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30-590: Ezh (Ʒ, ʒ) is a letter in the extended Latin alphabet, a variant of the Z/z with a tail Ezh or variation , may also refer to: Ezh Ezh is also used as a letter in some orthographies of Laz and Skolt Sami , both by itself, and with a caron (⟨Ǯ⟩ ⟨ǯ⟩). In Laz, these represent voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ and its ejective counterpart /tsʼ/ , respectively. In Skolt Sami they respectively denote partially voiced alveolar and post-alveolar affricates, broadly represented /dz/ and /dʒ/ . It also appears in

60-767: A few". Personal pronouns have three cases : nominative , accusative (also used with all prepositions ) and dative . Possessive adjectives are used for the genitive . As in English, there are three pronouns in the third person singular (masculine: he ; feminine: ce ; neuter : je ) as well as a reflexive pronoun . For example: i = "I" (nominative), ma = "me" (accusative), mo = "to me" (dative), tu, ta, to = "you", etc. List of personal pronouns: i, tu, he, ce, je, nu, vu, lu = "I, you (singular) , he, she, it, we, you (plural & polite form) , they". Reflexive pronoun: sia = "oneself". Uropi verbs have indicative , imperative and conditional moods, as well as

90-568: A great many Uropi roots correspond to common Indo-European roots which have been simplified, in their pronunciation and length (very often Uropi roots have one or two syllables). Thus, mother is mata (from Indo-European: mātēr* ); sun is sol (from Indo-European: sāwel* ). This simplification corresponds to the natural evolution of Indo-European roots which have given birth to the words which are used today in modern I-E languages. Thus mata corresponds to Hindi mata, sol to Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Icelandic, and Scandinavian sol . When there

120-494: A letter. All consonants are pronounced as in English except The vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in Italian or Spanish: casa, solo, vino, luna, pepe . Stress normally falls on the main root . For example, in apkebo = to behead, the stress falls on keb = head. However some suffixes (such as -èl indicating an instrument) and the ending -ì for the past are always stressed; when two or more suffixes are combined,

150-673: A linguist, his travels throughout Europe, Senegal, the Maghreb, Egypt, Mexico, former USSR, Vietnam and the West Indies, together with a passion for languages, led him to create Uropi. The Uropi alphabet has 26 letters, the 26 letters of the ISO Basic Latin alphabet minus q, plus the letter ʒ, which comes from the International Phonetic Alphabet . Each letter corresponds to a sound and each sound to

180-492: A simple form, a durative (continuous) form and a perfect form. 1: un ; 2: du ; 3: tri ; 4: kwer ; 5: pin ; 6: ses ; 7: sep ; 8: oc ; 9: nev ; 10: des ; 100: sunte ; 1000: tilie . 357: trisunte pindes-sep . Ordinal numbers are formed by adding -i or -j (after a vowel): duj : "second"; trij : "third", kweri : "fourth", pini : "fifth"; the exception is pri : "first". Fractions are formed by adding -t to numbers: u trit : "a third", u kwert : "a fourth,

210-425: A very limited declension with only two cases : nominative and genitive in the singular and the plural . Uropi substantives are divided into three groups: those ending in a consonant , those ending in -a and those ending in another vowel . Among those ending in a consonant are all masculine nouns , i.e., nouns denoting men or male animals: man : "man"; kat : "(tom)cat". Those nouns take an -e in

240-529: Is a synthesis of European languages, explicitly based on the common Indo-European roots and aims at being used as an international auxiliary language for Europe and thus contributing to building a European identity. Uropi was begun in 1986; since then, it has undergone certain modifications; its vocabulary keeps growing (the French-Uropi dictionary has over 10,000 words). Uropi became known in Europe in

270-509: Is also seen used for dram, but this letter is meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, and is not recommended as an abbreviation for dram. The Unicode code points are U+01B7 for ⟨Ʒ⟩ and U+0292 for ⟨ʒ⟩. Ezh with caron is also precomposed in Unicode ­with the code points U+01EE for ⟨Ǯ⟩ and U+01EF for ⟨ǯ⟩. The IPA historically allowed for ezh to be ligatured to other letters; some of these ligatures have been added to

300-561: Is derived from Latin ⟨ z ⟩, but yogh is derived from Latin ⟨ g ⟩ by way of insular G . The characters look very similar and do not appear alongside each other in any alphabet. To differentiate between the two more clearly, the Oxford University Press and the Early English Text Society extend the uppermost tip of the yogh into a little curvature upward. The ezh looks similar to the common form of

330-450: Is no common Indo-European root or when there are several roots to express the same reality in various languages, Uropi may use "hybrid" words, crossing two different roots taken from different languages so as to create the most easily recognizable term for speakers of the greatest number of Indo-European languages. Thus, in liamo , to love, the li- comes from Germanic and Slavic languages (cf German lieben and Russian liubit ), and

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360-423: Is used in contrast to tail-less z, notably in standard transcription of Middle High German , Unicode ⟨ʒ⟩ is sometimes used, strictly speaking incorrectly. Unicode offers ⟨ ȥ ⟩ "z with hook" as a grapheme for Middle High German coronal fricative instead. In Unicode 1.0 , the character was unified with the unrelated character yogh ⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩, which was not correctly added to Unicode until Unicode 3.0. Historically, ezh

390-568: Is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet . U+1DF18 𝼘 LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK was previously used in the IPA For Mac: Option⌥ + : , followed by ⇧ Shift + Z or Z respectively. For Windows (Sámi Keyboard Layout): AltGr + B . Uropi Uropi is a constructed language which was created by Joël Landais, a French English teacher. Uropi

420-456: Is used in the "International Standard" orthography, as devised by Marcel Courthiade for Romani . It was also used in an obsolete Latin alphabet for writing Komi , where it represented [d͡ʑ] (similar to English ⟨j⟩). In the modern Cyrillic alphabet, this sound is written as "дз". Also during Latinisation in the USSR was used in the project of Unified Northern Alphabet and other alphabets of

450-489: The -am , from Latin languages ( amo, amare, amar ); or in mand , hand, the ma- comes from Latin languages and the -and, from Germanic languages (cf Latin manus and German hand ) This process is not so artificial as it seems at first sight: It has been observed in natural languages, for example, the French haut (high) comes from the crossing between old Fr. aut (from Latin altus ) and Frankish hōh . Likewise,

480-431: The blackletter ⟨z⟩ letter. In Unicode, however, the blackletter ⟨[z] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ⟩ (" tailed z ", German geschwänztes Z ) is considered a glyph variant of ⟨z⟩, and not an ezh. Humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino proposed in 1524 a reform of Italian orthography introducing ezh as an uppercase ⟨ ç ⟩ for the [dz] sound. In contexts where "tailed z"

510-421: The figure three ⟨3⟩. To differentiate between the two characters, ezh includes the sharp zigzag of the letter ⟨z⟩, while the number is usually curved. Some typefaces use a form of ⟨3⟩ with a flat top, very similar (or virtually identical) to an ezh. In handwritten Cyrillic, the numeral ⟨3⟩ is sometimes written in a form similar to the ezh, so as to distinguish it from the letter ze ⟨З⟩. Ezh looks similar to

540-660: The syllabogram ⟨ ろ ⟩, which is the hiragana form of the Japanese mora ro . The Cyrillic letter ze ⟨З з⟩ has a similar body to Ezh and the Abkhazian dze ⟨Ӡ ӡ⟩. As customary, the Cyrillic script has a stiffer structure, but both letters have common roots in historical cursive forms of the Greek letter zeta ⟨Ζ ζ⟩. However, Latin ezh and Cyrillic ze represent different phonemes: the former generally represents /ʒ/ , while

570-870: The English island comes from the crossing of Old English īeġland (from Proto-Germanic *awjōlandą ) and Old French isle (from Latin insula ) . It has also been deliberately used in languages like English to form new words: " portmanteau -words", for instance, the famous London "smog" comes from the crossing of '"smoke" and "fog". Let us also mention the words ' franglais (Fr = français + anglais ), denglisch (Ger. = Deutsch + Englisch ), spanglish (US = Spanish + English). These "hybrid" words only account for 3% of Uropi vocabulary. Uropi also uses many words which are already "international", like taksì, skol (school), bus, art, matc (match), polìz (police), simfonij (symphony), and tabàk (tobacco). As many other conlangs , Uropi uses many compounds , either combining two roots, or using prefixes and suffixes . Among

600-489: The Unicode standard. Related obsolete IPA characters include U+01BA ƺ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH TAIL and U+0293 ʓ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CURL . U+1DBE ᶾ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL EZH and U+1D9A ᶚ LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK are also used for phonetic transcription. U+1D23 ᴣ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL EZH

630-627: The early 1990s. After studying languages at the University of Orléans , then at the Sorbonne and at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, Joël Landais obtained the Agrégation diploma in English. He speaks French, English, Italian, Spanish, German and has a working knowledge of modern Greek and Russian. Today, he teaches English in a Chartres college. Parallel to his training as

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660-653: The former, there are the following examples: lucitòr , "lighthouse", from luc , "light" and tor , "tower"; or, with sopo , "to sleep", sopisàk , "sleeping-bag", or sopivagòn , "sleeper" (train). There are also numerous examples of compounds built with prefixes or suffixes: for example with davo , "to give", disdavo , "to distribute", can be formed; with tel , "goal, purpose", atelo , "end up in, come to", can be formed; with breko , "to break", and us , "out", usbreko , "to break out", can be formed; with apel , "apple", aplar , "apple tree", and aplaria , "apple orchard", can be formed. In most cases, those compounds reveal

690-509: The latter represents stands for /z/. Cyrillic uses zhe ⟨Ж ж⟩ for the /ʒ/ phoneme. Trissino's reform did not prosper in relation to the ⟨z⟩ . In the IPA it represents the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. For example: vision / ˈ v ɪ ʒ ən / . It is pronounced as the ⟨s⟩ in "treasure" or the ⟨si⟩ in the word "precision". It is used with that value in Uropi . It

720-459: The noun they qualify. Some are "pure" adjectives: bun : "good"; glen : "green", kurti : "short", others are derived from nouns. In this case, their form is identical to that of the genitive singular: mani : "manly, man's"; ʒinu : feminine, "woman's". A few quantitative indefinite adjectives which are also pronouns take an -e in the plural: mol, mole = "much, many", poj, poje = "little, few", tal, tale = "every, all", ek, eke = "some,

750-547: The orthography of some African languages, for example in the Aja language of Benin and the Dagbani language of Ghana , where the uppercase variant looks like a reflected sigma ⟨ Σ ⟩. It also appears in the orthography of Uropi . As a phonetic symbol, it originates with Isaac Pitman 's English Phonotypic Alphabet in 1847, as a z with an added hook. The symbol is based on medieval cursive forms of Latin ⟨ z ⟩, evolving into

780-491: The other substantives are neuter: they can equally end with a consonant or with an -a : for example, tab : "table", ment : "mind", or teatra : "theatre", centra : "centre". They correspond to the neuter personal pronoun je = "it". The nouns ending with another vowel are essentially "international" words like taksì, eurò, menù . They take an -s in the plural, but no specific mark in the genitive. As in English, qualifying adjectives are invariable. They are placed before

810-633: The people of the Soviet Union during the 1920–1930s. In Unicode , a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the ezh is also used as the symbol to represent the abbreviation for dram or drachm, an apothecaries' system unit of mass . Unicode has no dedicated symbol for dram, but the Unicode code table entry for ezh reads "LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH = dram sign". The upper-case letter z in Blackletter / Fraktur hand, ℨ ,

840-447: The plural; the genitive singular is marked with an -i , and the genitive plural with -is : man, mane, mani, manis = "man, men, man's, men's". All feminine nouns, i.e., nouns denoting women or female animals end in -a : ʒina : "woman"; kata : "(she)cat". These nouns take an -s in the plural. The -a becomes -u in the genitive singular, -us in the genitive plural: gala, galas, galu, galus = "hen, hens, hen's, hens'". All

870-451: The roots and thus the meaning of the compound. However, some of those compounds, even if they follow the etymology of equivalent words in living European languages, have a more obscure, rather metaphorical meaning. Thus, ruspeko , literally "to look back", means "to respect"; or incepo , literally "to seize, to grasp inside", means "to understand" (reminiscent of "to grasp (a concept)"). Like some modern Indo-European languages , Uropi has

900-424: The stress always falls on the penultimate suffix (the last but one). The stress is marked with a written accent (à è ì ò ù) on the stressed vowel when it falls on the last syllable. For example: kotèl, perì, fotò, menù = "knife, carried, photo, menu". Uropi roots can be divided into three categories: First and foremost Uropi claims to be a way to recreate a unity between Indo-European languages . With this aim,

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