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83-512: The Foundation's collection includes more than 1,500 pieces, covering some of the most compelling periods of Western art history , from Greek and Etruscan civilizations to European masters, with important works from the Dutch , Flemish , Italian and French schools, as well as works from Asian cultures , African and pre-Columbian art . Brazilian art is also outlined in the collection, which includes examples ranging from colonial period to

166-429: A Mycenaean market, or Mycenaean overlords of Crete. While Minoan figures, whether human or animal, have a great sense of life and movement, they are often not very accurate, and the species is sometimes impossible to identify; by comparison with Ancient Egyptian art they are often more vivid, but less naturalistic. In comparison with the art of other ancient cultures there is a high proportion of female figures, though

249-493: A collection of more than 3,000 books. Though small in size, it includes an important set of rare works, such as illuminated manuscripts , incunabula and Aldine editions . It also holds a collection of reports of European travelers in Brazil, ranging from 16th to 19th century, including works by André Thévet , Arnoldus Montanus , Robert Southey , Willem Blaeu , Maria Graham , von Spix , von Martius , etc. Another highlight of

332-578: A counter movement of the Rococo, the impetus being a sense of disgust directed towards the latter's florid qualities. Rio de Janeiro Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese : Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro , MAM) is a museum located in northeastern Flamengo Park , in the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It is in the Centro district , west of Santos Dumont Airport , on Guanabara Bay . Flamengo Park

415-840: A distant memory in parts of the Medieval period, to re-emerge in the Renaissance , suffer a period of what some early art historians viewed as "decay" during the Baroque period, to reappear in a refined form in Neo-Classicism and to be reborn in Post-Modernism . Before the 1800s, the Christian church was a major influence on European art, and commissions from the Church provided the major source of work for artists. In

498-505: A fire caused either by a cigarette or an electrical failure destroyed 90% of the museum's collection, including artworks from Pablo Picasso ("Cubist Head" and "Portrait of Dora Maar"), Joan Miró ("Persons in a Landscape"), Salvador Dalí ("Egg on a Plate, Without the Plate"), Max Ernst , Paul Klee , Diego Rivera , René Magritte , Louis Van Lint , Ivan Serpa , David Alfaro Siqueiros , Manabu Mabe and others – and all artworks showed in

581-434: A galley level free of internal columns or structural walls. The park was created on landfill in the bay, so the pillars footings reach 20 metres (66 ft) down. A large outdoor terrace is framed by the entrance façades of the main building and theater wing. The northern façade has aluminum shutters to control the amount of (low) natural light entering the gallery space during the winter solstice period. The windows of

664-632: A great appreciator of music and art, an avid reader, and frequenter of concerts, theater, opera and ballet. She soon developed great interest in collecting. Her first acquisitions were oriental rugs , porcelain and silverware . After Hessel Klabin's death in 1946, Ema and her sister, Eva , became heiresses of the family's fortune. Ema also became her father's successor at the company council. She never married nor had children, dedicating herself exclusively to business affairs, philanthropic and cultural activities. As her sister, Ema also continued to expand her art collection, making frequent travels to Europe and

747-529: A long period perhaps covering the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and early Neolithic. Prehistoric Celtic art comes from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. There are human heads and some fully represented animals, but full-length human figures at any size are so rare that their absence may represent

830-786: A more elaborate and dramatic re-adaptation of late Renaissance art. By the 18th century, however, Baroque art was falling out of fashion as many deemed it too melodramatic and also gloomy, and it developed into the Rococo , which emerged in France. Rococo art was even more elaborate than the Baroque, but it was less serious and more playful. Whilst the Baroque used rich, strong colours, Rococo used pale, creamier shades. The artistic movement no longer placed an emphasis on politics and religion, focusing instead on lighter themes such as romance, celebration, and appreciation of nature. Rococo art also contrasted

913-416: A number of Italian paintings dating from 16th to 18th century. Outstanding among them are the religious and mythological scenes by Raffaellino del Garbo , Giacomo Francia , Giovanni Battista Gaulli and Sebastiano Ricci , besides the portraits by Alessandro Allori and Pompeo Batoni . The collection presents a wide panorama of Flemish and Dutch schools, ranging from 15th to 17th century, with

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996-635: A rather larger number of copies of them from the Early Medieval period. Early Christian art grew out of Roman popular, and later Imperial, art and adapted its iconography from these sources. Most surviving art from the Medieval period was religious in focus, often funded by the Church , powerful ecclesiastical individuals such as bishops , communal groups such as abbeys , or wealthy secular patrons . Many had specific liturgical functions—processional crosses and altarpieces , for example. One of

1079-479: A relatively large number of pieces, such as light fixtures, rugs, small statuettes, fireplace pediments, mirrors and decorative objects in general. There is a large collection of tableware, including porcelain ( Sèvres , Limoges , Meissen ) and crystal glassware ( Baccarat , Bohemia ). The furniture collection is mainly composed by Italian and French pieces, ranging from 16th to 19th century, including tables, cabinets and other items. The most important works in

1162-758: A religious taboo. As the Romans conquered Celtic territories, it almost entirely vanishes, but the style continued in limited use in the British Isles , and with the coming of Christianity revived there in the Insular style of the Early Middle Ages. The Minoan civilization of Crete is regarded as the oldest civilization in Europe. Minoan art is marked by imaginative images and exceptional workmanship. Sinclair Hood described an "essential quality of

1245-654: A rooster . The European collection also include prints by Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , Francisco de Goya , Pablo Picasso , among others, as well as a number of Eastern icons . This small collection is composed by objects produced prior to the 16th century, proceeding from relevant archaeological sites in present-day Bolivia , Peru and Mexico , such as Tiwanaku , Chancay and Nazca . It comprises works in terracotta, stone, wood and fabric produced by civilizations like Chavín , Moche , Chimú , Toltec , and Nazca . The Ema Klabin Foundation Library holds

1328-489: A self-conscious classical revival, developing into Ottonian art . Anglo-Saxon art is the art of England after the Insular period. Illuminated manuscripts contain nearly all the surviving painting of the period, but architecture, metalwork and small carved work in wood or ivory were also important media. Byzantine art overlaps with or merges with what we call Early Christian art until the iconoclasm period of 730-843 when

1411-559: A strong emphasis in Baroque paintings. It includes genre works , hunting scenes, landscapes , portraits and still lifes by artists as Jan Brueghel the Elder , Jan van Goyen , David Teniers the Younger , Gerard ter Borch , Abraham Brueghel , Philips Wouwerman and Abraham Hondius , beside two small panels attributed to Dirk Bouts . The collection also includes two landscape paintings by Frans Post , including View of Olinda , probably

1494-713: Is a general term for the art of the "barbarian" peoples who moved into formerly Roman territories. Celtic art in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the Anglo-Saxons creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or Insular art , which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages. Merovingian art describes the art of the Franks before about 800, when Carolingian art combined insular influences with

1577-755: Is an example of their architecture that has lasted to modern days. Greek marble sculpture is often described as the highest form of Classical art. Painting on the pottery of Ancient Greece and ceramics gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was. Some famous Greek painters on wooden panels who are mentioned in texts are Apelles , Zeuxis and Parrhasius , however no examples of Ancient Greek panel painting survive, only written descriptions by their contemporaries or by later Romans. Zeuxis lived in 5–6 BC and

1660-481: Is arranged into a number of stylistic periods, which, historically, overlap each other as different styles flourished in different areas. Broadly the periods are, Classical , Byzantine , Medieval , Gothic , Renaissance , Baroque , Rococo , Neoclassical , Modern , Postmodern and New European Painting . European prehistoric art is an important part of the European cultural heritage. Prehistoric art history

1743-619: Is far from clear; one room in Akrotiri has been argued to be a bedroom, with remains of a bed, or a shrine. Animals, including an unusual variety of marine fauna, are often depicted; the " Marine Style " is a type of painted palace pottery from MM III and LM IA that paints sea creatures including octopus spreading all over the vessel, and probably originated from similar frescoed scenes; sometimes these appear in other media. Scenes of hunting and warfare, and horses and riders, are mostly found in later periods, in works perhaps made by Cretans for

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1826-400: Is not only drawn from the collection of works of art and of courses of study and conferences held there, but more particularly the creation of their own intellectual atmosphere in which the artist is to enrich their own work and ideas in which the public can absorb the artistic culture required by the mind of modern man. The museum's scope is as an arts center, and includes: On July 8, 1978,

1909-458: Is one of the finest of a number of Magdalenian carvings in bone or antler of animals in the art of the Upper Paleolithic , though they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture. With the beginning of the Mesolithic in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced, and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until

1992-545: Is seen as Absolutist in nature. Religious and political themes were widely explored within the Baroque artistic context, and both paintings and sculptures were characterised by a strong element of drama, emotion and theatricality. Famous Baroque artists include Caravaggio or Rubens . Artemisia Gentileschi was another noteworthy artist, who was inspired by Caravaggio's style. Baroque art was particularly ornate and elaborate in nature, often using rich, warm colours with dark undertones. Pomp and grandeur were important elements of

2075-412: Is thought to have had a religious significance; bull's heads are also a popular subject in terracotta and other sculptural materials. There are no figures that appear to be portraits of individuals, or are clearly royal, and the identities of religious figures is often tentative, with scholars uncertain whether they are deities, clergy or devotees. Equally, whether painted rooms were "shrines" or secular

2158-589: Is usually divided into four main periods: Stone Age , Neolithic , Bronze Age , and Iron Age . Most of the remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings. Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female Venus figurines such as the Venus of Willendorf (24,000–22,000 BC) found across central Europe; the 30 cm tall Löwenmensch figurine of about 30,000 BCE has hardly any pieces that can be related to it. The Swimming Reindeer of about 11,000 BCE

2241-633: The Florence Cathedral . Brunelleschi's dome for the cathedral was one of the first truly revolutionary architectural innovations since the Gothic flying buttress. Donatello created many of its sculptures. Giotto and Lorenzo Ghiberti also contributed to the cathedral. High Renaissance artists include such figures as Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo Buonarroti , and Raffaello Sanzio . The 15th-century artistic developments in Italy (for example,

2324-921: The Petit Palais in Paris , Chaïm Soutine , held in the Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret and the Jewish Museum Vienna , and the retrospective exhibition Lasar Segall: un expressionista brasileño held at Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City and the Latin American Art Museum of Buenos Aires . The headquarters of the Ema Klabin Foundation is located in a 4,000 square meters lot at Jardim Europa district, an upscale subdivision designed by Hipólito Pujol Júnior at

2407-744: The Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam , visited by Ema in her childhood and teenage years. It is a single floor building organized in a long semicircular gallery, facing the garden, around which all the rooms are distributed. Although it presents an impressive scale, as seen by the nearly five-meter-high ceilings, it possesses relatively few rooms. The collection of African art comprises religious and ritual objects, executed in wood, ivory and bronze by distinct Ethnic groups of Western Africa , such as Ashanti , Bambara , Yoruba , Mossi , Dan , Baoulé , Bakongo and Bakuba , most of which dating back to

2490-533: The Scrovegni Chapel , Padua , is seen as the beginnings of a Renaissance style . Other painters of the 14th century were carried the Gothic style to great elaboration and detail. Notable among these painters are Simone Martini and Gentile da Fabriano . In the Netherlands , the technique of painting in oils rather than tempera , led itself to a form of elaboration that was not dependent upon

2573-499: The Tang dynasty (8th century) and polychromed wood sculptures of the Ming dynasty (14th to 17th century). The Colonial Brazilian art is represented by a group of 24 Baroque sacred images, as well as by a number of polychromed wood carvings (columns, doorways, finials etc.). Of particular importance are those made by Valentim da Fonseca e Silva (Master Valentim), proceeding from

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2656-629: The United States to acquire new items. In 1948, she commissioned the architect Alfredo Ernesto Becker to project her a new house in a plot of land she inherited from her father, located in the Jardins district, in order to hold her growing collection. Some time later, she would order the construction of a winter country house in Campos do Jordão , when there was no space left to hold her frequent acquisitions. Ema became significantly involved in

2739-601: The World War I , the family, which had been living in Germany since 1913, was forced to move to Switzerland , where they stayed until 1919. During this period, Ema obtained her only formal education. After returning to Brazil, she only studied with private teachers, since at that time there were no conditions for women to study, except at the Catholic schools , which she could not attend due to her Jewish origin. She grew as

2822-466: The humanist spirit of the age, art became more secular in subject matter, depicting ancient mythology in addition to Christian themes. This genre of art is often referred to as Renaissance Classicism . In the North, the most important Renaissance innovation was the widespread use of oil paints , which allowed for greater colour and intensity. During the late 13th century and early 14th century, much of

2905-521: The 3rd millennium BC. However a consistent pattern of artistic development within Europe becomes clear only with Ancient Greek art , which was adopted and transformed by Rome and carried; with the Roman Empire , across much of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia . The influence of the art of the Classical period waxed and waned throughout the next two thousand years, seeming to slip into

2988-710: The Americas Art of Oceania The art of Europe , also known as Western art , encompasses the history of visual art in Europe . European prehistoric art started as mobile Upper Paleolithic rock and cave painting and petroglyph art and was characteristic of the period between the Paleolithic and the Iron Age . Written histories of European art often begin with the Aegean civilizations , dating from

3071-405: The Baroque artistic movement in general, as can be seen when Louis XIV said, "I am grandeur incarnate"; many Baroque artists served kings who tried to realize this goal. Baroque art in many ways was similar to Renaissance art; as a matter of fact, the term was initially used in a derogative manner to describe post-Renaissance art and architecture which was over-elaborate. Baroque art can be seen as

3154-504: The Baroque as it often refused symmetry in favor of asymmetrical designs. Furthermore, it sought inspiration from the artistic forms and ornamentation of Far Eastern Asia , resulting in the rise in favour of porcelain figurines and chinoiserie in general. The 18th-century style flourished for a short while; nevertheless, the Rococo style soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning. Neoclassicism in many ways developed as

3237-586: The Baroque nature of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less use for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while also continuing to produce the traditional categories. Baroque art is often seen as part of the Counter-Reformation —the artistic element of the revival of spiritual life in the Roman Catholic Church . Additionally, the emphasis that Baroque art placed on grandeur

3320-440: The Ema Klabin Foundation consists of works in ceramic , terracotta , bronze and marble from Greek , Etruscan and Roman civilizations, most of which produced between the 4th century BC and the 1st century AD. It comprises sculptures, aryballos , amphorae , Tanagra figurines , etc. Outstanding among the sculptures is a Greek marble head of Zeus (5th century BC). The collection of decorative and applied arts includes

3403-656: The Iberian Mediterranean Basin represents a very different style, with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Other less numerous groups of rock art, many engraved rather than painted, show similar characteristics. The Iberian examples are believed to date from

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3486-903: The Roman period, despite some works such as the Gundestrup cauldron from the European Iron Age and the Bronze Age Trundholm sun chariot . The oldest European cave art dates back 40,800, and can be found in the El Castillo Cave in Spain. Other cave painting sites include Lascaux , Cave of Altamira , Grotte de Cussac , Pech Merle , Cave of Niaux , Chauvet Cave , Font-de-Gaume , Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire, England, (Cave etchings and bas-reliefs discovered in 2003), Coliboaia cave from Romania (considered

3569-402: The academics of the time considered them hoaxes. Recent reappraisals and numerous additional discoveries have since demonstrated their authenticity, while at the same time stimulating interest in the artistry of Upper Palaeolithic peoples. Cave paintings, undertaken with only the most rudimentary tools, can also furnish valuable insight into the culture and beliefs of that era. The Rock art of

3652-559: The application of gold leaf and embossing, but upon the minute depiction of the natural world. The art of painting textures with great realism evolved at this time. Dutch painters such as Jan van Eyck and Hugo van der Goes were to have great influence on Late Gothic and Early Renaissance painting. The ideas of the Renaissance first emerged in the city-state of Florence , Italy . The sculptor Donatello returned to classical techniques such as contrapposto and classical subjects like

3735-471: The appropriation of churches to mosques. Romanesque art refers to the period from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century. This was a period of increasing prosperity, and the first to see a coherent style used across Europe, from Scandinavia to Sicily. Romanesque art is vigorous and direct, was originally brightly coloured, and is often very sophisticated. Stained glass and enamel on metalwork became important media, and larger sculptures in

3818-601: The assemblage of antique ceremonial chalices, proceeding from England , Germany and Russia , the collection of 19th-century Portuguese toothpick holders, the collection of English and Portuguese candlesticks, incense boats and chandeliers and the Brazilian religious silverware, which includes candlesticks, processional lanterns, etc. The collection of silver tableware is mainly composed by British pieces, executed by important silversmith sculptors, such as Paul de Lamerie , Paul Storr and John Wakelin . The collection includes

3901-442: The best known Baroque painters are Caravaggio , Rembrandt , Peter Paul Rubens , and Diego Velázquez . A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions in 17th-century Dutch Golden Age painting , which had very little religious art, and little history painting , instead playing a crucial part in developing secular genres such as still life , genre paintings of everyday scenes, and landscape painting . While

3984-452: The central questions about Medieval art concerns its lack of realism. A great deal of knowledge of perspective in art and understanding of the human figure was lost with the fall of Rome . But realism was not the primary concern of Medieval artists. They were simply trying to send a religious message, a task which demands clear iconic images instead of precisely rendered ones. Time Period : 6th century to 15th century Migration period art

4067-624: The collection is the set of luxury books published by the Society of the One Hundred Bibliophiles of Brazil, illustrated by some of the most important Brazilian modernist artists. 23°34′25″S 46°40′32″W  /  23.57361°S 46.67556°W  / -23.57361; -46.67556 Western art history Art of Central Asia Art of East Asia Art of South Asia Art of Southeast Asia Art of Europe Art of Africa Art of

4150-556: The collection, however, are those of Portuguese-Brazilian origin, produced with Jacaranda , being the most noticeable example a Portuguese games table desk with several ivory marquetry covers, commissioned by the Portuguese royalty . The collection also includes many examples of upholstery produced by Terry Della Stuffa , as well as Chinese tables and cabinets, etc. The museum also holds an expressive silverware collection, composed by over 150 pieces. Outstanding among these are

4233-459: The collector. In recent years, the Ema Klabin Foundation has been making efforts at disseminating information about the collection, including by lending pieces for temporary exhibitions held in museums of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre . Pieces of the collection have also been shown in foreign exhibitions, such as Brazil through European Eyes , held in London , Brésil Baroque , held at

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4316-473: The confusion and anguish associated with the end of the Middle Ages. Albrecht Dürer introduced Italian Renaissance style to Germany at the end of the 15th century, and dominated German Renaissance art. Time Period : In European art, Renaissance Classicism spawned two different movements— Mannerism and the Baroque . Mannerism, a reaction against the idealist perfection of Classicism, employed distortion of light and spatial frameworks in order to emphasize

4399-907: The cultural life of São Paulo. She served as a member of the boards of trustees of the São Paulo Museum of Art , the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art and the São Paulo Art Biennial . She collaborated at the creation of the Lasar Segall Museum and the Magda Tagliaferro Foundation, and was also a member and supporter of the Sociedade de Cultura Artística and of the São Paulo Philarmonic Orchestra . Among her philanthropic activities, her most significant work

4482-537: The demolished church of São Pedro dos Clérigos, in Rio de Janeiro. From modernist Brazilian artists, the collection includes important paintings by Lasar Segall , Candido Portinari , Emiliano Di Cavalcanti and Tarsila do Amaral , as well as sculptures by Victor Brecheret , Bruno Giorgi and Bella Prado . There are also drawings and prints by Clóvis Graciano , Iberê Camargo , Maria Bonomi , Marcelo Grassmann , Poty Lazzarotto , etc. The collection of antiquities at

4565-466: The emotional content of a painting and the emotions of the painter. The work of El Greco is a particularly clear example of Mannerism in painting during the late 16th, early 17th centuries. Northern Mannerism took longer to develop, and was largely a movement of the last half of the 16th century. Baroque art took the representationalism of the Renaissance to new heights, emphasizing detail, movement, lighting, and drama in their search for beauty. Perhaps

4648-648: The end of the 1920s, following the model of the British-style garden-cities in the adjoining district of Jardim América, projected by the English urban planner Richard Barry Parker in the previous decade. The house has a floor space of 900 square meters and was projected in the late 1940s by architect Alfredo Ernesto Becker . Its gardens were designed by Roberto Burle Marx . The house presents an eclectic style, blending modern and classic elements. It seems to be inspired by European palace pavilions, particularly by

4731-470: The end of the period includes new media such as prints. The Renaissance is characterized by a focus on the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome , which led to many changes in both the technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as to their subject matter. It began in Italy , a country rich in Roman heritage as well as material prosperity to fund artists. During the Renaissance, painters began to enhance

4814-701: The finest Minoan art, the ability to create an atmosphere of movement and life although following a set of highly formal conventions". It forms part of the wider grouping of Aegean art , and in later periods came for a time to have a dominant influence over Cycladic art . Wood and textiles have decomposed, so most surviving examples of Minoan art are pottery , intricately-carved Minoan seals , .palace frescos which include landscapes), small sculptures in various materials, jewellery, and metalwork. The relationship of Minoan art to that of other contemporary cultures and later Ancient Greek art has been much discussed. It clearly dominated Mycenaean art and Cycladic art of

4897-539: The first examples of trompe-l'œil , pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape. Almost all of the surviving painted portraits from the Ancient world are a large number of coffin-portraits of bust form found in the Late Antique cemetery of Al-Fayum . They give an idea of the quality that the finest ancient work must have had. A very small number of miniatures from Late Antique illustrated books also survive, and

4980-607: The first generations of modernists . The Foundation's library holds an assemblage of rare books, ranging from illuminated manuscripts to incunables . Born in Rio de Janeiro in 1907, Ema Gordon Klabin was the second daughter of the Lithuanian immigrants Fanny and Hessel Klabin. Her father was one of the founders of Klabin , a leading paper manufacturer company in Brazil. She spent a great part of her childhood in Europe , making frequent travels to her homeland. Taken by surprise by

5063-456: The future of her collection. One of her first ideas was to donate major part of it to Brazilian museums. But after the tragic fire which destroyed almost the entire collection of the Rio de Janeiro Museum of Modern Art in 1978, she decided, as her sister, to create a foundation with the purpose of keeping the collection together and turning her house into a museum open to public visitation after her death. Ema died in 1994, aged 86. The Foundation

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5146-414: The gallery are oriented to the north and south. An inner courtyard was also designed by Burle Marx. A broad spiral ramp element reaches an upper level, with a roof terrace, restaurant, bar, and lounge overlooking Guanabara Bay, Sugarloaf , and Rio's other granitic mountain formations. Affonso Eduardo Reidy's essay for the meaning of the museum expressed: The cultural influence of a modern art museum

5229-512: The idea that Minoans had only goddesses and no gods is now discounted. Most human figures are in profile or in a version of the Egyptian convention with the head and legs in profile, and the torso seen frontally; but the Minoan figures exaggerate features such as slim male waists and large female breasts. Ancient Greece had great painters, great sculptors, and great architects. The Parthenon

5312-725: The interest in perspectival systems, in depicting anatomy, and in classical cultures) matured during the 16th century, accounting for the designations "Early Renaissance" for the 15th century and "High Renaissance" for the 16th century. Although no singular style characterizes the High Renaissance, the art of those most closely associated with this period—Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian—exhibits an astounding mastery, both technical and aesthetic. High Renaissance artists created works of such authority that generations of later artists relied on these artworks for instruction. These exemplary artistic creations further elevated

5395-687: The late 19th and early 20th centuries. The collection of Asian art includes objects proceeding from many different cultures, from Near East to the Pacific Islands , including Turkey , Persia , India , China , Japan and Southeastern Asia . It comprises rugs , sculptures, paintings, prints, furniture and decorative and ritual items. Among these, Chinese artworks stand out, both in quality and quantity. The collection includes an important assemblage of ritual bronzes dating back to Shang (14th to 9th century BC) and Zhou dynasties (10th to 3rd century BC), ceramic funerary figures produced during

5478-588: The most valuable canvas in the museum. Outstanding among the French paintings is the canvas Ariadne by Jean-Baptiste Greuze . There are also landscapes and mythological scenes by Claude Lorrain , Gabriel Briard , Nicolas-Antoine Taunay , a Still-life by Pierre-Auguste Renoir and works by the painters of the School of Paris , like Chaïm Soutine and Maurice de Vlaminck , beside two important canvases by Marc Chagall : À la campagne and Couple with flowers and

5561-404: The oldest cave painting in central Europe ) and Magura, Belogradchik, Bulgaria. Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those have survived because of erosion. One well-known example is the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi in the Saimaa area of Finland. When Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola first encountered the Magdalenian paintings of the Altamira cave, Cantabria, Spain in 1879,

5644-447: The painting in Italy was Byzantine in character, notably that of Duccio of Siena and Cimabue of Florence, while Pietro Cavallini in Rome was more Gothic in style. During the 13th century , Italian sculptors began to draw inspiration not only from medieval prototypes, but also from ancient works. In 1290, Giotto began painting in a manner that was less traditional and more based upon observation of nature. His famous cycle at

5727-444: The pieces, beside determining their artistic and historic value. Restoration actions were also carried out in many pieces through agreements or collaboration of other institutions. The definition that best applies to the Ema Klabin Foundation is that of a "house-museum", where a "closed collection" is permanently arranged according to the taste and wish of its creator, thus preserving the original character, idiosyncrasy and personality of

5810-470: The prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly given only to poetry. Thus, painters, sculptors, and architects came into their own, successfully claiming for their work a high position among the fine arts. In a sense, 16th- century masters created a new profession with its own rights of expression and its own venerable character. Early Netherlandish painting developed (but did not strictly invent)

5893-450: The realism of their work by using new techniques in perspective , thus representing three dimensions more authentically. Artists also began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of Titian 's portraits and the development of sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci . Sculptors , too, began to rediscover many ancient techniques such as contrapposto . Following with

5976-459: The round developed, although high relief was the principal technique. Its architecture is dominated by thick walls, and round-headed windows and arches, with much carved decoration. Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture

6059-400: The same period there was also a renewed interest in classical mythology, great wars, heroes and heroines, and themes not connected to religion. Most art of the last 200 years has been produced without reference to religion and often with no particular ideology at all, but art has often been influenced by political issues, whether reflecting the concerns of patrons or the artist. European art

6142-531: The same periods, even after Crete was occupied by the Mycenaeans, but only some aspects of the tradition survived the Greek Dark Ages after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece . Minoan art has a variety of subject-matter, much of it appearing across different media, although only some styles of pottery include figurative scenes. Bull-leaping appears in painting and several types of sculpture, and

6225-553: The technique of oil painting to allow greater control in painting minute detail with realism— Jan van Eyck  (1366–1441) was a figure in the movement from illuminated manuscripts to panel paintings . Hieronymus Bosch (1450?–1516), a Dutch painter, is another important figure in the Northern Renaissance . In his paintings, he used religious themes, but combined them with grotesque fantasies, colorful imagery, and peasant folk legends. His paintings often reflect

6308-651: The unsupported nude—his second sculpture of David was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. The sculptor and architect Brunelleschi studied the architectural ideas of ancient Roman buildings for inspiration. Masaccio perfected elements like composition, individual expression, and human form to paint frescoes, especially those in the Brancacci Chapel , of surprising elegance, drama, and emotion. A remarkable number of these major artists worked on different portions of

6391-487: The vast majority of artwork with figures was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843 until 1453 there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It is often the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with production centered on Constantinople. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental frescos and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and

6474-607: Was also strongly influenced by the more local Etruscan art of Italy. Roman sculpture , is primarily portraiture derived from the upper classes of society as well as depictions of the gods. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. Among surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania , in Southern Italy, especially at Pompeii and Herculaneum . Such painting can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods and may contain

6557-431: Was an urban planning project on the coast of Rio under the direction of Roberto Burle Marx (1909-1994) in the 1950s and 1960s. The Modernist concrete museum building, designed by Affonso Eduardo Reidy (1909-1964), was completed in 1955. The museum's landmark Modernist gardens were designed by Burle Marx. The main building has a dramatic cadence of external pillar elements, connected by longitudinal beams, providing

6640-503: Was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and

6723-508: Was officially registered in 1978. After Ema's death, her house remained closed for three years, until the end of 1996, when the architect Paulo de Freitas Costa was invited to set up a team to begin the activities and was later named curator of the institution. The work of researching and cataloging the collection began in 1997, conducted through consultations with specialists and institutions within Brazil and abroad, aiming to solve questions related to identification, attribution and authenticity of

6806-406: Was said to be the first to use sfumato . According to Pliny the Elder , the realism of his paintings was such that birds tried to eat the painted grapes. Apelles is described as the greatest painter of Antiquity for perfect technique in drawing, brilliant color and modeling. Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting and sculpture, but

6889-711: Was the donation of the amount necessary to buy the lot where the Albert Einstein Hospital would be built, as well as organizing fund-raising activities to help finance its construction. She also collaborated with the Association of Parents and Friends of the Handicapped of São Paulo (APAE), the Association for Assistance to Children with Birth Defects (AACD) and the Cancer Hospital. In the 1970s, childless, Ema began to concern herself about

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