68-539: Emma Mary Withnell ( née Hancock ; 19 December 1842 – 16 May 1928), was the first white and female settler in north west Western Australia ; a pioneering pastoralist and businessperson . A member of the Hancock family , later prominent in Western Australia, Emma Hancock was born at Guildford, Western Australia . She and her husband, John Withnell (1825–98), began operating
136-551: A pastoral lease – Mount Welcome station , on the Harding River in 1864. The station homestead became the site of the first town in the north west, Roebourne . Emma Hancock was born on 19 December 1842 in Guildford, Western Australia, the daughter of farmer George Hancock and his wife Sophia ( née Gregory). On 10 May 1859, she married John Withnell, the son of a stonemason who had migrated in 1830. In 1864, in
204-614: A Cornish accent due to the fact that they were taught English by Cornish miners. Most large towns in South Australia had newspapers at least partially in Cornish dialect. At least 23 Cornish words have made their way into Australian English , these include the mining terms fossick and nugget . Not Only in Stone by Phyllis Somerville is the story of emigrant Cornishwoman, Polly Thomas, who faces many trials and tribulations in
272-593: A Cornishman from Moonta. Sir Robert Menzies founded the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944. Three of Australia's prime-ministers and one Acting prime Minister are known to have Cornish ancestry. Fourteen state premiers are known to have strong Cornish connections. At least six Premiers of South Australia , and four Premiers of Western Australia , have been of Cornish descent or birth. There have been many other Australian politicians of Cornish birth or descent. Some of these are listed below, starting with perhaps
340-584: A disappointment, King recommended the location at Port Jackson as an alternative. Ralph Clark, an officer of Marines, compared the new location with the River Tamar in Cornwall, 'I cannot compare any think to come nearer to it than about 3 miles above Saltash on the Wair.' King and 22 others were sent to colonize Norfolk Island . This eventually came to nothing and the island was abandoned in 1806. After
408-609: A historical sense. We're family in a genetic sense. But we are so close and that trust is getting stronger all the time. There are many places in Australia named after people and places in the United Kingdom as a result of the many British settlers and explorers ; in addition, some places were named after the British royal family . New South Wales – Cook first named the land "New Wales", named after Wales . However, in
476-687: A letter at age 70 years to a nephew back in Cornwall. The letter was later reproduced in full in Yvonne McBurney's book, The Road to Byng . Oswald Pryor (1881–1971) was a miner and cartoonist, born in Moonta and remembered for his humorous depictions of the lives of Cornish miners. Collections of his work include: Roger Kemp – Abstractionist Painter Cornish Christmas carols are still traditionally sung in parts of Australia, just like in Grass Valley, California . Cornish Australians have
544-734: A major role in the early years of the Australian colony. After its founding in 1788 two of the first governors of the New South Wales colony were Cornish. Philip Gidley King – 3rd Governor, who arrived on the First Fleet as First Lieutenant in Captain Phillips' ship. One of those who went ashore to look for water, he had his first encounter with the Aborigines , offering them beads and mirrors. Botany Bay proving
612-451: A place in the transnational Cornish carol writing tradition. The Christmas Welcome: A Choice Collection of Cornish Carols, published at Moonta in 1893, was one of several such collections published between 1890 and 1925 from Polperro to Johannesburg . The Cornish also used to decorate their houses with greenery for Christmas, a tradition that was transported with them to Australia. Cornish male voice choirs and brass bands were once
680-568: A popular part of Cornish Australian culture, but this has waned somewhat. Many Cornish settlers in Australia were Methodist and many chapels were built in the places that they settled. Others were Anglican , while few were Roman Catholic. Their Methodism was a badge of distinctive Cornishness and also gave them their trade unionist convictions. Most of the 22000 Wesleyan Methodists, 6000 Primitive Methodists and more than 6000 Bible Christians in South Australia in 1866 were Cornish. There has been much involvement of Cornish Australians in sport over
748-415: A quarter of the population of the colony of New South Wales in both 1817 and 1828. There were slightly more native-born than free settlers in 1850. They were nearly half of the population in 1868. Their proportion of the population decreased during the times of the rapid population growth brought on by the goldrushes. The convicts were augmented by free settlers, including large numbers who arrived during
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#1732782425516816-471: A significant source of immigrants to Australia. In 2005–06, 22,143 persons born in the United Kingdom settled in Australia, representing 21.4% of all migrants. At the 2006 Census (excluding overseas visitors) 1,038,165 persons identified themselves as having been born in the United Kingdom (5.2% of the Australian population), while 50,251 identified themselves as Irish born. Melbourne and Sydney have
884-406: A sizeable proportion of settlers to that colony. Large scale Cornish emigration to Australia did not begin until the 1840s, coinciding with the Cornish potato famine and slumps in the Cornish mining industry. The gold rushes and copper booms were major draws on Cornish people, not just from Cornwall itself, but also from other countries where they had previously settled. In recent years the story of
952-456: A traumatic time on the island King went back to Britain to recuperate, leaving Nicholas Nepean, from Saltash , in charge. He returned in November 1791 and in 1800 he became governor of New South Wales. In 1803 he ordered the occupation of Van Diemen's Land as a convict settlement, there he founded Launceston named after the town of his birth. William Bligh – 4th Governor, most famous as
1020-490: A virtual social apartheid existed at times between [Irish] Catholics and [British] Protestants", which did not end until the 1960s. The term was also criticised by the historian Patrick O'Farrell as "a grossly misleading, false, and patronising convenience, one crassly present-oriented. Its use removes from consciousness and recognition a major conflict fundamental to any comprehension not only of Australian history but of our present core culture." Streams of migration from
1088-669: Is an ancestral grouping of Australians whose ancestors originate wholly or partially in the British Isles - predominantly in England (including Cornish ), Ireland , Scotland and Wales , as well as the Isle of Man and Channel Islands . While Anglo-Celtic Australians do not form an official ethnic grouping in the Australian Bureau of Statistics ' Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups, due to
1156-640: Is an author of children's books from Kapunda in South Australia. Bruce Pascoe , who challenged the colonial historical narrative in Dark Emu , has both Cornish and Australian Aboriginal ( Bunurong , Yuin and Tasmanian Aboriginal) roots. The Gommock. Exploits of a Cornish Fool in Colonial Australia. is a historical novel by Marie S. Jackman based around the lives of a Cornish emigrant miner Yestin Tregarthy and his wife Charlotte, set at
1224-464: Is unknown due to the way in which ancestry data is collected in Australia. For instance, many census recipients nominated two Anglo-Celtic ancestries due to the long history of these ancestries in Australia, tending towards an overcount. Conversely, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most people nominating "Australian" ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry despite "Australian" ancestry being classified as part of
1292-544: The 2011 Australian Census . The Cornish who moved to Australia brought with them many festivities and holidays. The most important being at Christmas and Midsummer. The Kernewek Lowender ( Cornish for "Cornish happiness"), held biennially since 1973 in the South Australian towns of Moonta , Kadina and Wallaroo , is the largest Cornish festival in the world, attracting tens of thousands of visitors each year. There have been four Cornish festivals held in
1360-489: The Lost Children of Cornwall , child migrants sent from Cornwall to Australia up until the early 1970s, has come under intense scrutiny. The practice of sending apparently unwanted or orphaned Cornish children abroad continued long after it had ceased, after being discredited, in other areas. It has been the subject of apologies by both the Australian and British prime ministers. A 1996 study by Dr. Charles Price gives
1428-556: The Oceanian ancestry group, tending towards an undercount. The British Government initiated European settlement of the Australian continent by establishing a penal settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788. Between then and 1852, about 100,000 convicts (mostly tried in England) were transported to eastern Australia. Scotland and Wales contributed relatively few convicts. Native-born Australians of British and Irish descent were approximately
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#17327824255161496-599: The United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland to Australia played a key role in Australia's cultural development, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. There is a long history of cultural exchange between the countries and many Australians have used Britain as a stepping-stone to international success, e.g., Nellie Melba , Peter Dawson , Clive James , Robert Hughes . In 1967, British migrants in Australia formed an association to represent their special interests:
1564-509: The United Kingdom . Cornish Australians form part of the worldwide Cornish diaspora , which also includes large numbers of people in the US , Canada , New Zealand, South Africa, Mexico and many Latin American countries. Cornish Australians are thought to make up around 4.3 per cent of the Australian population and are thus one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia and as such are greater than
1632-570: The 1860s. Many streets and houses have Cornish names. Many descendants of these Cornish families bearing their Cornish surnames still live in the Copper Triangle and the area is intensely proud of its Cornish heritage. Many of the original miners cottages made from wattle and daub still stand and are still lived in by local residents. Many Cornish subsequently left the area during the Victorian and Western Australian gold-rushes. Copper
1700-413: The 1930s the historian W. K. Hancock could aptly describe them as Independent Australian Britons. The Irish-Australian journalist Siobhán McHugh has argued that the term "Anglo-Celtic" is "an insidious distortion of our past and a galling denial of the struggle by an earlier minority group", Irish Australians , "against oppression and demonisation... In what we now cosily term "Anglo-Celtic" Australia,
1768-413: The 1940s, 150 years after first settlement, is adequately described as Anglo-Celtic. At least this acknowledges that the people of Australia were Irish and Scots as well as English, but it has nothing more substantial than a hyphen joining them. In fact a distinct new culture had been formed. English, Scots and Irish had formed a common identity – first of all British and then gradually Australian as well. In
1836-413: The 1971 Census and has remained above one million to this day. The United Kingdom-born population in Australia reached a peak of 1,107,119 in 1991. Anglo-Celtic is not an official ancestry category in the Australian census. Census respondents may nominate up to two ancestries. The number of ancestry responses from the following groups as a proportion of the total Australian population amounted to 51.7% at
1904-418: The 2021 census: English Australian , Irish Australian , Scottish Australian , Cornish Australians , Welsh Australian , British Australian (so described), Manx Australian, Channel Islander Australian. The precise number of Anglo-Celtic Australians is unknown due to the way in which ancestry data is collected in Australia. For instance, many census recipients nominated two Anglo-Celtic ancestries due to
1972-505: The Anglo-Celtic share of the Australian population was calculated as 69.9%. Some have argued that the term is entirely a product of multiculturalism that ignores the history of sectarianism in Australia . For example, historian John Hirst wrote in 1994: "Mainstream Australian society was reduced to an ethnic group and given an ethnic name: Anglo-Celt." According to Hirst: In the eyes of multiculturalists, Australian society of
2040-469: The British and Irish-born population for every national Australian census as a proportion of the total foreign-born population at various points. Notes: From 1954 onwards people from "Northern Ireland" and " Ulster " were recorded separately from the people of "Ireland". The 1966 census (is Republic of Ireland & Ireland (undefined). The following table shows various Anglo-Celtic ancestries since 1986,
2108-512: The Burra Burra copper mine in South Australia. Nobel Prize–winning author Patrick White wrote many novels with Cornish characters and themes. His fifth novel, Voss , includes a character named Laura Trevelyan. A Fringe of Leaves portrays Cornishwoman Ellen Roxburgh née Gluyas shipwrecked on an island and living amongst the aboriginal population . The celebrated Australian poet John Blight 's ancestors arrived in South Australia on
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2176-647: The City of Bendigo since 2002. The most recent was held at Eaglehawk in March 2010 and was entitled 'Welcome Back Cousin Jack'(We welcome you 'One and All'). Cornish food like the Cornish pasty remains popular in Australia. Former premier of South Australia, Don Dunstan , once took part in a pasty-making contest. Swanky beer and saffron cake were very popular in the past and have been revitalised by Kernewek Lowender and
2244-544: The Cornish Associations. In the 1880s Henry Madren Leggo, whose parents came from St Just, Cornwall, began making vinegar, pickles, sauces, cordials and other grocery goods based on his mother's traditional recipes. His company, now known as Leggo's, is wrongly believed by many to be Italian. Angove Family Winemakers , formerly Angove's, was founded by Dr W.T. Angove, a Cornish doctor who migrated to South Australia with his family in 1886. He planted vines in
2312-620: The Lisander, in 1851. In the 1987 recording John Blight he describes his Cornish background and its influence on his style. A true life character was George Hawke. He spent his early life working as a wool stapler for the Allanson family. He was born in St Eval Parish on 2 October 1802 at his father's farm near Bedruthan . Following losses in an economic recession, George decided to emigrate to Australia. His words were recorded in
2380-674: The Southern Final of the Great Australian Sandwichship in 2011 with his lunch roll The Cornish which won an award in its category. The Cornish language is spoken by some enthusiasts in Australia. Members of the Gorsedh Kernow make frequent visits to Australia, and there are a number of Cornish Australian bards. South Australian Aborigines , particularly the Nunga , are said to speak English with
2448-538: The State of Tasmania, 1823–1837. At the time Van Diemen's Land was the main British penal colony and it was separated from New South Wales in 1825. It was during Arthur's time in office that Van Diemen's Land gained much of its notorious reputation as a harsh penal colony. He selected Port Arthur as the ideal location for a prison settlement, on a peninsula connected by a narrow, easily guarded isthmus , surrounded by shark-infested seas. He failed in his attempts to reform
2516-645: The United Kingdom Settlers' Association, which subsequently became the British Australian Community . On 10 July 2017, at a press conference in London, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said: "Australians feel at home in the United Kingdom and Britons feel at home in Australia. Most Australians have some of their ancestry at least from the United Kingdom and five per cent of Australians were actually born in
2584-469: The United Kingdom. The culture , the laws the traditions of Britain were brought to Australia with the European settlement, British settlement that were brought as part of the heritage of the men and women, including my forebears , that founded what we know today as modern Australia". . . There are no two nations in the world that trust each other more than the United Kingdom and Australia. We are family in
2652-586: The beginning of the colonial era until the mid-20th century, the vast majority of settlers to Australia were from Britain and Ireland, with the English being the dominant group, followed by the Irish and Scottish. Among the leading ancestries, increases in Australian, Irish, and German ancestries and decreases in English, Scottish, and Welsh ancestries appear to reflect such shifts in perception or reporting. These reporting shifts at least partly resulted from changes in
2720-578: The colony and the system of penal transportation with Arthur's autocratic and authoritarian rule leading to his recall. By this time he was one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He returned to Britain in 1837. On the First Fleet 21 Cornish convicts arrived in Australia aboard the Charlotte and Scarborough in 1788. A further twelve were sent in the Second Fleet of 1790, though six died on
2788-670: The copy held by the Admiralty, he "revised the wording" to "New South Wales". Queensland – The state was named in honour of Queen Victoria , who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales . Victoria – like Queensland , was named after Queen Victoria , who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. Cornish Australians Cornish Australians ( Cornish : Ostralians kernewek ) are citizens of Australia who are fully or partially of Cornish heritage or descent, an ethnic group native to Cornwall in
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2856-497: The design of the census question, in particular the introduction of a tick box format in 2001. Those born in the United Kingdom were the largest foreign group throughout the 20th century. Prior to the last quarter of the century, the United Kingdom was strongly favoured as a source country by immigrant selection policies and remained the largest single component of the annual immigration intake until 1995–96, when immigrants from New Zealand surpassed it in number. However, their share of
2924-535: The fact that while many English arrived in Australia as willing immigrants, many Irish were forcibly transported as prisoners or refugees. At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses from the following groups as a proportion of the total Australian population amounted to 51.7%: English Australian , Irish Australian , Scottish Australian , Welsh Australian , Cornish Australians , British Australian (so described), Manx Australian, Channel Islander Australian. The precise number of Anglo-Celtic Australians
2992-485: The first census to include as a question on ancestry. The aim of the question was to measure the ethnic composition of the population as a whole. Very little use was made of the ancestry data from the 1986 Census. As a consequence, ancestry was not included in either the 1991 or 1996 Censuses. Between 1987 and 1999, the Anglo-Celtic component of Australia's population declined from 75 per cent to 70 per cent. In 1999,
3060-559: The first trade unions, and were instrumental in the formation of the Australian Labor Party . The first Labor party minority government in Tasmania (1909) was led by premier John Earle . The first Labor party majority government in South Australia (1910–12) was led by premier John Verran , a Cornishman from Gwennap. The first Labor party majority government in Western Australia (1911–16) was led by premier John Scaddan ,
3128-413: The following decades to build the growing Australian mining industry. This was added to during the gold-rushes, when even more Cornish arrived to seek their fortune. Samuel Stephens became the first adult colonist to put foot on South Australian soil when he landed at Nepean Bay on 27 July 1836. He was followed by hundreds of other Cornish people over the following five years. His brother, John Stephens,
3196-554: The gold-rush in the 1850s. As late as 1861, people born in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland outnumbered even the Australia-born population. The number of settlers in Australia who were born in the United Kingdom (UK) peaked at 825,000 in 1891, from which point the proportion of British among all immigrants to Australia steadily declined. Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British. From
3264-604: The hopes of starting a farm, Withnell, her husband, her two children, and her sister Francis moved to Port Walcott on the Sea Ripple ; they encountered a shipwreck and lost most of their livestock. The family made their way on foot to the Harding River and Withnell gave birth to her third child near Mount Welcome. Withnell was known as Mother of the North West among the aborigines in the area as she often tended to
3332-502: The largest component of the British immigrant population, Australia has also received significant numbers of immigrants from Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Up until the First World War the Irish were, in their own right, the second largest immigrant population. The most dramatic increase in the British immigrant population occurred between 1961 and 1971. The number of British-born people living in Australia exceeded one million at
3400-399: The late 18th and early 19th centuries over a third of the Cornish workforce was employed in the mining industry. A mixture of famine and collapses in the mining industry in their native Cornwall forced many thousands of Cornish people to leave their homes from the 1840s. However their skills in hard-rock and metalliferous mining were so sought after that tens of thousands more were sent for over
3468-486: The long historical dominance and intermixture of Australians with ancestries from the British Isles, it is commonly used as an informal ethnic identifier. The term has received criticism for erasing historical distinctions between English and Celtic settlers. In particular, it does not account for the political and social segregation of English and Irish Australians which some scholars have labelled an apartheid or
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#17327824255163536-479: The long history of these ancestries in Australia, tending towards an overcount. Conversely, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most people nominating "Australian" ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry despite "Australian" ancestry being classified as part of the Oceanian ancestry group, tending towards an undercount. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated Anglo-Celtic ancestries were: The United Kingdom remains
3604-447: The lowest rates of Anglo-Celtic Australians, particularly in certain regions of each city (such as Western Sydney). Tasmania could have the nation's highest proportion of citizens of Anglo-Celtic origin, possibly as high as 85 percent. On the evidence of statistics of ethnic derivation Tasmania could also be considered more British than New Zealand (where the Anglo-Celtic majority has fallen below 75 percent). The following table shows
3672-613: The most important, Sir John Quick, Founding Father of the Australian Federation. During the 18th century many Cornishmen were employed by the Royal Navy. People like Admiral Edward Boscawen and Edward Pellew , conscious of their Cornish identity, recruited heavily from their fellow Cornishmen. Samuel Wallis , from Lanteglos-by-Camelford, was one of Boscawen's protégés and the first European to discover Easter Island and Tahiti in 1767. Cornish naval officers played
3740-584: The native population in the UK of just 532,300 (2011 census). Cornish people first arrived in Australia with Captain Cook , most notably Zachary Hickes , and there were some Cornish convicts on the First Fleet , James Ruse , Mary Bryant , along with several of the early governors. The creation of South Australia, with its emphasis on being free of convicts and religious discrimination, was championed by many Cornish religious dissenting groups and Cornish people comprised
3808-569: The outer Adelaide suburb of Tea Tree Gully, though 125 years on most of its wines are based on Riverland grapes. They have recently started producing wines from their new vineyard purchased in 2002 in McLaren Vale. The distribution company wholesales not only Angove wines and St Agnes Brandy but also Nicolas Feuillatte Champagne and a dozen other companies' wines and spirits. Matt Wilkinson of Pope Joan in Brunswick East, Melbourne, won
3876-498: The pioneering era of South Australia. The book won the South Australian Centenary novel award in 1936. Kangaroo is D. H. Lawrence 's semi-autobiographical novel based on his wartime experiences in Cornwall and subsequent visit to Australia. D. M. Thomas is an internationally renowned Cornish author who spent part of his childhood in Australia, drawing upon his experiences in his work. Rosanne Hawke
3944-431: The population of South Australia, and over 3 percent of Australia as a whole, has significant Cornish ancestry. In the 1986 Australian Census 15,000 people reported their ancestry as Cornish, however, no figure from the 2006 Australian census has been published as to how many reported their ancestry as such in that year. In 2011 a campaign was launched to increase the number of people writing in their Cornish ancestry on
4012-409: The sick and delivered babies in her own house. The indigenous community presented her with the title of "Boorong", which apparently gave her more leeway to interact with the various tribes in the region. Withnell and her husband would have eleven children in total. John Withnell died on 15 May 1898 with an estate valued at around £5895. Emma Withnell died on 16 May 1928 at Mount Lawley; the cause of death
4080-480: The total ethnic strength of Cornish Australians as 269,500 with a total population of 768,100. This is made up by 22,600 of un-mixed origin and 745,500 of mixed origin and equates to 4.3 percent of the Australian population. This makes the Cornish the fourth largest Anglo-Celtic group in Australia after the English , Irish and Scottish , and the fifth largest ethnic group in Australia. Approximately 10 percent of
4148-560: The total immigrant population is in decline. Those from the United Kingdom comprised 58 per cent of the total overseas-born population in 1901, compared to 27 per cent in 1996. An even greater decline has occurred for those born in Ireland. In 1901, those born in Ireland comprised 22 per cent of all immigrants, while in 1996 the Ireland-born represented just 1 per cent of the immigrant population. While those born in England have formed
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#17327824255164216-432: The town of Truro, South Australia in the late 20th century. There, he found that, "Cornwall seemed close ... Cornish miners had come in droves in the last century, and played a large part in founding the state. A High School class to which I read and talked had three children with solidly Cornish names, who knew all about their ancestry." In its heyday Moonta was South Australia's second largest town after Adelaide and
4284-640: The victim of the Mutiny on the Bounty , he was also unfortunate enough to be the victim of a coup d'etat at the hands of the infamous Rum Corps on 26 January 1808. He had tried to rein them in, something King had failed to do, but instead spent the next two years in exile on Van Diemen's Land while the colony was ruled by a military junta. He returned in 1810 when Lachlan Macquarie was appointed as governor. Shortly afterwards he left Australia for good. Sir George Arthur – Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land, now
4352-476: The way, and sixteen were carried on the Third Fleet of 1791. Some 600 convicts were transported from Cornwall to Australia between 1787 and 1852, 78 per cent of whom were male. Some of the most famous of these included: The greatest waves of Cornish immigrants to Australia came to mine various minerals including copper, silver and gold. Some of the greatest areas of Cornish settlement are listed below. During
4420-670: The years. Many playing rugby and cricket at an international level. This has led to the Cornish chant of "Oggie, Oggie, Oggie, Oi, Oi, Oi," taken on by all Australians as "Aussie, Aussie, Aussie." The Cornish took some of their own sports with them to Australia. Cornish wrestling matches were a regular occurrence, held at festivities throughout the year, particularly Midsummer, Easter and Christmas. Thousands attended these contests, which were sometimes spread over several days and with wrestlers representing different mining regions. There were many Australian champion wrestlers and some of these competed internationally. The Cornish miners founded
4488-486: Was cholecystitis . She was buried at the Anglican cemetery in Guildford. In 2023 The West Australian newspaper identified 100 people who had shaped the state of Western Australia and they included the botanist Georgiana Molloy , suffragist Bessie Rischbieth , politician Edith Cowan , Sister Margaret O'Brien, Dr Roberta Jull , Amy Jane Best and Withnell. Anglo-Celtic Australian Anglo-Celtic Australians
4556-528: Was active in promoting the new colony within Britain, publishing his book, The Land of Promise , in 1839. Ten percent of the South Australian population has significant Cornish ancestry. Cornish surnames are more heavily concentrated in South Australia where six of the top ten surnames are Cornish. Internationally renowned Cornish author D. M. Thomas , who spent part of his childhood in Melbourne, visited
4624-617: Was predominantly settled by Cornish miners and their families. Today it is known as 'Australia's Little Cornwall'. Along with the other principal towns of Kadina and Wallaroo in the northern Yorke Peninsula this mining area became known as the Copper Triangle and was a significant source of prosperity for South Australia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today Moonta is most famous for its traditional Cornish pasties and its Cornish style miner's cottages and mine engine houses such as Richman's and Hughes engines houses built in
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