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94-531: Throughout history, line-crossing ceremonies have sometimes become dangerous hazing rituals . Most modern navies have instituted regulations that prohibit physical attacks on sailors undergoing the line-crossing ceremony. In 1995, a notorious line-crossing ceremony took place on the Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS  Onslow . Sailors undergoing the ceremony were physically and verbally abused before being subjected to an act called "sump on

188-708: A paramilitary tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, may also have hazing rituals. Rescue services, such as lifeguards or air-sea rescue teams may have hazing rituals. In Belgium, hazing rituals are a common practice in student clubs (fraternities and sororities, called studentenclubs in Dutch and cercles étudiants in French) and student societies (called studentenverenigingen , studentenkringen or faculteitskringen in Dutch and associations étudiantes or associations facultaires in French). The latter are typically attached to

282-539: A Blue Nose ceremony for its cadets after crossing the Arctic Circle. Their most recent ceremony was during the summer of 2019, on the TSES VI , held shortly after departing Reykjavik . Cadets crawled through a tunnel with lo mein , or "Eel Spawn", and then had food put in their hair before crawling through the fantail while being sprayed by fire hoses. Colorado State University's Semester at Sea Program holds

376-477: A boat ahead, and Captain FitzRoy ordered "hands up, shorten sail". Using a speaking trumpet he questioned Neptune, who would visit them the next morning. About 9 am the next day, the novices or "griffins" were assembled in the darkness and heat of the lower deck, then one at a time were blindfolded and led up on deck by "four of Neptunes constables", as "buckets of water were thundered all around". The first "griffin"

470-454: A combination of both, such as in the Finnish mopokaste (literally 'moped baptism') . In Latvian , the word iesvētības , which means 'in-blessings', is used, also standing for religious rites of passage, especially confirmation . In Swedish , the term used is nollning , literally 'zeroing', as the freshmen hazees still are 'zeroes' before attending their first year. In Portugal,

564-405: A crossing-the-line ceremony on USS  Nimitz is extensively documented. The ceremony is carefully orchestrated by the ship's officers, with some sailors reporting the events to be lackluster due to the removal of the rites of initiation. Reflecting the popularity of tattoos among sailors , some people choose to get tattoos to mark that they have participated in a ceremony, such as an image of

658-532: A desire to set up a lasting dominance hierarchy. Newcomers also gain a far more egalitarian standing after hazing ends, showing that the dynamics that occur during hazing are "profoundly exaggerated relative to the actual social hierarchy". The theory of hazing as a selection mechanism posits that hazing seeks to eliminate prospective members who are not sufficiently committed to a group or who would otherwise be free riders. Anthropologist Aldo Cimino notes that hazing ordeals can sometimes provide information about

752-621: A ducking ceremony in which they were ducked three times into the ocean. According to Banks, some of those ducked were "grinning and exulting in their hardiness", but others "were almost suffocated". Captain Robert FitzRoy of HMS  Beagle suggested the practice had developed from earlier ceremonies in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian vessels passing notable headlands . He thought it was beneficial to morale. FitzRoy quoted Otto von Kotzebue 's 1830 description in his 1839 Narrative of

846-515: A few sororities have signed the charter, as well as all student societies. In April 2019, the 28 remaining fraternities in Leuven signed the charter. In the Netherlands, the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time which includes hazing rituals. The pledges go for a few days to a camp during which they undergo hazing rituals but are meanwhile introduced to the traditions of

940-828: A group. Laboratory-based recreations of hazing may be limited in informativeness because they are only able to impose brief unpleasant experiences whose severity is limited by ethical restrictions on laboratory research. Real-world hazing may last months; may be far more severe; and may involve a confluence of different feelings, in contrast to the relatively simple distress induced in laboratory experiments. Researcher Aldo Cimino also points out that laboratory groups are "ephemeral", whereas real-world organizations that engage in hazing are "serious and enduring coalitions". Surveys and studies examining real-world hazing have also yielded inconclusive results about its impacts on group solidarity. A 2022 study of new members of an American social fraternity that engaged in hazing found that hazing

1034-566: A hard time of being extinguished by those who saw it to be potentially dangerous like administration in education or law enforcement. A 2014 paper by Harvey Whitehouse discusses theories that hazing can cause social cohesion though group identification and identity fusion . A 2017 study published in Scientific Reports found that groups that share painful or strong negative experiences can cause visceral bonding and pro-group behavior. Another theory that seeks to explain hazing

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1128-400: A hazing charter in 2013 following an animal cruelty incident in the hazing ritual of student club Reuzegom . The charter was to be signed by student societies, fraternities, and sororities. Signing the charter would have been a pledge to notify the city of the place and time of the hazing ceremony, and to abstain from violence, racism, extortion, bullying, sexual assault, discrimination, and

1222-492: A house, (prestigious) sub-structure, or commission for which they undergo a second (and usually heavier) hazing ritual. Incidents mostly occur during hazing rituals for these sub-structures, since there is less or no control from the fraternity board. Also, these sub-structure hazing rituals involve often excessive alcohol abuse, even when alcohol has become a taboo in the hazing of the fraternity itself. Other situations causing additional risks for incidents are members (often joining

1316-431: A ladder to the boat deck to slide down a makeshift chute into the baptism of messdeck leavings in sea water in an inflated liferaft back on the superstructure deck. Wogs then returned to the forecastle , where they were hosed off by firehose and then allowed to kiss, in turn, the belly of the sea-baby, the foot of the sea-hag, and the ring of King Neptune , each personified by Shellbacks. SUNY Maritime occasionally holds

1410-467: A land grant, this was denied however, due to his lack of capital. On 20 October 1827, Earle left Sydney aboard Governor Macquarie to visit New Zealand, where he had 'hopes of finding something new for my pencil in their peculiar and picturesque style of life'. While Earle was preceded by artists on James Cook 's voyages in the Pacific, including Sydney Parkinson , William Hodges and John Webber , he

1504-449: A line-crossing ceremony twice a year for its students when their vessel, Blue Dream Star , crosses the equator. Hazing Hazing ( US English ), initiation , beasting ( British English ), bastardisation ( Australian English ), ragging ( South Asian English ) or deposition refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of

1598-670: A living through art. The body of work he produced during his travels comprises a significant documentary record of the effects of European contact and colonisation during the early nineteenth century. Augustus Earle was born in London on 1 June 1793. He was the youngest child of an American-born father, James Earle (1761–1796), an artist, and Georgiana Caroline Smyth, daughter of John Carteret Pilkington and former partner (with two children) of Joseph Brewer Palmer Smyth, an American loyalist who spent some years in England. Earle's father James

1692-440: A long distance (i.e. hallways) with matches. Less loaded names for hazing are otrzęsiny (related to the verb otrząsać 'get over, rally' but also 'shake off/out'—as being a novice is a negative state that should be quit) and chrzciny mentioned above. Hazings are sometimes concentrated in a single session, which may be called a hell night , prolonged to a hell week , or over a long period, resembling fagging . In

1786-627: A long history in the Philippines , and has been a source of public controversy after many cases that resulted in the death of the neophyte. The first recorded death due to hazing in the Philippines was recorded in 1954, with the death of Gonzalo Mariano Albert. Hazing was regulated under the Anti-Hazing Act of 1995 , after the death of Leonardo Villa in 1991, but many cases, usually causing severe injury or death, continued even after it

1880-417: A mock version using some glue) or branding . Submission to senior members of the group is common. Abject "etiquette" required of pledges or subordinates may include prostration, kneeling, literal groveling, and kissing body parts. Other physical feats may be required, such as calisthenics and other physical tests, such as mud wrestling , forming a human pyramid , or climbing a greased pole. Exposure to

1974-647: A number of requests for portraits. These commissions came from a number of Sydney's establishment figures and leading families. Throughout this time, Earle also continued to produce a number of watercolours which mainly fall into three categories: landscapes, Aboriginal subjects, and a series of views of public and private buildings that record the development of the colony. Earle painted numerous portraits of high-profile colonists including Governor Thomas Brisbane , Governor Ralph Darling , Captain John Piper and Mrs Piper, with her children. One of his most famous works

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2068-451: A person's willingness to participate. Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including gangs , sports teams , schools , cliques , universities , law enforcement , military units , prisons , fraternities and sororities , and even workplaces in some cases . The initiation rites can range from relatively benign pranks to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of abuse or criminal misconduct. Hazing

2162-461: A pilot's first solo flight , they are often drenched with water, as well as having the back of their shirt cut off to celebrate the achievement. Cutting off the back of the shirt originates from the days of tandem trainers, where the instructor sat behind the students and tugged on the back of their shirts to get their attention. Cutting off the back of the shirt symbolizes that the instructor does not need to do that anymore. On their first crossing

2256-740: A religious theme or etymology are preferred, such as baptism or purgatory (e.g. baptême in Belgian French, doop in Belgian Dutch, chrzest in Polish) or variations on a theme of naïveté and the rite of passage such as a derivation from a term for freshman, for example bizutage in European French, ontgroening ('de- green[horn]ing ') in Dutch and Afrikaans (South Africa and Namibia), novatada in Spanish, from novato , meaning newcomer or rookie or

2350-529: A shellback turtle or King Neptune. As Shellback initiation is conducted by each individual ship as a morale exercise and not officially recognized by the Navy with inclusion on discharge papers ( DD Form 214 ) or through a formally organized institution, variations of the names as well as the protocol involved in induction vary from ship to ship and service to service. Unique Shellback designations have been given to special circumstances which include: Variations to

2444-635: Is a lithographic print entitled Portrait of Bungaree , a native of New South Wales, with Fort Macquarie, Sydney Harbour, in background . Earle also made several excursions to outlying areas of the colony, travelling north of Sydney via the Hunter River as far as Port Stephens and Port Macquarie and, between April and May 1827, he travelled to the Illawarra district south of Sydney. Gaining acceptance within Sydney 'society' he decided to apply for

2538-494: Is an evolutionarily -acquired behavior that specifically seeks to protect groups from the exploitation of "automatic benefits"—benefits that are automatically gained by being a member of the group—by newcomers. In the United States, universities and hazing-prevention organizations have published messages directed at students that seek to deter students from engaging in hazing activities. This includes messaging focused on

2632-470: Is expected to endure a standard initiation rite in order to become a Shellback. Depending on the Ocean or Fleet AOR, there can be variations in the rite. Some rites have discussed a role reversal as follows, but this is not always a normal feature, and may be dependent on whether a small number of Shellbacks exist to conduct the initiation. The transition flows from established order to the "controlled chaos" of

2726-462: Is given an impossible task. Examples of snipe hunts include being sent to find a tin of Tartan paint, or a "dough repair kit" in a bakery, While in the early 1900s, rookies in the Canadian military were ordered to obtain a "brass magnet" when brass is not magnetic . Spanking is done mainly in the form of paddling among fraternities, sororities, and similar clubs. This practice is also used in

2820-662: Is often prohibited by law or institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either physical or psychological abuse , such as humiliation , nudity , or sexual abuse . Hazing activities have sometimes caused injuries or deaths. While one explanation for hazing is that it increases group cohesion or solidarity , laboratory and observational evidence on its impacts on solidarity are inconclusive. Other explanations include displaying dominance , eliminating less committed members, and protecting groups that provide large automatic benefits for membership from exploitation by new members. In some languages, terms with

2914-631: Is received after crossing the Equator at the prime meridian , near the Null Island weather buoy. When a ship must cross the Equator reasonably close to one of these meridians, the ship's captain might plot a course across the Golden X so that the ship's crew can be initiated as Golden or Emerald/Royal Diamond Shellbacks. In the PBS documentary Carrier , filmed in 2005 (Episode 7, "Rites of Passage"),

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3008-411: Is that hazing activities allow senior members to exercise dominance and establish power over newer members. Anthropologist Aldo Cimino notes that some elements of hazing are not fully consistent with the theory that it is a pure display of dominance. Hazing occurs in a "ceremonial or ritualistic" context that creates a distinction between hazing activities and everyday life, which is inconsistent with

3102-724: The Caroline Islands , Guam , one of the Ladrones, Manila , Singapore and Pulo-Penang , before disembarking at Madras in India. Although the city of Madras provided a good market for his art Earle's health declined there and he travelled to Pondicherry , embarking in the Julie , which was condemned at Mauritius . After executing panoramic views of the island he returned to England in the Resource in 1830. On 28 October 1831 he

3196-508: The Italian military, the term used was nonnismo , from nonno (literally 'grandfather'), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period. A similar equivalent term exists in the Russian military , where a hazing phenomenon known as dedovshchina ( дедовщи́на ) exists, meaning roughly 'grandfather' or the slang term 'gramps' (referring to

3290-539: The Royal Academy and was already exhibiting there at the age of 13. Earle exhibited classical, genre and historical paintings in six Royal Academy exhibitions between 1806 and 1814. In 1815, at the age of twenty-two, Earle's half-brother, William Henry Smyth had sought and was given permission by Lord Exmouth to allow Earle passage through the Mediterranean aboard Scylla that Smyth commanded and which

3384-414: The "Happy Ship" USS  Indianapolis with his "Jolly Companions" in a letter to his wife Eleanor Roosevelt on 26 November 1936. Later, during World War II , the frequency of the ceremony increased dramatically, especially in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, where the service's fleet operations grew enormously to counter widely dispersed Japanese forces. As late as World War II, the line-crossing ceremony

3478-480: The 1959 study by Aronson and Mills, Psychologist Robert Cialdini uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal. The 1959 study shaped the development of cognitive dissonance theory by Leon Festinger . Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within

3572-519: The Carnival . Other works included landscapes and a series of portraits. On 17 February 1824, he left Rio de Janeiro aboard the ageing ship Duke of Gloucester bound for the Cape of Good Hope , and onwards to Calcutta . Earle's departure was due to a letter containing the 'most flattering offers of introduction to Lord Amherst , who had just left England to take upon himself the government of India. In

3666-406: The Equator are nicknamed Shellbacks , Trusty Shellbacks , Honorable Shellbacks , or Sons of Neptune . Those who have not crossed are nicknamed Pollywogs , or Slimy Pollywogs, or sometimes simply Slimy Wogs. In the 18th century and earlier, the line-crossing ceremony was quite a brutal event, often involving beating pollywogs with boards and wet ropes and sometimes throwing the victims over

3760-474: The Equator before. The ceremony is sometimes explained as being an initiation into the court of King Neptune . The ritual is the subject of a painting by Matthew Benedict named The Mariner's Baptism and of a 1961 book by Henning Henningsen named Crossing the Equator: Sailor's Baptism and Other Initiation Rites . U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt described his crossing-the-line ceremony aboard

3854-487: The National Gallery of Victoria, including June Park, Van Dieman's (sic) Land, perfect park scenery , and Cape Barathas, (i.e. Barathus) Adventure Bay, Van Dieman's (i.e. Diemen's) Land . Earle left Hobart for Sydney aboard the brig Cyprus , arriving there on 14 May. He soon established a reputation as the colony's first and foremost artist of significance. Upon setting up a small business, Earle received

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3948-622: The Pacific, Asia, India , Mauritius and St Helena before returning home in late 1829. The first leg of Earle's 1818 voyage took him first to New York , before moving on to Philadelphia , where he exhibited two paintings at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts . No artworks are known to have survived from this period. Continuing his voyage in February 1820, Earle sailed for Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , visiting Chile in June and

4042-521: The Pollywog Revolt, the beginnings of re-order in the initiation rite as the fewer but experienced enlisted crew converts the Wogs through physical tests, then back to, and thereby affirming, the pre-established order of officers and enlisted. The eve of the equatorial crossing is called Wog Day and, as with many other night-before rituals, is a mild type of reversal of the day to come. Wogs (all of

4136-747: The Royal Baby's belly coated with axle grease, hair chopping, etc.), largely for the entertainment of the Shellbacks. Once the ceremony is complete, a Pollywog receives a certificate declaring his new status. Another rare status is the Golden Shellback , a person who has crossed the Equator at the 180th meridian . The rarest Shellback status is that of the Emerald Shellback (US), or Royal Diamond Shellback (Commonwealth), which

4230-543: The Shellback designation include: Consequently, similar "fraternities" commemorating other significant milestones in one's career include: California Maritime Academy observed the line-crossing ceremony until 1989, after which the ceremony was deemed to be hazing and was forbidden. The 1989 crossing was fairly typical, as it was not realized to be the last one. Pollywogs participated voluntarily, though female midshipmen observed that they were under social pressure to do

4324-563: The Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826 and 1836 . A similar ceremony took place during the second survey voyage of HMS Beagle . As they approached the equator on the evening of 16 February 1832, a pseudo-Neptune hailed the ship. Those credulous enough to run forward to see Neptune "were received with the watery honours which it is customary to bestow". The officer on watch reported

4418-412: The activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they defined as hazing did not report it. The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts. Police forces, especially those with

4512-413: The apprentice's penis and testicles , a color made by mixing black printers ink and dark blue printers ink, which takes a long time to wash off. Similarly, mechanics get their groins smeared with old dirty grease. One theory that has been proposed to explain hazing behaviors is that it increases solidarity among a group's inductees, between the inductees and existing members, or between new members and

4606-445: The ceremony but were targets of harder abuse. Pollywogs (midshipmen and anyone else who had not crossed) ascended a ladder from the forecastle to the superstructure deck of the ship. There, they crawled down a gauntlet of Shellbacks on both sides of a long, heavy canvas runner, about 10–12 meters. The shellbacks had prepared 3-foot lengths of canvas/rubber firehose, which they swung hard at the posterior of each Wog. The Wogs then ascended

4700-502: The court first, and promised, with his hand on a map of the world, to observe the ceremony, if ever he recrossed the Line, and in order not to be doused he put in the basin a fistful of silver. I did the same, as did all the officers, and those who had the wherewithal to buy their way out. The rest were plunged into the tub, and drenched in twenty buckets of water. Nearly sixty crowns were collected, which will be spent on buying refreshments for

4794-532: The crew". By the eighteenth century, there were well-established line-crossing rituals in the British Royal Navy . On the voyage of HMS Endeavour to the Pacific in 1768, captained by James Cook , Joseph Banks described how the crew drew up a list of everyone on board, including cats and dogs, and interrogated them as to whether they had crossed the equator. If they had not, they must choose to give up their allowance of wine for four days, or undergo

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4888-630: The decks or cleaning the toilets with a toothbrush. In fraternities, pledges often must clean up a mess intentionally made by brothers which can include fecal matter, urine, and dead animals. Servitude such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or various other forms of housework may be involved, often with tests of obedience. In some cases, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food. The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item, or something else worn by

4982-509: The degree to which a prospective member values a group by demonstrating the costs that they are willing to endure. Cimino also notes, however, those common elements of hazing, such as disorientation and intimidation, may cause people to endure hazing rituals regardless of how much they value a group, and that hazing occurs even in situations in which less committed inductees are not free to leave, suggesting that selection may not fully explain hazing activities. Aldo Cimino proposes that hazing

5076-543: The effects of hazing activities of differing severities. According to one of the largest US National Surveys regarding hazing including over 60,000 student-athletes from 2,400 colleges and universities: Over 325,000 athletes at more than 1,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association schools in the US participated in intercollegiate sports during 1998–99. Of these athletes: The survey found that 79% of college athletes experienced some form of hazing to join their team, yet 60% of

5170-510: The effects of warfare, portrait studies. He also produced a number of oil painting portraits, along with watercolours, lithographs and pencil sketches. Returning to Hokianga Harbour, he departed from New Zealand for Sydney in April 1828 aboard Governor Macquarie . Earle then spent close to six months back in Sydney before departing on 12 October 1828, on board the ship Rainbow bound for India via

5264-432: The elements may be required, such as swimming or diving in cold water or snow. Orientation tests may be held, such as abandoning pledges without transport. Dares include jumping from some height, stealing from police or rival teams, and obedience. Blood pinning among military aviators (and many other elite groups) to celebrate becoming new pilots is done by piercing their chests with the sharp pins of aviator wings. On

5358-422: The ensuing eight months of enforced stay on the island, between March and November, Earle became a tutor to several children, and continued to record impressions of the island until his supplies ran out. Sixteen works survive from the stay on Tristan da Cunha, including Government House, Tristan D'Acunha (i.e. da Cunha) , which was reproduced in his Narrative [1] , and Flinching a young sea elephant . Earle

5452-429: The equator in military and commercial navigation, each "pollywog" is subjected to a series of tests usually including running or crawling a gauntlet of abuse and various scenes supposedly situated at King Neptune's court. A pledge auction is a variation on the slave auction , where people bid on the paraded pledges. Hazing also occurs for apprentices in some trades. In printing, it consists of applying bronze blue to

5546-435: The faculty of the university, while the first ones are privately operated by hazing committees (Dutch: doopcommissies , French: comités de baptême ), which are usually led by older students who have previously been hazed themselves. Hazing rituals in student societies have generally been safer than those in student clubs, precisely because they are to some extent regulated by universities. For example, KU Leuven drew up

5640-485: The following to say about their tradition: "...we had the ceremony this morning. All the sailors who had already crossed it were armed with tongs, pincers, cooking pots and cauldrons... This company, after having done their drill, lined up beside a bucket or tub full of water, in which according to the ancient rite everyone who had not yet crossed the Line had to be dipped. His Excellency the Ambassador appeared before

5734-483: The fraternity itself (the lightest cases), and via the criminal justice system as assault or in case of death negligent homicide or manslaughter . Universities as a rule support student unions (financially and by granting board members of such unions a discount on the required number of ECTS credits) but can in the most extreme case suspend or withdraw recognition and support for such unions. According to R. Dayao, hazing, usually in initiation rites of fraternities, has

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5828-478: The fraternity. After camp, there are usually evenings or whole days in which the pledges have to be present at the fraternity, although slowly the pressure is released and the relations become somewhat more equal. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the inauguration of the new members takes place. Incidents have occurred resulting in injuries and death. Often these incidents occur when members wish to join

5922-516: The group and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites. Hazing can be used as a way to engender conformity within a social group, something that can be seen in many sociological studies. Moreover, initiation rituals when managed effectively can serve to build team cohesion and improve team performance, while negative and detrimental forms of hazing alienate and disparage individuals. Dissonance can produce feelings of group attraction or social identity among initiates after

6016-422: The group as a whole. Attempts at replicating hazing in laboratory studies have yielded inconclusive results concerning group solidarity. A 1959 study by Aronson and Mills found that students made to read embarrassing material to join a discussion group reported liking the group more. On the other hand, a 1991 experiment by Hautaluoma et al. found that severe initiations could sometimes lead to lower liking for

6110-467: The hazing camp but not designated with any responsibility) separating pledges and taking them away from the main group to 'amuse themselves' with them. In 1965, a student at Utrecht University choked to death during a hazing ritual ( Roetkapaffaire ). There was public outrage when the perpetrators were convicted to light conditional sentences while left-wing Provo demonstrators were given unconditional prison sentences for order disturbances. The fact that

6204-419: The hazing experience because they want to justify the effort used. Rewards during initiations or hazing rituals matter in that initiates who feel more rewarded express a stronger group identity. As well as increasing group attraction, hazing can produce conformity among new members. Hazing could also increase feelings of affiliation because of the stressful nature of the hazing experience. Also, hazing has

6298-401: The highest-ranking sailors who are Shellbacks), who officiate at the ceremony, which is often preceded by a beauty contest of men dressing up as women, each department of the ship being required to introduce one contestant in swimsuit drag. Afterwards, some may be "interrogated" by King Neptune and his entourage, and the use of "truth serum" (hot sauce + after shave) and whole uncooked eggs put in

6392-529: The line-crossing ceremony, and at least one death was attributed to abuse while crossing the line. The two-day event (evening and day) is a ritual in which previously inducted crew members (Trusty Shellbacks) are organized into a "Court of Neptune" and induct the Slimy Pollywogs into "the mysteries of the Deep". Physical hardship, in keeping with the spirit of the initiation, is tolerated, and each Pollywog

6486-452: The magistrates handling the case were all alumni of the same fraternity gave rise to accusations of nepotism and class justice. Two incidents in 1997, leading to one heavy injury and one death, led to sharpened scrutiny over hazing. Hazing incidents have nevertheless occurred since, but justice is becoming keener in persecuting perpetrators. The Netherlands has no anti-hazing legislation. Hazing incidents can be handled by internal resolution by

6580-436: The mid- Atlantic storms forced the ship to anchor off the remote island of Tristan da Cunha. During the ship's stay in the island's waters, Earle went ashore with his dog and a crew member, Thomas Gooch, attracted by the idea that 'this was a spot hitherto unvisited by any artist'. Three days later Duke of Gloucester inexplicably set sail, leaving Earle and Gooch on the island, which had only six permanent adult inhabitants. In

6674-450: The military. The hazee may be humiliated by being hosed or by sprinklers or buckets; covered with dirt or with (sometimes rotten) food, or even urinated upon. Olive or baby oil may be used to "show off" the bare skin, for wrestling, or just for slipperiness (e.g. to complicate pole climbing). Cleaning may be limited to a dive into the water, hosing down, or even paddling the worst off. They may have to do tedious cleaning including swabbing

6768-530: The mouth. During the ceremony, the Pollywogs undergo a number of increasingly embarrassing ordeals (wearing clothing inside out and backwards; crawling on hands and knees on nonskid-coated decks; being swatted with short lengths of firehose; being locked in stocks & pillories and pelted with mushy fruit; being locked in a water coffin of salt-water and bright green sea dye [fluorescent sodium salt]; crawling through chutes or large tubs of rotting garbage; kissing

6862-529: The others were treated much worse, dirty mixtures being put in their mouths & rubbed on their faces. — The whole ship was a shower bath: & water was flying about in every direction: of course not one person, even the Captain, got clear of being wet through." The ship's artist, Augustus Earle , made a sketch of the scene. The U.S. Navy , U.S. Coast Guard and United States Marines have well-established line-crossing rituals. Sailors who have already crossed

6956-401: The potential harms of hazing, the ineffectiveness of hazing for group bonding, and social norms statistics that show large majorities in opposition to hazing. Hazing researcher Aldo Cimino has noted that the anti-hazing messaging released by institutions is sometimes inaccurate and that the ambiguous state of current research on hazing makes it difficult to accurately make strong claims about

7050-503: The rump", where a dark liquid was daubed over each sailor's anus and genitalia . One sailor was then sexually assaulted with a long stick before all sailors undergoing the ceremony were forced to jump overboard and tread water until permitted to climb back aboard the submarine. A videotape of the ceremony was obtained by the Nine Network and aired on Australian television. The coverage provoked widespread criticism, especially when

7144-427: The senior corps of soldiers in their final year of conscription ). One way of initiating a new member into a street gang is for multiple other members of the gang to assault the new member with a beating. Hazing activities can involve forms of ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A snipe hunt is such a prank, when a newcomer or credulous person

7238-408: The side of the ship, dragging the pollywog through the surf from the stern. In more than one instance, sailors were reported to have been killed while participating in a line-crossing ceremony. Baptism on the line, also called equatorial baptism, is an alternative initiation ritual sometimes performed as a ship crosses the Equator, involving water baptism of passengers or crew who have never crossed

7332-439: The student-athlete respondents indicated that they would not report incidents of hazing. A 2007 survey at American colleges found that 55% of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and Greek-letter organizations . This survey found that 47% of respondents experienced hazing before college, and in 25% of hazing cases, school staff were aware of

7426-470: The term praxe , which means 'practice' or 'habit', is used for initiation. At education establishments in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, this practice involves existing students baiting new students and is called ragging . In Polish schools, hazing is known as kocenie (literally 'catting', coming from the noun kot cat) . It often features cat-related activities, like competitive milk-drinking . Other popular tasks include measuring

7520-503: The uninitiated) are allowed to capture and interrogate any Shellbacks they can find (e.g., tying them up, cracking eggs or pouring aftershave lotion on their heads). The Wogs are made very aware that it will be much harder on them if they do anything like this. After crossing the line, Pollywogs receive subpoenas to appear before King Neptune and his court (usually including his first assistant Davy Jones and her Highness Amphitrite and often various dignitaries, who are all represented by

7614-561: The use of vertebrate animals. Reuzegom, as well as the other fraternities and sororities of the Antwerp Guild, refused. In 2018, twenty-year-old student Sanda Dia died from multiple organ failure in the Reuzegom hazing ritual as a result of abuse by fellow Reuzegom members. The killing of a black student in a mostly-white fraternity, some of whose members are alleged to have engaged in racist behaviour, led to controversy. As of 2019 ,

7708-460: The victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (e.g. toga ); a leash or collar (also associated with bondage ); infantile and other humiliating dress and attire. Markings may also be made on clothing or bare skin. They are painted, written, tattooed, or shaved on, sometimes collectively forming a message (one letter, syllable, or word on each pledge) or may receive tarring and feathering (or rather

7802-521: The videotape showed some of the submarine's officers watching the entire proceedings from the conning tower. In the Royal Canadian Navy , those who have not yet crossed the equator are nicknamed Tadpoles , or Dirty Tadpoles ; an earlier nickname was griffins . The French author François-Timoléon de Choisy crossed the equator in April 1685 (aboard the Oiseau bound for Siam ), and had

7896-423: Was Charles Darwin , who noted in his diary how he "was then placed on a plank, which could be easily tilted up into a large bath of water. — They then lathered my face & mouth with pitch and paint, & scraped some of it off with a piece of roughened iron hoop. —a signal being given I was tilted head over heels into the water, where two men received me & ducked me. —at last, glad enough, I escaped. — most of

7990-502: Was "not substantially related to feelings of solidarity". A 2016 survey of members of sororities and fraternities in the Netherlands found that mentally severe, but not physically severe, initiation rituals were linked to lower affiliation with fellow inductees and that this relationship was explained by the humiliation experienced by inductees. A 2007 survey of student-athletes conducted by Van Raalte et al. found that hazing

8084-431: Was a member of the prominent American Earle family. The elder of his two sisters was Phoebe Earle (1790–1863), also a professional painter and wife of the artist Denis Dighton , while his older half-sister was Elizabeth Anne Smyth (1787–1838) and his older half-brother was the scientist Admiral William Henry Smyth (1788–1865). There is no record of him marrying or having children. Earle received his artistic training in

8178-488: Was associated with lower task cohesion and had no apparent relation to social cohesion; by contrast, appropriate team building activities had a positive impact on social cohesion but had little impact on task cohesion. The study, which included activities like "tattooing" and "engaging in or simulating sex acts" as "acceptable team building" activities because respondents categorized them as appropriate, has been criticized for using an improper definition for hazing. Citing

8272-605: Was enacted, the latest involving Darwin Dormitorio , a 20-year old Cadet 4th Class from the Philippine Military Academy . Augustus Earle Augustus Earle (1793–1838) was a British painter. Unlike earlier artists who worked outside Europe and were employed on voyages of exploration or worked abroad for wealthy, often aristocratic patrons, Earle was able to operate quite independently – able to combine his lust for travel with an ability to earn

8366-482: Was engaged by captain Robert FitzRoy as artist supernumerary with victuals on the second voyage of HMS Beagle , working as topographical artist and draughtsman. He became friends with Charles Darwin , and in April and May 1832 they stayed in a cottage at Botafogo near Rio de Janeiro , but problems with his health forced him to leave the ship at Montevideo in August and return to England. His place on HMS Beagle

8460-535: Was finally rescued on 29 November by the ship Admiral Cockburn , which had stopped off on its voyage to Hobart , Van Diemen's Land (in 1856 Van Diemen's Land was renamed Tasmania in honour of Abel Tasman ) where he landed on 18 January 1825. He remained in Hobart briefly, and only a small number of works survive from this period, his portraits of Captain Richard Brooks and of his wife (1827_1827)hang in

8554-604: Was part of Admiral Exmouth's Royal Navy fleet. Earle thus visited Sicily , Malta , Gibraltar and North Africa , before returning to England in 1817. A portfolio of drawings from this voyage is held by the National Gallery of Australia , Canberra . In March 1818, Earle left England, bound for the United States on the first stage of a journey that would end up taking him around-the-world to South America, Tristan da Cunha , New South Wales , New Zealand ,

8648-647: Was resident in Lima , Peru from July to December. On 10 December 1820, Earle left Lima for Rio de Janeiro aboard HMS Hyperion . During the subsequent three years spent in Rio de Janeiro, Earle produced a large number of sketches and watercolours. A number of the works produced dealt with the subject of slavery in Brazil , including Punishing negroes at Cathabouco (Calobouco), Rio de Janeiro , Negro fandango scene, Campo St. Anna nr. Rio , and Games at Rio de Janeiro, during

8742-478: Was still rather rough and involved activities such as the "Devil's Tongue", which was an electrified piece of metal poked into the sides of those deemed pollywogs. Beatings were often still common, usually with wet firehoses, and several World War II Navy deck logs speak of sailors visiting sick bay after crossing the line. Efforts to curtail the line-crossing ceremony did not begin until the 1980s, when several reports of blatant hazing began to circulate regarding

8836-626: Was the first to take up residence. Earle arrived at Hokianga Harbour on the west coast of the North Island , resolving to make his way overland to the Bay of Islands . Setting out with his friend Mr Shand he arrived at Kororāreka , where he came under the patronage of Māori chief Te Whareumu , also known as Shulitea [or 'King George']. A large number of watercolours and drawings from Earle's New Zealand sojourn remain, covering subjects such as romantic landscapes, Māori culture and daily village life,

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