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39-651: Emperor Leo may refer to: Leo I (emperor) (401–474), Byzantine emperor and Eastern Orthodox saint Leo II (emperor) (467–474), Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian (c. 685–741), Byzantine emperor Leo IV the Khazar (750–780), Byzantine emperor Leo V the Armenian (775–820), Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise (866–912), Byzantine emperor Topics referred to by

78-506: A Bessian woman next to other peoples exotic to the Romans. The ethnonym of the Bessi became less associated with the core tribe and their original geographic location, it became an identity that was readily abstracted onto the inhabitants of the south-eastern Balkans. As a result of their conflicts with the Romans, a portion of the Bessi were forcibly resettled in the region of Dobruja , with

117-605: A campaign against the Thracians and subjugated the Bessi, occupying the settlement of Uscudama – one of the Bessian tribal centres. In 29–8 BCE, the sacred sanctuary of Dionysus was taken from the Bessi by Marcus Licinius Crassus and given to the Odrysians, rivals of the Bessi and allies of the Romans. In response, the priest Vologaesus rallied the Bessi in c. 15–1 BCE, and managed to win a number of military victories against

156-418: A number of theories on the location of the lands associated with the Bessi during the period of Roman imperialism - known as Bessica . The first major paradigm, originally advanced by Gavril Katsarov , largely coincided with ancient accounts although was later expanded by Georgi Mihailov to also coincide with Philippopolis and the surrounding environs located to the east of the Bessi core, as well as including

195-583: A priestly-caste within the greater Satrae tribal group, and that membership into the community was intrinsically entwined with their cultic role and maintenance of the sanctuary of Dionysus. In c. 340 BCE, the Macedonian generals Antipater and Parmenion are noted as having conducted military campaigns in the lands of the Tetrachoritai as a part of Philip II of Macedon's subjugation of various Thracian polities. The aforementioned tribal group

234-451: A result of their opposition to the Romans, there was a shift in the depiction of the Bessi which emphasised their war-like and predatory natures. As such, Strabo refers to the tribe as being "called brigands even by the brigands". The stereotypical image of the Bessi would also become representative for all natives of Thrace as a whole, as is evidenced by a second century CE mural painting from Valentia , Hispania Tarraconensis , which depicts

273-486: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Leo I (emperor) Leo I ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Λέων , translit.   Leōn ; c. 401 – 18 January 474), also known as " the Thracian " ( Latin : Thrax ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : ὁ Θρᾷξ ), was Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474. He was a native of Dacia Aureliana near historic Thrace . He

312-683: Is mentioned by Candidus Isaurus , while John Malalas believes that he was of Bessian stock. He served in the Roman army , rising to the rank of comes rei militaris . Leo was the last of a series of emperors placed on the throne by Aspar , the Alan serving as commander-in-chief of the army, who thought Leo would be an easy puppet ruler . Instead, Leo became more and more independent from Aspar, causing tension that would culminate in Aspar's assassination. Leo's coronation as emperor on 7 February 457,

351-515: Is sometimes surnamed with the epithet " the Great " ( Latin : Magnus ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : ὁ Μέγας ), probably to distinguish him from his young grandson and co- augustus Leo II ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : ὁ Μικρός , translit.   ho Mikrós , lit.  "the Small"). During his 17-year rule, he oversaw a number of ambitious political and military plans, aimed mostly at aiding

390-563: The Albanians derived from the Christianized Bessi, after their remnants were allegedly pushed by Slavs and Bulgars during the 9th century westwards into today Albania, while mainstream historians support Illyrian -Albanian relation. Archaeologically, there is absolutely no evidence of a 9th-century migration of any population, such as the Bessi, from western Bulgaria to Albania. Also according to historical linguistics

429-596: The Isaurians and was thus able to eliminate Aspar. The price of the alliance was the marriage of Leo's daughter to Tarasicodissa, leader of the Isaurians, who, as Zeno , became emperor in 474. In 469, Aspar attempted to assassinate Zeno and very nearly succeeded. Finally, in 471, Aspar's son Ardabur was implicated in a plot against Leo but was killed by palace eunuchs acting on Leo's orders. Leo sometimes overestimated his abilities and made mistakes that threatened

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468-545: The Paeonians and Illyrian Autariatae and Dardani to the west. Strabo also places the Bessi as bordering the Odrysians and Sapaeans . There are also indications that the Bessi gradually came to settle the lowlands between the Hébros and Tonsus near Philippopolis and modern Pazardzhik , consequently expanding eastwards near Beroe . In light of archaeological and epigraphic evidence, modern scholars have formulated

507-596: The Satrae in south-western Thrace, while Polybius alludes to the Bessi as having been situated on the plains between the Dentheletae and Odrysians . The geographic extent of the Bessi is further expanded upon by Strabo in his Geographica , where he states that the Bessi inhabited a land beginning near the source of the Hébros and encompassing the highlands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges that bordered

546-664: The Christian vocabulary of Albanian is mainly Latin , which speaks against the construct of a "Bessian church language". The elite of the Bessi tribe was gradually Hellenized. Low level of borrowings from Greek in the Albanian language is a further argument against the identification of Albanian with the Bessi. Also the dialectal division of the Albanian-speaking area in the Early Middle Ages contradicts

585-704: The Danube and Sava , and into Epirus , Macedonia , and Hellas . The name Bessi and its related variations appear across the Balkans, particularly during the Roman period. Bessus is attested among the ancient locals of the area around modern Pljevlja and Prijepolje . It also appears in the Roman veteran legionary settlements of Scupi ( Colonia Flavia Aelia Scupi ) and Aprus ( Colonia Claudia Apri ). In Dacia it appears in several sites, including Sarmizegetusa Regia , Banatska Palanka , and Apulum . Towards

624-468: The Odrysian nobles Rhascyporis and Rhoemetacles. This conflict further supports the thesis that the identity of the Bessi prior to complete Roman subjugation was strongly linked and rooted to the sanctuary of Dionysus, and that their rivalry with the neighbouring pro-Roman Thracians strengthened this tribal and geographic identity. According to Appian, the Bessi surrendered themselves to Augustus . As

663-534: The Rhodopes. According to Herodotus, the Bessi were a sub-tribe or branch of the Satrae intimately tied to the cult of Dionysus and responsible for interpreting the prophetic utterances of the prophetess at the deity's sanctuary, located on the highest summits of the land inhabited by the tribe. This prophetic role of the Bessi in the cult has led many scholars to suggest that they may have initially represented

702-502: The Thracian-Bessian hypothesis of the origin of Albanian should be rejected, since only very little comparative linguistic material is available (the Thracian is attested only marginally, while the Bessian is completely unknown), but at the same time the individual phonetic history of Albanian and Thracian clearly indicates a very different sound development that cannot be considered as the result of one language. Furthermore,

741-546: The area around modern Yakoruda to the south. The paradigm would then maintain that, during the reign of Trajan , the territory would come to be administratively incorporated into Philippopolis as a consequence of the emperor's urbanizing projects in Thrace. On the other hand, Margarita Tacheva proposed that Roman Bessica had no civic centre and was based around the Rhodope, Rila , and Strandzha mountains. She then argues that

780-461: The branch that had been resettled in Dobruja and thus had become accustomed to sailing; however, the fact that the Bessian sailors did not reach high ranks within the navy suggests that they likely had no prior experience in seafaring. Thus, it is possible that the presence of the Bessi can simply be attributed to a larger population size during the time of mass recruitment under Nero and Domitian ,

819-418: The conflict was geographically broad and also attests to the military mobility of the Bessi, the inscriptions also present a change in the presentation of the Bessi, who are depicted as the most notable among the Thracians. In 72 BCE, following the retreat of Mithridates VI Eupator and his forces to Bithynia , Thrace was assigned to the proconsul of Macedonia, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus , who initiated

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858-597: The end of the 4th century, Nicetas , the Bishop of Remesiana in Dacia Mediterranea , brought Christianity to "those mountain wolves", the Bessi. Reportedly his mission was successful, and the worship of Dionysus and other Thracian gods was eventually replaced by Christianity . In 570, Antoninus Placentius wrote that in the valleys of Mount Sinai there was a monastery in which the monks spoke Greek , Latin , Syriac , Egyptian and Bessian . The origin of

897-573: The expedition, which ended in defeat because of bad leadership from Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus . This disaster drained the Empire of men and money. Procopius estimated the costs of the expedition to be 130,000 pounds of gold; John the Lydian estimated the costs to be 65,000 pounds of gold and 750,000 pounds of silver. Leo died of dysentery at the age of 73 on 18 January 474. Leo and Verina had three children. Their eldest daughter Ariadne

936-659: The faltering Western Roman Empire and recovering its former territories. He is notable for being the first Eastern Emperor to legislate in Koine Greek rather than Late Latin . He is commemorated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church , with his feast day on 20 January. He was born in Thracia or in Dacia Aureliana province in the year 401 to a Thraco-Roman family. His Dacian origin

975-677: The internal order of the Empire. The Balkans were ravaged by the Ostrogoths , after a disagreement between the Emperor and the young chief Theodoric the Great , who had been raised at Leo's court in Constantinople, where he was steeped in Roman government and military tactics. There were also some raids by the Huns . However, these attackers were unable to take Constantinople thanks to the walls , which had been rebuilt and reinforced in

1014-674: The latter of which was preparing for a war in Dacia . However, traditional scholarship has argued that during the Roman period Bessi became a synonym for all Thracians living south of the Danube and thus the tribal name did not bear an ethnic meaning. Hence why the Byzantine author Kekaumenos wrote that the Vlachs stem from the Dacians and Bessi who had migrated from their homeland between

1053-616: The monasteries is explained in a mediaeval hagiography written by Simeon Metaphrastes , in Vita Sancti Theodosii Coenobiarchae in which he wrote that Saint Theodosius founded on the shore of the Dead Sea a monastery with four churches, in each being spoken a different language, among which Bessan was found. The place where the monasteries were founded was called "Cutila", which may be a Thracian name. German historian Gottfried Schramm speculated that

1092-494: The poet Ovid noting a community of Bessi living near Tomis . Epigraphic analysis attests to around 40–50 individuals bearing the ethnonym of Bessi or Bessus in the Roman imperial navy , while 22 appear in the auxiliary land forces , 5–7 in the equites singulares Augusti , and even less in the Praetorian Guard . One explanation for the significant presence of the Bessi in the navy maintains that they were from

1131-460: The region was administratively attached to Philippopolis during the reign of Vespasian , later being divided and absorbed into the administrative units of Scupi , Serdica , and Philippopolis under Trajan. While these two paradigms dominate academia, a third theory presented by Peter Delev puts forth that Bessica was centred on the northern foothills of the Rila mountain range and was located outside of

1170-525: The reign of Theodosius II and against which they possessed no suitable siege engines . Leo's reign was also noteworthy for his influence in the Western Roman Empire , marked by his appointment of Anthemius as Western Roman emperor in 467. He attempted to build on this political achievement with an expedition against the Vandals in 468. 1,113 ships carrying 100,000 men participated in

1209-462: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Emperor Leo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Leo&oldid=1021965793 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Title and name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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1248-604: The tribal designation of Bessi (and its variations) later came to bear no true ethnic meaning and was applied by classical sources to a range of different Thracian tribes inhabiting the highlands of south-western Thrace. Likewise, the Dii are believed to be related to the Bessi as Pliny the Elder records the ethnonym Diobessoi . Later in 184 or 183 BCE, the Bessi appear as among the Thracian tribes that were attacked by Philip V of Macedon . The Macedonian king had managed to push into

1287-421: The valley of the Hébros and captured Philippopolis, installing a garrison which was later driven out by the Odrysians. The Bessi would achieve their greatest prominence in the historical record in their conflicts with the expanding Roman state and the formation of Roman Macedonia in 146 BCE. Between the years 106 and 100 BCE, the Bessi would come into armed conflict with the consul Marcus Minucius Rufus who

1326-466: Was believed by Strabo to have been the same as that of the Bessi, which he also refers to by the name of Tetrakomai . According to a modern reading of the sources, however, it is possible that the Tetrachoritai and other Thracian groups associated with the Bessi were originally smaller tribes that later became a part of a Bessian-led tribal conglomerate, on the other hand, it is also possible that

1365-458: Was born in 463. He died five months following his birth. The only sources about him are a horoscope by Rhetorius and a hagiography of Daniel the Stylite . The Georgian Chronicle , a 13th-century compilation drawing from earlier sources, reports a marriage of Vakhtang I of Iberia to Princess Helena of Byzantium, identifying her as a daughter of the predecessor of Zeno. This predecessor

1404-490: Was born prior to the death of Marcian (reigned 450 – 457). Ariadne had a younger sister, Leontia . Leontia was first betrothed to Patricius , a son of Aspar, but their engagement was probably annulled when Aspar and another of his sons, Ardabur, were assassinated in 471. Leontia then married Marcian , a son of Emperor Anthemius and Marcia Euphemia . The couple led a failed revolt against Zeno in 478–479. They were exiled to Isauria following their defeat. An unknown son

1443-602: Was distinguished in his campaigns against the Thracians, to the point in which the people of Delphi erected an equestrian statue in his honour. The statue bore a bilingual inscription which outlined the consul's victory against the Celtic Scordisci and "Bessi and the rest of the Thracians" ( pros Bessous [k]ai tous loipous Thrai[kas] ). A virtually identical statue is also noted as having been erected in Europus . The disparate locations of these statues suggests that

1482-408: Was probably Leo I, the tale attributing a third daughter to Leo. Cyril Toumanoff identified two children of this marriage: Mithridates of Iberia; and Leo of Iberia. This younger Leo was father of Guaram I of Iberia . The accuracy of the descent is unknown. Bessian The exact geographic location of the Bessi is still unclear. According to Herodotus , the Bessi occupied the highest summits of

1521-527: Was the first to add a Christian element to the traditional Roman procedure, having been performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople , a fact which symbolized the transformation of Roman imperial traditions into Medieval Roman and Christian ones. This Christian coronation ritual was later imitated by courts all over Europe, especially in the West in the course of Late Antiquity . Leo I made an alliance with

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