The Internet Movie Database , hosted by the computer science department of Cardiff University in Wales; and Kent Anthropology, one of the first social science sites (one of

1944-742: The Exchequer, announced on 28 November 2005, that the government intended to publish plans in early 2006 to legislate that the ONS and the statistics it generates are independent of government on a model based on the independence of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England. This was originally a 1997 Labour manifesto commitment and was also the policy of the Liberal Democrat and Conservative parties. Such independence

2025-455: The French company SESA, set up a joint venture in 1975 to undertake the Euronet development, using X.25 protocols to form virtual circuits . It established a network linking a number of European countries in 1979 before being handed over to national PTTs In 1984. Peter Collinson brought Unix to the University of Kent (UKC/UKnet) in 1976 and set up a UUCP test service to Bell Labs in

2106-948: The Home Office, the Department of Health , and the Department for Education and Skills . ONS is also responsible for the maintenance of the Inter-Departmental Business Register and the Business Structure Database . Before the establishment of the UK Statistics Authority , the statistical work of ONS, since June 2000, was scrutinised by the Statistics Commission , an independent body with its own chairman and small staff. This ceased to operate from 1 April 2008. The General Register Office and

2187-747: The Internet and download files. Broadband Internet access in the UK was, initially, provided by a number of regional cable television and telephone companies which gradually merged into larger groups. The development of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology has allowed broadband to be delivered via traditional copper telephone cables. Also, Wireless Broadband is now available in some areas. These three technologies (cable, DSL and wireless) now compete with each other. More than half of UK homes had broadband in 2007, with an average connection speed of 4.6 Mbit/s. Bundled communications deals mixing broadband, digital TV , mobile phone and landline phone access were adopted by forty per cent of UK households in

2268-399: The Internet at the end of the 1980s. Ivan Pope 's company, NetNames , developed the concept of a standalone commercial domain name registrar , which would sell domain registration and other associated services to the public. Network Solutions Inc. (NSI), the domain name registry for the .com , .net , and .org top-level domains (TLDs), assimilated this model, which ultimately led to

2349-505: The National Health Service and the register of births, marriages and deaths. Its publications, and analyses by other users based on its published data, are reported and discussed daily in the media as the basis for the public understanding of the country in which they live. The reliance on some of these data by government (both local and national) makes ONS material central to debates about the determination of priorities,

2430-554: The ONS already acted independently, as per its own published guidelines, the National Statistics Code of Practice, which set out the key principles and standards that official statisticians, including those in other parts of the government statistical service, were expected to follow and uphold). The details of the plans for independence were considered in Parliament during the 2006/2007 session and resulted in

2511-591: The ONS. John Pullinger replaced Jil Matheson as National Statistician (and Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority) in July 2014. Pullinger retired in June 2019 and in October 2019 professor Sir Ian Diamond assumed the role of National Statistician. The work of the ONS covers the collection of data and the analysis and publication of statistics covering the economy, population, and society of

EUnet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-557: The U.S. in 1979. The first UUCP emails from the U.S. arrived in the UK later that year and email to Europe (the Netherlands and Denmark) started in 1980, becoming a regular service via EUnet in 1982. UKC provided the first connections to non-academic users in the early 1980s. Several companies established electronic mail services in Britain during the 1970s and early 1980s, enabling subscribers to send email either internally within

2673-809: The UK Statistics Authority's Chief Executive and principal statistical adviser to the UK's National Statistics Institute, and the 'Head Office' of the Government Statistical Service (GSS). Its main office is in Newport near the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office and Tredegar House , but another significant office is in Titchfield in Hampshire, and a small office is in London. ONS co-ordinates data collection with

2754-449: The UK is Virgin Media and the current maximum speed available to their customers is 1.1 Gbit/s. Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) was introduced to the UK in trial stages in 1998 and a commercial product was launched in 2000. In the United Kingdom, most exchanges , local loops and backhauls are owned and managed by BT Wholesale , who then wholesale connectivity via Internet service providers , who generally provide

2835-424: The UK's economy per year, as of 2020. Research by Adobe suggested the UK spent £110.6 billion online in 2022. The Internet top-level domain name specific to the UK is .uk , which is operated by Nominet . Four additional domains were introduced by ICANN for locations within the UK in 2014: .cymru and .wales for Wales , .scot for Scotland , and .london for London . The UK has been involved in

2916-480: The UK. Where data is broken down by geographical area, this is usually done by the areas defined in the ONS geographical coding system . The principal areas of data collection include: Statisticians are also employed by many other Government departments and agencies, and these statisticians often collect and publish data. They are members of the Government Statistical Service and are the professional responsibility of

2997-695: The United Kingdom#Early years The United Kingdom has been involved with the Internet throughout its origins and development. The telecommunications infrastructure in the United Kingdom provides Internet access to homes and businesses mainly through fibre , cable , mobile and fixed wireless networks, with the UK's 140-year-old copper network, maintained by Openreach , set to be withdrawn by December 2025, although this has since been extended to 31st January 2027 in some areas due to reasons including panic alarms in sheltered housing needing

3078-478: The United States and France. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn acknowledged Davies and Scantlebury in their seminal 1974 paper " A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication ". Peter Kirstein 's research group at University College London (UCL) was one of the first two international connections on the ARPANET in 1973, alongside the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ). UCL thereafter provided

3159-592: The WWW in 1991 during a collaborative project called the Oracle Alliance Program. It was founded in 1990 by Oracle Corporation , based in California, to provide information for its corporate partners and about those partners. BT became involved in May 1991. File sharing was required as part of the program and, initially, floppy disks were sent through the post. Then in July 1991 access to the Internet

3240-870: The allocation of resources and for decisions on interest rates or borrowing. The complexity and degree and speed of change in the society, combined with the challenge of measuring some of these (e.g. in relation to longevity, migration or illness patterns or fine movements in inflation or other aspects of national accounts) give rise to periodic debates about some of its indicators and portrayals. Many of these rely on sources which are outside ONS, while some of its own sources need to be supplemented, for example between censuses, by updated but less rigorously obtained information from other sources. Consequently, unexpected or incomplete data or occasional errors or disputes about its analysis can also attract considerable attention. ONS data can also be used in epidemiologic studies such as survival analysis . Gordon Brown , then Chancellor of

3321-546: The connectivity to the Internet, support, billing and value added services (such as web hosting and email). A customer typically expects a British telephone socket to connect their broadband modem to. As of October 2021, BT operate 5630 exchanges across the UK, with the vast majority enabled for ADSL. Only a relative handful—under 100 of the smallest and most rural exchanges—had not been upgraded to support ADSL products. Some exchanges, fewer than 1000, had been upgraded to support SDSL products. However, these exchanges are often

EUnet - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-412: The country from London to Central Scotland . In November 2010, having purchased Easynet in the preceding months, Sky closed the business-centric UK Online with little more than a month's notice. Although Easynet continued to offer business-grade broadband connectivity products, UKO customers could not migrate to an equivalent Easynet service, only being offered either a MAC to migrate provider or

3483-513: The development of the X.25 standard agreed by the CCITT in 1976 which was deployed on PSS and IPSS. The UK academic community defined the Coloured Book protocols , which came into use as "interim" X.25 standards. These protocols gained some acceptance internationally as the first complete X.25 standard, and gave the UK "several years lead over other countries". Logica , together with

3564-606: The economic and social policies and monitor the economic progress of the United Kingdom. It also allows international comparisons to be made. The Blue Book is published alongside the United Kingdom Balance of Payments – The Pink Book . The Office for National Statistics collaborates with the University of Southampton in the teaching of an MSc in Official Statistics; the programme has been running since 2003. The Virtual Microdata Laboratory (VML)

3645-534: The fact that few of the experienced staff working in these highly technical areas were expected to relocate to Newport, resulting in a substantial loss of expertise and a consequent threat to the continued quality of the statistics. In a submission to the Parliamentary Treasury Sub Committee, the Bank of England expressed concern over the relocation of the ONS to Newport , saying, that "the relocation programme poses serious risks to

3726-531: The first 200 web servers). The Web brought many social and commercial uses to the Internet which was previously a network for academic institutions. It began to enter everyday use in 1993-4. An early attempt to provide access to the Web on television was being developed in 1995. Pipex was established in 1990 and began providing dial-up Internet access in March 1992, the UK's first commercial Internet service provider (ISP). One of its first customers that year

3807-501: The first country code after .us . At the time, ccTLDs were delegated by Postel to a "responsible person" and Andrew McDowell at UCL managed .uk, the first country code delegation. He later passed it to Dr Willie Black at the UK Education and Research Networking Association (UK ERNA). Black managed the "Naming Committee" until he and John Carey formed Nominet UK in 1996. As one of the first professional ccTLD operators, it became

3888-626: The general public. EUnet provided local service through a respective national EUnet business partner in many European countries. In 1990 the Soviet IP-based network RELCOM , mostly operated by DEMOS -powered computers, was connected to the EUnet. EUnet GB Ltd was founded in the United Kingdom by a group of academics as a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP) in 1993. Jim Omand, the Chairman of EUnet GB, worked with EUnet Europe to form

3969-435: The head of the service, who is also the National Statistician. Each department has a statistical service Head of Profession . For example, data on Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry comes primarily from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs . Along with economic data on which the Treasury and Bank of England rely for decision-making, many of the statistics that receive widespread media attention are issued by

4050-437: The larger exchanges based in major towns and cities, so they still cover a large proportion of the population. SDSL products are aimed more at business customers and are priced higher than ADSL services. Many companies are now operating their own services using local loop unbundling . Initially Bulldog Communications in the London area and Easynet (through their sister consumer provider UK Online ) enabled exchanges across

4131-423: The late 1960s, Clifford Cocks and Malcolm Williamson invented a public-key cryptography algorithm in 1973. An equivalent algorithm was later independently invented in 1977 in the United States by Ron Rivest , Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman . The RSA algorithm became central to security on the Internet. Post Office Telecommunications developed an experimental public packet switching network, EPSS , in

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4212-444: The maintenance of the quality of macroeconomic data. If substantial numbers of ONS staff are unwilling to relocate, the loss of skilled individuals could have a severe impact on a range of statistics." The director of ONS at the time vigorously defended the implementation of government policy on civil service relocation and the decision to concentrate staff in the three locations outside London. The Office for National Statistics won

4293-455: The merger of the Orange and T-Mobile service providers, and focusing their promotion on forthcoming fibre broadband and 4G LTE products). Market consolidation and expansion has permitted service providers to offer faster and less expensives services with typical speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s downstream (subject to ISP and line length). They can offer products at sometimes considerably lower prices, due to not necessarily having to conform to

4374-470: The model for many other operators worldwide. The UK's national research and education network (NREN), JANET connected with the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) in the United States in 1989. JANET adopted Internet Protocol on its existing network in 1991. In the same year, Dai Davies introduced Internet technology into the pan-European NREN, EuropaNet . British Telecom's research labs began, unofficially, relaying its internal email to

4455-435: The new broadband technologies, and is now generally only used as a backup. BT trialled its first ISDN 'broadband' connection in 1992. The first commercial service was available from Telewest in 2000. Broadband allowed the signal in one line to be split between telephone and Internet data, meaning users could be online and make phone calls at the same time. It also enabled faster connections, making it easier to browse

4536-413: The option of becoming a customer of the residential-only Sky Broadband ISP with an introductory discounted period. Also, some previously available service features like fastpath (useful for time-critical protocols like SIP ) were not made available on Sky Broadband, leaving business users with a difficult choice particularly where UK Online were the only LLU provider. Since then, Sky Broadband has become

4617-419: The original EUnet. Most national EUnet affiliates or subsidiaries predated other commercial Internet offerings in the respective countries by many years. Until the early 1990s, nearly every European country had a telecommunications monopoly with an incumbent national PTT . Commercial and non-commercial provision of telecommunications services was prohibited or, at least, took place in a legal "grey zone". During

4698-417: The performance of packet switching networks, including datagram networks. Their research and practice was adopted by the ARPANET in the United States, the forerunner of the Internet, and influenced other researchers in Europe, including Louis Pouzin , and Japan. Donald Davies, Derek Barber and Roger Scantlebury joined the International Network Working Group (INWG) in 1972 along with researchers from

4779-457: The post of Registrar-General for England and Wales ceased to be part of ONS from that date but remains subject to ministerial accountability within the Home Office . The annual United Kingdom National Accounts are published in an online publication (The Blue Book ) by the Office for National Statistics. It records and describes economic activity in the United Kingdom and as such is used by government, banks, academics and industries to formulate

4860-458: The public was described as "a disaster" by members of parliament on the Public Administration Committee. The chair of the UK Statistics Authority said that significant improvements to the website were being made, but admitted that its state at the time made it "difficult to use, difficult to navigate and difficult to search". In 2016, professor Sir Charles Bean conducted an independent review of UK Economic Statistics. He notes that although there

4941-414: The research and development of packet switching , communication protocols , and internetworking since their origins. The development of these technologies was international from the beginning. While the research and development that led to the Internet protocol suite (and the early infrastructure and governance of the Internet) was driven and funded by the United States, it also involved and applied

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5022-422: The respective bodies in Northern Ireland and Scotland, namely NISRA and NRS . The ONS was formed on 1 April 1996 by the merger of the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). Following the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 , the United Kingdom Statistics Authority became a non-ministerial department on 1 April 2008. ONS produces and publishes

5103-501: The same period, as part of an industrial political strategy to stop US domination of future network technology, the European Community embarked on efforts to promote OSI protocols, founding for example RARE and associated national "research" network operators ( DFN , SURFnet , SWITCH to name a few). During this period, EUnet played an important and decisive role in the adoption of TCP/IP in Europe, beginning in 1988. The following people were involved in EUnet: Internet in

5184-424: The same regulatory requirements as BT Wholesale: for example, 8 unbundled LLU pairs can deliver 10 Mbit/s over 3775 m for half the price of a similar fibre connection. Office for National Statistics The Office for National Statistics ( ONS ; Welsh : Swyddfa Ystadegau Gwladol ) is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority , a non-ministerial department which reports directly to

5265-412: The same time); and Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN in Switzerland. Pioneering research and development of computers in Britain in the 1940s led to partnerships between the public and private sectors. These relationships brought about sharing and transfer of personnel and concepts between industry and academia or national research bodies. The trackball

5346-444: The same year, up by a third over the previous year. This high level of service is considered the main driver for the recent growth in online advertising and retail. In 2006 the UK market was dominated by six companies, with the top two taking 51%, these being Virgin Media with a 28% share, and BT at 23%. By July 2011 BT's share had grown by six percent and the company became the broadband market leader. The UK broadband market

5427-459: The separation of registry and registrar functions. Jon Crowcroft and Mark Handley received multiple awards for their work on Internet technology in the 1990s and 2000s. Karen Banks promoted the use of the Internet to empower women around the world. Over the period 1980 to 2000, BT and other providers adopted TCP/IP and Internet product strategies when it became commercially advantageous. The South West Universities Computer Network (SWUCN)

5508-409: The work of British (and French) researchers. In particular, Donald Davies independently invented and pioneered packet switching and associated computer network design at the National Physical Laboratory starting in 1965; internetworking was pioneered by Peter Kirstein at University College London beginning in 1973 (with new concepts for internetworking developed by Louis Pouzin in France around

5589-460: Was Demon Internet , which popularised dial up modem-based internet access in the UK. By November 1993, Pipex provided Internet service to 150 customer sites. EUnet GB was founded as a commercial ISP in 1993 by a group of academics. Other ISPs and web-hosting companies, aimed at businesses and individuals, developed in the 1990s . In May 1998, Demon Internet had 180,000 subscribers. This narrowband service has been almost entirely replaced by

5670-401: Was a central European backbone node that was separate from the expensive telecom network, TCP/IP was adopted in place of store and forward. This enabled EUnet to connect with NSFNET in the US and with CERN’s TCP/IP connections. On January 1, 1990 EUnet began selling Internet access to non-academic customers in the Netherlands, making them one of the first companies to sell Internet access to

5751-452: Was allocated class A Internet address range 25 in 1979, which later became the Ministry of Defence address space, providing 16.7 million IPv4 addresses. Roger Camrass, with his supervisor, Robert Gallager , at MIT, showed packet switching to be optimal in the Huffman coding sense in 1978. British researchers expressed a desire to use a country designation when American researchers Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris were designing

5832-696: Was also sought by the Royal Statistical Society and the Statistics Commission . The National Statistician would be directly accountable to Parliament through a more widely constituted independent governing Statistics Board. The ONS would be a non-ministerial government department so that the staff, including the Director, would remain as civil servants but without being under direct ministerial control. The then National Statistician, Dame Karen Dunnell , stated that legislation would help improve public trust in official statistics (although

5913-512: Was an early British academic computer network developed with the objective of resource sharing. After planning began in 1967, work was initiated in 1969 on an experimental network, becoming operational for users in 1974. In the early 1970s, the Science Research Council community established SRCnet, later called SERCnet. Other regional academic networks were built in the mid-late 1970s, as well as experimental networks such as

5994-638: Was announced that it would be known as the UK Statistics Authority (UKSA). In 2012, Andrew Dilnot replaced Michael Scholar as chairman of the Authority. Since its establishment, ONS has had five Directors: professor Tim Holt ; Len Cook ; Karen Dunnell ; Jil Matheson ; and, from October 2012, Glen Watson . Len Cook was the first Director to hold the newly created role of National Statistician. The roles of Director of ONS and National Statistician were combined until 2012 when Jil Matheson continued as National Statistician while Glen Watson became Director of

6075-628: Was done by researchers at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI), at the University of Southern California . Kirstein's research group at UCL adopted TCP/IP in November 1982, ahead of ARPANET. The Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) was involved in early research and testing of TCP/IP. The first email sent by a head of state was sent from the RSRE over the ARPANET by Queen Elizabeth II in 1976. RSRE

6156-424: Was established in 2004 to allow researchers access to business data. It is a secure facility within the Office for National Statistics where both government officials and academic researchers can analyse sensitive, detailed data for statistical purposes. The researchers cannot download the data or take any copies out of the laboratory and the results of the analysis is checked for statistical disclosure. The ONS has

6237-525: Was implemented by BT network engineers using the BT packet switching network. A link was established from Ipswich to London for access to the Internet backbone . The first file transfers made via a NeXT -based WWW interface were completed in October 1991. The BBC registered with the DDN-NIC in 1989, establishing Internet access via Brunel University where bbc.co.uk was registered through JANET NRS and

6318-684: Was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin , while working for the Royal Navy Scientific Service. At the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Alan Turing worked on computer design, assisted by Donald Davies in 1947. Christopher Strachey , who became Oxford University's first professor of computation, filed a patent application for time-sharing in 1959. In June that year, he gave a paper "Time Sharing in Large Fast Computers" at

6399-538: Was moved to Newport following the Lyons Review on public sector relocation. Between 2011 and 2022 the London office was located on the 2nd floor of the former Drummond Gate headquarters; since 2022 the London office has been located in 2 Marsham Street. The ONS asserted that recruitment and training of quality staff in South Wales, where data collection and analysis already took place, would ensure that there

6480-502: Was no risk to the quality of its services and that it managed the risks associated with the changes. However, the plan to discontinue statistical activity in London proved controversial amid claims that the shift of functions from London and the closure of the London office would have serious implications for the future of certain sets of statistics. These include health statistics, National Accounts, Retail and Consumer Prices and Labour Market Statistics. These risks were stated to derive from

6561-521: Was the seventh highest in the world in 2016, and average and peak internet connection speeds were top-quartile in 2017. Internet use in the United Kingdom doubled in 2020. According to the Office of National Statistics and the Government of the United Kingdom 's Culture, Media & Sport and Science, Innovation & Technology departments, the digital sector was worth more than £140 billion to

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