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89-608: A charging station , also known as a charge point , chargepoint , or electric vehicle supply equipment ( EVSE ), is a power supply device that supplies electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles (including battery electric vehicles , electric trucks , electric buses , neighborhood electric vehicles , and plug-in hybrid vehicles ). There are two main types of EV chargers: Alternating current (AC) charging stations and direct current (DC) charging stations. Electric vehicle batteries can only be charged by direct current electricity, while most mains electricity

178-433: A regulated power supply is one that maintains constant output voltage or current despite variations in load current or input voltage. Conversely, the output of an unregulated power supply can change significantly when its input voltage or load current changes. Adjustable power supplies allow the output voltage or current to be programmed by mechanical controls (e.g., knobs on the power supply front panel), or by means of

267-399: A voltage multiplier or a high turns ratio, high-voltage transformer, or both (usually a transformer followed by a multiplier) to produce high voltage. The high voltage is passed out of the power supply through the special connector and is also applied to a voltage divider that converts it to a low-voltage metering signal compatible with low-voltage circuitry. The metering signal is used by

356-632: A 40-stall truck stop/charging station in Bakersfield, California. At full capacity, it would provide a combined 25   MW of charging power, partially drawn from an on-site solar array and battery storage. Common connectors include Type 1 (Yazaki) , Type 2 (Mennekes) , CCS Combo 1 and 2 , CHAdeMO , and Tesla. Many standard plug types are defined in IEC 62196 -2 (for AC supplied power) and 62196-3 (for DC supplied power): CCS DC charging requires power-line communication (PLC). Two connectors are added at

445-463: A DC-DC or AC/DC power supply to convert energy into usable voltage. These may often operate at 400 Hz in the interest of weight savings. This refers to conveyors, assembly lines, bar code readers, cameras, motors, pumps, semi-fabricated manufacturing and more. These include ventilators, infusion pumps, surgical and dental instruments, imaging and beds. Magne Charge Magne Charge (also known as Magne-Charge , MagneCharge and J1773 )

534-401: A ceramic power resistor or 10-watt light bulb can be attached to the supply to allow it to run with no primary load attached. The switch-mode power supplies used in computers have historically had low power factors and have also been significant sources of line interference (due to induced power line harmonics and transients). In simple switch-mode power supplies, the input stage may distort

623-441: A certain power level and cannot function below that point. In a no-load condition the frequency of the power slicing circuit increases to great speed, causing the isolated transformer to act as a Tesla coil , causing damage due to the resulting very high voltage power spikes. Switched-mode supplies with protection circuits may briefly turn on but then shut down when no load has been detected. A very small low-power dummy load such as

712-434: A closed-loop controller that regulates the high voltage by controlling inverter input power, and it may also be conveyed out of the power supply to allow external circuitry to monitor the high-voltage output. A bipolar power supply operates in all four quadrants of the voltage/current Cartesian plane, meaning that it will generate positive and negative voltages and currents as required to maintain regulation. When its output

801-405: A common printed circuit board with its load. An external power supply, AC adapter or power brick , is a power supply located in the load's AC power cord that plugs into a wall outlet; a wall wart is an external supply integrated with the outlet plug itself. These are popular in consumer electronics because of their safety; the hazardous 120 or 240 volt main current is transformed down to

890-467: A computer interface may use proprietary communication protocols or standard protocols and device control languages such as SCPI . An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously. It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage battery. Should there be a dropout or failure of the mains, the battery instantly takes over so that

979-525: A conductive connector (generally AVCON ). Proponents of the inductive system were GM, Nissan, and Toyota; DaimlerChrysler, Ford, and Honda backed the conductive system. Magne Charge paddles were available in two different sizes: an older, larger paddle (used for the EV1 and S-10 EV) and a newer, smaller paddle (used for the first-generation Toyota RAV4 EV , but backwards compatible with large-paddle vehicles through an adapter). The larger paddle (introduced in 1994)

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1068-469: A constant voltage at the output. Some kinds of AC power conversion do not use a transformer. If the output voltage and input voltage are the same, and primary purpose of the device is to filter AC power, it may be called a line conditioner . If the device is designed to provide backup power, it may be called an uninterruptible power supply . A circuit may be designed with a voltage multiplier topology to directly step-up AC power; formerly, such an application

1157-415: A control input, or both. An adjustable regulated power supply is one that is both adjustable and regulated. An isolated power supply has a power output that is electrically independent of its power input; this is in contrast to other power supplies that share a common connection between power input and output. Power supplies are packaged in different ways and classified accordingly. A bench power supply

1246-596: A hindrance to the market over the next several years that needs to be worked out. In the United States, many of the EVs first marketed in the late 1990s and early 2000s such as the GM EV1 , Ford Ranger EV , and Chevrolet S-10 EV preferred the use of Level 2 (single-phase AC) EVSE, as defined under NEC-1999, to maintain acceptable charging speed. These EVSEs were fitted with either an inductive connector ( Magne Charge ) or

1335-422: A home charging station, as is common in multi-family housing. Costs vary greatly by country, power supplier, and power source. Some services charge by the minute, while others charge by the amount of energy received (measured in kilowatt-hours). In the United States, some states have banned the use of charging by kWh. Charging stations may not need much new infrastructure in developed countries, less than delivering

1424-454: A linear voltage regulator to maintain the output voltage at a steady value, independent of fluctuations in input voltage and load impedance. Linear regulators can also reduce the magnitude of ripple and noise on the output voltage. An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet ( mains supply ) and uses a transformer to step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage. Some filtering may take place as well. In some cases,

1513-512: A new fuel over a new network. The stations can leverage the existing ubiquitous electrical grid . Charging stations are offered by public authorities, commercial enterprises, and some major employers to address a range of barriers. Options include simple charging posts for roadside use, charging cabinets for covered parking places, and fully automated charging stations integrated with power distribution equipment. As of December 2012, around 50,000 non-residential charging points were deployed in

1602-472: A passive transformer ; in case of DC-output, adapters consist of either transformer with few diodes and capacitors or they may employ switch-mode power supply circuitry. AC adapters consume power (and produce electric and magnetic fields) even when not connected to a load; for this reason they are sometimes known as "electricity vampires", and may be plugged into power strips to allow them to be conveniently turned on and off. A programmable power supply (PPS)

1691-519: A safer voltage before it enters the appliance body. Power supplies can be broadly divided into linear and switching types. Linear power converters process the input power directly, with all active power conversion components operating in their linear operating regions. In switching power converters, the input power is converted to AC or to DC pulses before processing, by components that operate predominantly in non-linear modes (e.g., transistors that spend most of their time in cutoff or saturation). Power

1780-414: A single capacitor or more complex such as a pi filter . The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering that must be provided by the power supply. In some applications, ripple can be entirely ignored. For example, in some battery charging applications, the power supply consists of just a transformer and a diode, with a simple resistor placed at the power supply output to limit

1869-583: A spring which shuts the circuit down. Once the element cools, and the problem is identified the breaker can be reset and the power restored. Some power supplies use a thermal cutout buried in the transformer rather than a fuse. The advantage is it briefly allows greater current to be drawn than the maximum allowed continuous current. Some such cutouts are self resetting, some are single use only. Some supplies use current limiting instead of cutting off power if overloaded. The two types of current limiting used are electronic limiting and impedance limiting. The former

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1958-524: Is "lost" (converted to heat) when components operate in their linear regions and, consequently, switching converters are usually more efficient than linear converters because their components spend less time in linear operating regions. An AC-to-DC power supply operates on an AC input voltage and generates a DC output voltage. Depending on application requirements the output voltage may contain large or negligible amounts of AC frequency components known as ripple voltage , related to AC input voltage frequency and

2047-532: Is a power supply built into an AC mains power plug . AC adapters are also known by various other names such as "plug pack" or "plug-in adapter", or by slang terms such as "wall wart". AC adapters typically have a single AC or DC output that is conveyed over a hardwired cable to a connector, but some adapters have multiple outputs that may be conveyed over one or more cables. "Universal" AC adapters have interchangeable input connectors to accommodate different AC mains voltages. Adapters with AC outputs may consist only of

2136-412: Is a stand-alone desktop unit used in applications such as circuit test and development. Open frame power supplies have only a partial mechanical enclosure, sometimes consisting of only a mounting base; these are typically built into machinery or other equipment. Rack mount power supplies are designed to be secured into standard electronic equipment racks. An integrated power supply is one that shares

2225-407: Is a switch-mode power supply that converts AC power from the mains supply, to several DC voltages. Switch-mode supplies replaced linear supplies due to cost, weight, efficiency and size improvements. The diverse collection of output voltages also have widely varying current draw requirements. Electric vehicles are those which rely on energy created through electricity generation. A power supply unit

2314-583: Is an obsolete inductive charging system used to charge battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The Magne Charge inductive charger was developed by General Motors subsidiary Delco Electronics , based on SAE recommended practice J1773 for electric passenger vehicles, primarily GM products such as the EV1 and the Chevy S10 EV , however, the Nissan Altra and the first generation Toyota RAV4 EV also used

2403-439: Is common on lab bench power supplies, the latter is common on supplies of less than 3 watts output. A foldback current limiter reduces the output current to much less than the maximum non-fault current. Power supplies are a fundamental component of many electronic devices and therefore used in a diverse range of applications. This list is a small sample of the many applications of power supplies. A modern computer power supply

2492-404: Is controlled by a low-level analog signal, it is effectively a low-bandwidth operational amplifier with high output power and seamless zero-crossings. This type of power supply is commonly used to power magnetic devices in scientific applications. The suitability of a particular power supply for an application is determined by various attributes of the power supply, which are typically listed in

2581-725: Is defined by three cases (IEC 61851-1): The North American Charging System (NACS) was developed by Tesla, Inc. for use in the company's vehicles. It remained a proprietary standard until 2022 when its specifications were published by Tesla. The connector is physically smaller than the J1172/CCS connector, and uses the same pins for both AC and DC charging functionality. As of November 2023, automakers Ford , General Motors , Rivian , Volvo , Polestar , Mercedes-Benz , Nissan , Honda , Jaguar , Fisker , Hyundai , BMW , Toyota , Subaru , and Lucid Motors have all committed to equipping their North American vehicles with NACS connectors in

2670-484: Is delivered from the power grid as alternating current. For this reason, most electric vehicles have a built-in AC-to-DC converter commonly known as the "onboard charger" (OBC). At an AC charging station, AC power from the grid is supplied to this onboard charger, which converts it into DC power to recharge the battery. DC chargers provide higher power charging (which requires much larger AC-to-DC converters) by building

2759-494: Is expected to operate in the range of 200–1500   V and 0–3000   A for a theoretical maximum power of 4.5   megawatts (MW). The proposal calls for MCS charge ports to be compatible with existing CCS and HPC chargers. The task force released aggregated requirements in February 2019, which called for maximum limits of 1000   V DC (optionally, 1500   V DC) and 3000   A continuous rating. A connector design

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2848-561: Is favored by Nissan , Mitsubishi , and Toyota , while the SAE J1772 Combo standard is backed by GM , Ford , Volkswagen , BMW , and Hyundai . Both systems charge to 80% in approximately 20 minutes, but the two systems are incompatible. Richard Martin, editorial director for clean technology marketing and consultant firm Navigant Research, stated: The broader conflict between the CHAdeMO and SAE Combo connectors, we see that as

2937-510: Is necessary. This requires a much larger AC-to-DC converter which is not practical to integrate into the vehicle. Instead, the AC-to-DC conversion is performed by the charging station, and DC power is supplied to the vehicle directly, bypassing the built-in converter. This is known as DC fast charging. Charging stations are usually accessible to multiple electric vehicles and are equipped with current or connection sensing mechanisms to disconnect

3026-466: Is not fast enough. The transition must be made in a break before make method. The UPS meeting that requirement is referred to as a True UPS or a Hybrid UPS. How much time the UPS will provide is most often based on batteries and in conjunction with generators. That time can range from a quasi minimum 5 to 15 minutes to hours or even days. In many computer installations, it is only enough time on batteries to give

3115-546: Is one that allows remote control of its operation through an analog input or digital interface such as RS-232 or GPIB . Controlled properties may include voltage, current, and in the case of AC output power supplies, frequency. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including automated equipment testing, crystal growth monitoring, semiconductor fabrication, and x-ray generators. Programmable power supplies typically employ an integral microcomputer to control and monitor power supply operation. Power supplies equipped with

3204-446: Is one that outputs hundreds or thousands of volts. A special output connector is used that prevents arcing , insulation breakdown and accidental human contact. Federal Standard connectors are typically used for applications above 20 kV, though other types of connectors (e.g., SHV connector ) may be used at lower voltages. Some high-voltage power supplies provide an analog input or digital communication interface that can be used to control

3293-710: Is part of the necessary design to convert high voltage vehicle battery power. Arc welding uses electricity to join metals by melting them. The electricity is provided by a welding power supply , and can either be AC or DC . Arc welding requires high currents typically between 100 and 350 amperes . Some types of welding can use as few as 10 amperes, while some applications of spot welding employ currents as high as 60,000 amperes for an extremely short time. Welding power supplies consisted of transformers or engines driving generators ; modern welding equipment uses semiconductors and may include microprocessor control. Both commercial and military avionic systems require either

3382-565: Is under development, which will provide higher power charging for large commercial vehicles ( Class 8, and possibly 6 and 7 as well , including school and transit buses). When the Charging Interface Initiative e. V. (CharIN) task force was formed in March 2018, the new standard being developed was originally called High Power Charging (HPC) for Commercial Vehicles (HPCCV), later renamed Megawatt Charging System (MCS). MCS

3471-587: The Electric Power Research Institute with members drawn from automotive manufacturers and the electric utilities to define standards in the United States; early work by the IWC led to the definition of three levels of charging in the 1999 National Electric Code (NEC) Handbook. Under the 1999 NEC, Level 1 charging equipment (as defined in the NEC handbook but not in the code) was connected to

3560-625: The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) defined the following terms: The terms "electric vehicle connector" and "electric vehicle inlet" were previously defined in the same way under Article 625 of the United States National Electric Code (NEC) of 1999. NEC-1999 also defined the term "electric vehicle supply equipment" as the entire unit "installed specifically for the purpose of delivering energy from

3649-642: The Type 2 connector defined in IEC 62196 -2) and SAE J3105 (automated connection of DC charging devices). In 2003, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted a majority of the SAE J1772 standard under IEC 62196-1 for international implementation. The IEC alternatively defines charging in modes ( IEC 61851 -1): The connection between the electric grid and "charger" (electric vehicle supply equipment)

Charging station - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-534: The "Electric Island", the first heavy-duty vehicle charging station, across the street from its headquarters in Portland, Oregon. The station is capable of charging eight vehicles simultaneously, and the charging bays are sized to accommodate tractor-trailers . In addition, the design is capable of accommodating >1   MW chargers once they are available. A startup company, WattEV, announced plans in May 2021 to build

3827-527: The Magne Charge paddle was discontinued by the following March. Three conductive connectors existed at the time, named according to their manufacturers: Avcon (aka butt-and-pin, used by Ford, Solectria , and Honda); Yazaki (aka pin-and-sleeve, on the RAV4 EV); and ODU (used by DaimlerChrysler). The Avcon butt-and-pin connector supported Level 2 and Level 3 (DC) charging and was described in the appendix of

3916-525: The Supercharger version, power is supplied at 72, 150, or 250 kW, the first corresponding to DC Level 1 and the second and third corresponding to DC Level 2 of SAE J1772. As of Q4 2021, Tesla reported 3,476 supercharging locations worldwide and 31,498 supercharging chargers (about 9 chargers per location on average). An extension to the CCS DC fast-charging standard for electric cars and light trucks

4005-735: The U.S., Europe, Japan and China. As of August 2014, some 3,869 CHAdeMO quick chargers were deployed, with 1,978 in Japan, 1,181 in Europe and 686 in the United States, and 24 in other countries. As of December 2021 the total number of public and private EV charging stations was over 57,000 in the United States and Canada combined. As of May 2023, there are over 3.9 million public EV charging points worldwide, with Europe having over 600,000, China leading with over 2.7 million. United States has over 138,100 charging outlets for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). In January 2023, S&P Global Mobility estimated that

4094-491: The US has about 126,500 Level 2 and 20,431 Level 3 charging stations, plus another 16,822 Tesla Superchargers and Tesla destination chargers. As of December 2012, Japan had 1,381 public DC fast-charging stations, the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world, but only around 300 AC chargers. As of December 2012, China had around 800 public slow charging points, and no fast charging stations. As of September 2013,

4183-425: The bottom of Type 1 or Type 2 vehicle inlets and charging plugs to supply DC current. These are commonly known as Combo 1 or Combo 2 connectors. The choice of style inlets is normally standardized on a per-country basis so that public chargers do not need to fit cables with both variants. Generally, North America uses Combo 1 style vehicle inlets, while most of the rest of the world uses Combo 2. The CHAdeMO standard

4272-622: The charger. J1773 was issued in 1995, revised in 1999, reaffirmed in 2009, and stabilized in 2014, indicating the recommended practice was frozen at the 1999 revision. Magne Charge support was withdrawn by General Motors in 2002, after the California Air Resources Board selected the competing AVCON conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. Magne Charge has become obsolete as

4361-449: The charging current. In a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), the AC mains input is directly rectified and then filtered to obtain a DC voltage. The resulting DC voltage is then switched on and off at a high frequency by electronic switching circuitry, thus producing an AC current that will pass through a high-frequency transformer or inductor. Switching occurs at a very high frequency (typically 10 kHz — 1 MHz), thereby enabling

4450-990: The converter into the charging station instead of the vehicle to avoid size and weight restrictions. The station then directly supplies DC power to the vehicle, bypassing the onboard converter. Most modern electric car models can accept both AC and DC power. Charging stations provide connectors that conform to a variety of international standards. DC charging stations are commonly equipped with multiple connectors to charge various vehicles that use competing standards. Public charging stations are typically found street-side or at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. Private charging stations are usually found at residences, workplaces, and hotels. Multiple standards have been established for charging technology to enable interoperability across vendors. Standards are available for nomenclature, power, and connectors. Tesla developed proprietary technology in these areas and began building its charging networking in 2012. In 2011,

4539-878: The country: Power supply All power supplies have a power input connection, which receives energy in the form of electric current from a source, and one or more power output or power rail connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may come from the electric power grid , such as an electrical outlet , energy storage devices such as batteries or fuel cells , generators or alternators , solar power converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless energy transfer to power their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control. Power supplies are categorized in various ways, including by functional features. For example,

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4628-480: The device and the user from harm. In the event that an abnormal high-current power draw is detected, the switched-mode supply can assume this is a direct short and will shut itself down before damage is done. PC power supplies often provide a power good signal to the motherboard; the absence of this signal prevents operation when abnormal supply voltages are present. Some SMPSs have an absolute limit on their minimum current output. They are only able to output above

4717-454: The electrical grid, EVs have a small AC-to-DC converter built into the vehicle. The charging cable supplies AC power directly from the grid, and the vehicle converts this power to DC internally and charges its battery. The built-in converters on most EVs typically support charging speeds up to 6–7   kW, sufficient for overnight charging. This is known as "AC charging". To facilitate rapid recharging of EVs, much higher power (50–100+   kW)

4806-694: The first version (1996) of the SAE J1772 recommended practice; the 2001 version moved the connector description into the body of the practice, making it the de facto standard for the United States. IWC recommended the Avcon butt connector for North America, based on environmental and durability testing. As implemented, the Avcon connector used four contacts for Level 2 (L1, L2, Pilot, Ground) and added five more (three for serial communications, and two for DC power) for Level 3 (L1, L2, Pilot, Com1, Com2, Ground, Clean Data ground, DC+, DC−). By 2009, J1772 had instead adopted

4895-436: The full mains voltage, and it must also have enough capacitance to support maximum load current at the rated output voltage. Taken together, these constraints limit practical uses of this type of supply to low-power applications. The function of a linear voltage regulator is to convert a varying DC voltage to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often provide a current limiting function to protect

4984-623: The future. Automotive startup Aptera Motors has also adopted the connector standard in its vehicles. Other automakers, such as Stellantis and Volkswagen have not made an announcement. To meet European Union (EU) requirements on recharging points, Tesla vehicles sold in the EU are equipped with a CCS Combo 2 port. Both the North America and the EU port take 480   V DC fast charging through Tesla's network of Superchargers , which variously use NACS and CCS charging connectors. Depending on

5073-404: The general physical, electrical, communication, and performance requirements for EV charging systems used in North America, as part of standard SAE J1772 , initially developed in 2001. SAE J1772 defines four levels of charging, two levels each for AC and DC supplies; the differences between levels are based upon the power distribution type, standards and maximum power. AC charging stations connect

5162-434: The grid through a standard NEMA 5 -20R 3-prong electrical outlet with grounding, and a ground-fault circuit interrupter was required within 12 in (30 cm) of the plug. The supply circuit required protection at 125% of the maximum rated current; for example, charging equipment rated at 16  amperes ("amps" or "A") continuous current required a breaker sized to 20 A. Level 2 charging equipment (as defined in

5251-513: The handbook) was permanently wired and fastened at a fixed location under NEC-1999. It also required grounding and ground-fault protection; in addition, it required an interlock to prevent vehicle startup during charging and a safety breakaway for the cable and connector. A 40 A breaker (125% of continuous maximum supply current) was required to protect the branch circuit. For convenience and speedier charging, many early EVs preferred that owners and operators install Level 2 charging equipment, which

5340-632: The largest public charging networks in Australia were in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne , with around 30 stations (7   kW AC) established in both cities – smaller networks exist in other capital cities. In India, public electric vehicle (EV) charging stations are commonly located street-side and at retail shopping centers, government facilities, and other parking areas. Private charging stations are typically found at residences, workplaces, and hotels. Several Indian companies are actively developing and managing EV charging infrastructure across

5429-472: The last vehicles using it (S10 EV) were produced in 2003. In addition, all EV1s and nearly all S10 EVs were lease-only; after the lease period expired, General Motors recalled and destroyed nearly all of these early BEVs. The AVCON interface was integrated into the corresponding conductive SAE J1772 charging standard in 2001. AVCON itself was superseded in 2009 as the preferred interface in J1772 by

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5518-547: The line voltage waveform, which can adversely affect other loads (and result in poor power quality for other utility customers), and cause unnecessary heating in wires and distribution equipment. Furthermore, customers incur higher electric bills when operating lower power factor loads. To circumvent these problems, some computer switch-mode power supplies perform power factor correction, and may employ input filters or additional switching stages to reduce line interference. A capacitive power supply (transformerless power supply) uses

5607-459: The load never experiences an interruption. Instantly here should be defined as the speed of electricity within conductors which is somewhat near the speed of light. That definition is important because transmission of high speed data and communications service must have continuity/NO break of that service. Some manufacturers use a quasi standard of 4 milliseconds. However, with high speed data even 4 ms of time in transitioning from one source to another

5696-415: The mains; this feature is often essential for safety. Switched-mode power supplies are usually regulated, and to keep the output voltage constant, the power supply employs a feedback controller that monitors current drawn by the load. The switching duty cycle increases as power output requirements increase. SMPSs often include safety features such as current limiting or a crowbar circuit to help protect

5785-424: The maximum charging power due to limitations of the battery or battery management system , charging losses (which can be as high as 25%), and vary over time due to charging limits applied by a charge controller . The usable battery capacity of a first-generation electric vehicle, such as the original Nissan Leaf, was about 20   kilowatt-hours (kWh), giving it a range of about 100 mi (160 km). Tesla

5874-457: The operators time to shut down the system in an orderly way. Other UPS schemes may use an internal combustion engine or turbine to supply power during a utility power outage and the amount of battery time is then dependent upon how long it takes the generator to be on line and the criticality of the equipment served. Such a scheme is found in hospitals, data centers, call centers, cell sites and telephone central offices. A high-voltage power supply

5963-425: The output voltage. High-voltage power supplies are commonly used to accelerate and manipulate electron and ion beams in equipment such as x-ray generators , electron microscopes , and focused ion beam columns, and in a variety of other applications, including electrophoresis and electrostatics . High-voltage power supplies typically apply the bulk of their input energy to a power inverter , which in turn drives

6052-415: The power source is direct current, (like an automobile storage battery), an inverter and step-up transformer may be used to convert it to AC power. Portable AC power may be provided by an alternator powered by a diesel or gasoline engine (for example, at a construction site, in an automobile or boat, or backup power generation for emergency services) whose current is passed to a regulator circuit to provide

6141-433: The power supply and load from overcurrent (excessive, potentially destructive current). A constant output voltage is required in many power supply applications, but the voltage provided by many energy sources will vary with changes in load impedance. Furthermore, when an unregulated DC power supply is the energy source, its output voltage will also vary with changing input voltage. To circumvent this, some power supplies use

6230-430: The power supply from its load, and the equipment stops working until the problem that caused the overload is identified and the fuse is replaced. Some power supplies use a very thin wire link soldered in place as a fuse. Fuses in power supply units may be replaceable by the end user, but fuses in consumer equipment may require tools to access and change. A circuit breaker contains an element that heats, bends and triggers

6319-588: The power supply's specification . Commonly specified attributes for a power supply include: Commonly-used abbreviations used in power supply specifications: The power supply of an electrical system tends to generate heat. The higher the efficiency, the less heat is generated by the power supply. There are many ways to manage the heat of a power supply unit. The types of cooling generally fall into two categories -- convection and conduction . Common convection methods for cooling electronic power supplies include natural air flow, forced air flow, or other liquid flow over

6408-422: The power supply's operation. A DC power supply operating on DC input voltage is called a DC-to-DC converter . This section focuses mostly on the AC-to-DC variant. In a linear power supply the AC input voltage passes through a power transformer and is then rectified and filtered to obtain a DC voltage. The filtering reduces the amplitude of AC mains frequency present in the rectifier output and can be as simple as

6497-508: The power when the EV is not charging. The two main types of safety sensors: Sensor wires react more quickly, have fewer parts to fail, and are possibly less expensive to design and implement. Current sensors however can use standard connectors and can allow suppliers to monitor or charge for the electricity actually consumed. Longer drives require a network of public charging stations. In addition, they are essential for vehicles that lack access to

6586-419: The premises wiring to the electric vehicle", including "conductors ... electric vehicle connectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, power outlets, or apparatuses". Tesla, Inc. uses the term charging station as the location of a group of chargers, and the term connector for an individual EVSE. The National Electric Transportation Infrastructure Working Council (IWC) was formed in 1991 by

6675-461: The reactance of a capacitor to reduce the mains voltage to a smaller AC voltage. Typically, the resulting reduced AC voltage is then rectified, filtered and regulated to produce a constant DC output voltage. The output voltage is not isolated from the mains. Consequently, to avoid exposing people and equipment from hazardous high voltage, anything connected to the power supply must be reliably insulated. The voltage reduction capacitor must withstand

6764-474: The round Type 1 (Yazaki) connector, found on later BEVs such as the 2012 Gen 2 RAV4 EV , Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt . The charge coupler or paddle and vehicle inlet are inductively coupled to form two halves of an electrical transformer ; in this case, the paddle is the primary winding and the inlet is the secondary winding. Power at utility line frequency (60 Hz) is transformed to high frequency alternating current (130 to 360 kHz) to minimize

6853-416: The round pin-and-sleeve (Yazaki) connector as its standard implementation, and the rectangular Avcon butt connector was rendered obsolete. Charging time depends on the battery's capacity, power density, and charging power. The larger the capacity, the more charge the battery can hold (analogous to the size of a fuel tank). Higher power density allows the battery to accept more charge per unit time (the size of

6942-485: The size of the vehicle inlet portion of the transformer. The vehicle has on-board electronics to rectify the applied AC power to DC for battery charging. An infrared link is provided between the vehicle and paddle to communicate how much power is being drawn, according to feedback from the vehicle's on-board charge controller. The Level 2 charger which supplied 6.6  kW was the most common version. A higher-power (Level 3) "fast charge" version which supplied 50  kW

7031-422: The source voltage is the same as the output voltage; this is called an isolation transformer . Other AC power supply transformers do not provide mains isolation; these are called autotransformers ; a variable output autotransformer is known as a variac . Other kinds of AC power supplies are designed to provide a nearly constant current , and output voltage may vary depending on impedance of the load. In cases when

7120-739: The tank opening). Higher charging power supplies more energy per unit time (analogous to a pump's flow rate). An important downside of charging at fast speeds is that it also adds stress to the mains electricity grid. The California Air Resources Board specified a target minimum range of 150 miles (240 km) to qualify as a zero-emission vehicle , and further specified that the vehicle should allow for fast-charging. Charge time can be calculated as: Charging Time (h) = Battery capacity (kWh) Charging power (kW) {\displaystyle {\text{Charging Time (h)}}={\frac {\text{Battery capacity (kWh)}}{\text{Charging power (kW)}}}} The effective charging power can be lower than

7209-417: The unit. Common conduction cooling methods include heat sinks , cold plates, and thermal compounds. Power supplies often have protection from short circuit or overload that could damage the supply or cause a fire. Fuses and circuit breakers are two commonly used mechanisms for overload protection. A fuse contains a short piece of wire which melts if too much current flows. This effectively disconnects

7298-513: The use of transformers and filter capacitors that are much smaller, lighter, and less expensive than those found in linear power supplies operating at mains frequency. After the inductor or transformer secondary, the high frequency AC is rectified and filtered to produce the DC output voltage. If the SMPS uses an adequately insulated high-frequency transformer, the output will be electrically isolated from

7387-561: The vehicle's onboard charging circuitry directly to the AC supply. Commonly, though incorrectly, called "Level 3" charging based on the older NEC-1999 definition, DC charging is categorized separately in the SAE standard. In DC fast-charging, grid AC power is passed through an AC-to-DC converter in the station before reaching the vehicle's battery, bypassing any AC-to-DC converter on board the vehicle. Additional standards released by SAE for charging include SAE J3068 (three-phase AC charging, using

7476-421: Was a vacuum tube AC/DC receiver . In modern use, AC power supplies can be divided into single phase and three phase systems. AC power Supplies can also be used to change the frequency as well as the voltage, they are often used by manufacturers to check the suitability of their products for use in other countries. 230 V 50 Hz or 115 60 Hz or even 400 Hz for avionics testing. An AC adapter

7565-492: Was connected to the EV either through an inductive paddle ( Magne Charge ) or a conductive connector ( Avcon ). Level 3 charging equipment used an off-vehicle rectifier to convert the input AC power to DC, which was then supplied to the vehicle. At the time it was written, the 1999 NEC handbook anticipated that Level 3 charging equipment would require utilities to upgrade their distribution systems and transformers. The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE International ) defines

7654-416: Was demonstrated in 1998. There were two inductive charge paddle sizes, an original large paddle and later small paddle, which were 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 4 + 1 ⁄ 4  in (140 and 110 mm) wide, respectively. These were often referred on electric vehicle charging station maps as SPI and LPI stations for Small Paddle Inductive and Large Paddle Inductive stations. The inductive coupling system

7743-590: Was required to accommodate a liquid-cooled vehicle inlet charge port; the smaller paddle (introduced in 2000) interfaced with an air-cooled inlet instead. SAE J1773, which described the technical requirements for inductive paddle coupling, was first issued in January 1995, with another revision issued in November 1999. The influential California Air Resources Board adopted the conductive connector as its standard on 28 June 2001, based on lower costs and durability, and

7832-681: Was selected in May 2019 and tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in September 2020. Thirteen manufacturers participated in the test, which checked the coupling and thermal performance of seven vehicle inlets and eleven charger connectors. The final connector requirements and specification was adopted in December 2021 as MCS connector version 3.2. With support from Portland General Electric , on 21 April 2021 Daimler Trucks North America opened

7921-415: Was the first company to introduce longer-range vehicles, initially releasing their Model S with battery capacities of 40   kWh, 60   kWh and 85   kWh, with the latter lasting for about 480 km (300 mi). As of 2022 plug-in hybrid vehicles typically had an electric range of 15 to 60 miles (24–97 km). Batteries are charged with DC power. To charge from the AC power supplied by

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