A naming taboo is a cultural taboo against speaking or writing the given names of exalted persons, notably in China and within the Chinese cultural sphere . It was enforced by several laws throughout Imperial China, but its cultural and possibly religious origins predate the Qin dynasty . Not respecting the appropriate naming taboos was considered a sign of lacking education and respect, and brought shame both to the offender and the offended person.
34-484: Emperor Xiaoming may refer to: Emperor Ming of Han (28–75) Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei (510–528) Xiao Kui (542–585), emperor of Western Liang See also [ edit ] Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Emperor Xiaoming . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
68-483: A built-in contradiction: without knowing what the emperors' names were, one could hardly be expected to avoid them, thus somehow the emperors' names had to be informally transmitted to the populace to allow them to take cognizance of and thus avoid using said characters. In one famous incident in 435, during the Northern Wei dynasty, Goguryeo ambassadors made a formal request that the imperial government issue them
102-464: A co-conspirator was arrested and further tortured and interrogated. The interrogators themselves used this opportunity to falsely accuse many others of conspiracy. Tens of thousands of people died, either of torture or execution, during the investigation. Only after Empress Ma's intercession and persuasive petitions by one of the interrogators, Han Lang ( 寒朗 ), did the interrogations taper off. A similar incident happened in 73, when Prince Yan of Huaiyang
136-465: A correct major decision in Han's relationship with Xiongnu . By that point, Xiongnu had a civil war and divided themselves into two side—with North Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Punu ( 蒲奴 ) and South Xiongnu ruled by Chanyu Bi ( 比 ). Han had become allied with South Xiongnu, and in response, Chanyu Punu, also wanting peace with Han, requested a heqin marriage. Prince Zhuang suggested that Emperor Guangwu refuse
170-436: A document containing the emperors' names so that they could avoid offending the emperor while submitting their king's petition. Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei agreed and issued them such a document. However, the mechanism of how the regular populace would be able to learn the emperors' names remained generally unclear throughout Chinese history. This taboo is important to keep in mind when studying ancient historical texts from
204-542: A far less common character, with the stated purpose of making it easier for his people to avoid using his name. Similarly, Emperor Taizong of Tang , whose given name Shimin ( 世民 ) also contained two very common characters, ordered that name avoidance only required the avoidance of the characters Shi and Min in direct succession and that it did not require the avoidance of those characters in isolation. However, Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong of Tang effectively made this edict ineffective after his death, by requiring
238-561: A major expedition against North Xiongnu. They only had minor successes, but it demonstrated to North Xiongnu that Han was now in a position to strike back. Dou, as part of his campaign, sent his assistant Ban Chao to visit the Xiyu (modern Xinjiang and former Soviet central Asia ) kingdom of Shanshan (on the eastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert . (Xiyu kingdoms had long submitted to North Xiongnu's authority, and unable to bear
272-586: A major military expedition against a major remaining ally of North Xiongnu, Cheshi (roughly modern Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture , Xinjiang ). Cheshi submitted, and at Dou's suggestion, the office of the Protector General of Xiyu ( 都護 ) was reinstituted. A North Xiongnu expedition in 75 to recapture Cheshi was repelled by Geng Gong ( 耿恭 ), one of the deputies of the protector general. In 75, Emperor Ming died. His will ordered that no temple be built for him, and that he only be worshipped as part of
306-677: A son in Liu Jiang ( 劉疆 ), so Emperor Guangwu made Consort Guo empress and Prince Jiang crown prince in 26. However, Prince Yang's birth in AD 28 was still considered a major event. In AD 39, Emperor Guangwu created all of his sons, other than Crown Prince Jiang, dukes, and Prince Yang was made the Duke of Donghai. He quickly became known for his intelligence even in his young age, and he often made quick judgments of situations that turned out to be correct. Emperor Guangwu became very impressed with him. At
340-492: A strong alliance with North Xiongnu. Guangde ( 廣德 ), the King of Yutian, trusted his chief warlock, who demanded Ban's horse. Ban agreed to give him the horse, and then, when the warlock arrived to pick up the horse, immediately executed him, and sent his head back to Guangde. Guangde was impressed and submitted to Han's suzerainty. With Yutian having submitted, the Xiyu kingdoms largely all submitted as well. In 74, Dou and Geng led
374-455: Is such a commonly used character that the law of naming taboo would cause the people too a lot of trouble. The new name was not without its own problems, and many members of the Zhuang clan were forced to change their names. In 51, the woman who would eventually become his empress – Consort Ma , the youngest daughter of famed general Ma Yuan – would become a consort of his. At the time she
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#1732764649850408-836: The Xiongnu influence there, through the conquests of his general Ban Chao . The reigns of Emperor Ming and his son Emperor Zhang were typically considered the golden age of the Eastern Han Empire and known as the Rule of Ming and Zhang . Liu Yang was born in AD 28 to Emperor Guangwu and his first love, Consort Yin Lihua . When Emperor Guangwu, was still an official under Gengshi Emperor , he had married Yin in 23. After he became emperor in 25, had wanted to make her empress, but she declined because she had no sons at that point. Instead, she endorsed Consort Guo , who already had
442-596: The Prince of Guanglin but stripped his political powers. However, later Prince Jing hired warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. After he was discovered, Emperor Ming initially took no action, but in 67 forced Prince Jing to commit suicide. The next incident would not be so bloodless. In 70, Prince Ying of Chu—incidentally, the only son of Emperor Guangwu not born of either of his empresses but of Consort Xu—hired warlocks to create golden turtles and jade cranes, and carved characters calling for unusual blessings on them—a major taboo at
476-410: The age of 41, Empress Guo had lost the emperor's favor, and her constant complaints angered Emperor Guangwu. In AD 41, he deposed her and made Duke Yang's mother Consort Yin empress instead. All of the imperial dukes were promoted to princes to accommodate Emperor Guangwu's new title for Empress Guo—Princess Dowager of Zhongshan (after appointing her son Liu Fu ( 劉輔 ) the Prince of Zhongshan ); Duke Yang
510-600: The complete avoidance of the characters Shi and Min , necessitating the chancellor Li Shiji to change his name to Li Ji. In later dynasties, princes were frequently given names that contained uncommon characters to make it easier for the public to avoid them, should they become emperor later in life. During the rule of the Ming Emperor of Han (Liu Zhuang), whose personal name was Zhuang, most people with surname Zhuang ( 莊 ) were ordered to change their names to its synonym Yan ( 嚴 ). The custom of naming taboo had
544-446: The cultural sphere, as historical characters and/or locations may be renamed if they happen to share a name with the emperor in power (or previous emperors of the same dynasty) when the text was written. Thus, the study of naming taboos can also help date an ancient text. Japan was also influenced by the naming taboo. In modern Japan, it concerns only the successive emperors . For example, whether oral or written, people only refer to
578-418: The empire. He did many things to try to stamp out corrupt officials, often putting them to death if they were discovered. One thing traditional historians praised him for was his fair treatment of his brothers by the deposed Empress Guo, treating them as if they were also born of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. In 58, when his older brother, Prince Jiang of Donghai (the former crown prince) died, he ordered that
612-507: The heavy taxes, had often requested that Han step in and reassert suzerainty that had been established during the Western Han Dynasty, starting with Emperor Wu 's reign. However, they had been constantly rebuffed by Emperors Guangwu and Ming, who judged Han to be not sufficiently strong to engage in a Xiyu campaign.) Initially, the king of Shanshan was very pleased and welcomed the Han ambassadors as honored guests, but eventually
646-523: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_Xiaoming&oldid=1086020327 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Emperor Ming of Han Emperor Ming of Han (15 June 28 – 5 September 75 AD ), born Liu Yang and also known as Liu Zhuang and as Han Mingdi ,
680-637: The northern boundaries and South Xiongnu, and also to prevent the people of South Xiongnu from defecting to North Xiongnu. In 66, in what would eventually evolve into one of the first imperial university in Chinese history, Emperor Ming built a Confucian school at the capital Luoyang , for the children of high officials and marquesses. South Xiongnu nobles' children also attended. Emperor Ming was, early in his reign, known for his generosity and affection for his brothers. This, however, apparently caused some of them to engage in behavior that were considered taboo at
714-420: The princes and major officials to attend Prince Jiang's funeral at Lucheng ( 魯城 , in modern Jining , Shandong ), a highly unusual honor. In 59, at the suggestion of his brother Liu Cang ( 劉蒼 ) the Prince of Dongping, Emperor Ming instituted a number of Confucian rituals, in which the emperor personally honored the officials who had helped him, to show humility. In 60, he created his favorite Consort Ma (who
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#1732764649850748-430: The proposal, reasoning that North Xiongnu had only made the proposal to alienate South Xiongnu from Han. Emperor Guangwu agreed. In 57, Emperor Guangwu died, and Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming. Due to a naming taboo , people with the surname Zhuang ( 莊 ) were forced to change their surname to Yan ( 嚴 ). Emperor Ming quickly established himself as a diligent and capable administrator of
782-516: The reigning emperor as Tennō Heika ( 天皇陛下 ; his Majesty the Emperor) or Kinjō Heika ( 今上陛下 ; his current Majesty). See also posthumous name . Historically, it was considered very rude among upper class to call someone else's real name, even if it was the lord calling his vassals. Calling someone else's real name was equivalent to picking a fight. Titles or pseudonyms were often used when calling others in place of their real names. In Vietnam ,
816-444: The throne as Emperor Zhang . Consorts and Issue: Naming taboo There were three ways to avoid using a taboo character: Throughout Chinese history, there were emperors whose names contained common characters who would try to alleviate the burden of the populace in practicing name avoidance. For example, Emperor Xuan of Han , whose given name Bingyi ( 病已 ) contained two very common characters, changed his name to Xun ( 詢 ),
850-430: The time and caused them to be severely punished by Emperor Ming, leading also to two major mass executions that blotted Emperor Ming's reign. The first of these incidents happened in 66–67 and was relatively bloodless. The ambitious Prince Jing of Guanglin wanted to be emperor, and he plotted with people under him to rebel. When he was informed, he confessed, and Emperor Ming initially spared him and permitted him to remain
884-462: The time. Further, he was discovered to have written revolutionary writings. Emperor Ming did not put him to death, but deposed him from his principality, exiled him, and made him a commoner (but with a small fief of 500 households). In 71, Prince Ying committed suicide in exile. However, the investigation did not end. By Emperor Ming's orders, Prince Ying's associates (but not his family) were harshly tortured and interrogated, and anyone that they named as
918-549: The welcome faded. Ban realized that North Xiongnu ambassadors must have arrived. He found out where the North Xiongnu ambassadors were, and, in a night raid, massacred the Xiongnu ambassadors. The king of Shanshan was shocked but somewhat pleased, and submitted to Han suzerainty once again. Emperor Ming promoted Ban and commissioned him to next visit Yutian ("Khotan"), then the strongest kingdom in southern Xiyu, which had
952-536: The worship of his mother Empress Dowager Yin. (This became a systematic reform that the rest of the Eastern Han Dynasty emperors largely followed; they did not have separate temples built for themselves, but instead were worshipped along with Emperor Guangwu. This was a major saving compared to the Western Han system of building a separate temple for each emperor.) His son Crown Prince Da succeeded to
986-420: Was 12, and he was 23. She would become a favorite of his, but never bore him a son. Her niece (the daughter of her older sister), Consort Jia , also a consort of Crown Prince Zhuang, did give birth to a child—Liu Da ( 劉炟 ). So consort Ma adopted Consort Jia's son as her own. As crown prince, Zhuang was often requested by Emperor Guangwu to render opinions in important matters. In AD 51, he was involved in making
1020-468: Was also a favorite of his mother Empress Dowager Yin) empress, and created her adopted son Prince Da crown prince. The same year, to honour the generals and officials who had assisted his father Emperor Guangwu in re-establishing the Han dynasty, Emperor Ming, perhaps echoing what Emperor Xuan had done, had the portraits of 28 of them drawn on a palace tower (known as " Yuntai 28 Generals "). Later, four more portraits were added. However, Ma Yuan, because he
1054-537: Was informed to have hired warlocks to curse Emperor Ming. Several of Prince Yan's associates were executed, and there were also many others who were executed or exiled after Chu-style interrogations were carried out. Prince Yan himself was not executed, but was demoted from his commandery-level principality to be the Prince of Fulin, with only two counties in his principality. In 73, annoyed at North Xiongnu's constant incursions against Han, Emperor Ming commissioned his generals Geng Bing ( 耿秉 ) and Dou Gu ( 竇固 ) to lead
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1088-530: Was made the Prince of Donghai. After Empress Guo was deposed, her son, Crown Prince Jiang, became concerned about remaining crown prince, and repeatedly made requests to be replaced. Emperor Guangwu was initially hesitant to depose of both the mother and son, but in 43, he resolved the situation by switching Princes Jiang's and Yang's positions. He made Prince Jiang the Prince of Donghai, and made Prince Yang crown prince. At this time, he also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang, perhaps because Yang (which means "sun")
1122-498: Was the father of the empress, did not receive this honor. During the early part of his reign, North Xiongnu continued to be a constant threat to both Han and her ally South Xiongnu. Emperor Ming engaged in a variety of military and economic tactics to try to maintain peace with North Xiongnu and was largely successful. In 65, he established a permanent border defense force, known as the Duliao Army ( 度遼營 ), in charge of protecting
1156-527: Was the second Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty . He was the fourth son and second crown prince of Emperor Guangwu . It was during Emperor Ming's reign that Buddhism began to spread into China. Emperor Ming was a hard-working, competent administrator of the empire who showed integrity and demanded integrity from his officials. He also extended Chinese control over the Tarim Basin and eradicated
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